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Interracial Unionism in the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and the Development of Black Labor Organizations, 1933-1940
THEY SAW THEMSELVES AS WORKERS: INTERRACIAL UNIONISM IN THE INTERNATIONAL LADIES’ GARMENT WORKERS’ UNION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK LABOR ORGANIZATIONS, 1933-1940 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Julia J. Oestreich August, 2011 Doctoral Advisory Committee Members: Bettye Collier-Thomas, Committee Chair, Department of History Kenneth Kusmer, Department of History Michael Alexander, Department of Religious Studies, University of California, Riverside Annelise Orleck, Department of History, Dartmouth College ABSTRACT “They Saw Themselves as Workers” explores the development of black membership in the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU) in the wake of the “Uprising of the 30,000” garment strike of 1933-34, as well as the establishment of independent black labor or labor-related organizations during the mid-late 1930s. The locus for the growth of black ILGWU membership was Harlem, where there were branches of Local 22, one of the largest and the most diverse ILGWU local. Harlem was also where the Negro Labor Committee (NLC) was established by Frank Crosswaith, a leading black socialist and ILGWU organizer. I provide some background, but concentrate on the aftermath of the marked increase in black membership in the ILGWU during the 1933-34 garment uprising and end in 1940, when blacks confirmed their support of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and when the labor-oriented National Negro Congress (NNC) was irrevocably split by struggles over communist influence. By that time, the NLC was also struggling, due to both a lack of support from trade unions and friendly organizations, as well as the fact that the Committee was constrained by the political views and personal grudges of its founder. -
List of Refernces
SEWING THE SEEDS OF STATEHOOD: GARMENT UNIONS, AMERICAN LABOR, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL, 1917-1952 By ADAM M. HOWARD A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Adam M. Howard ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research and writing of this dissertation, spanning a period of five years, required assistance and understanding from a variety of individuals and groups, all of whom I wish to thank here. My advisor, Robert McMahon, has provided tremendous encouragement to me and this project since its first conception during his graduate seminar in diplomatic history. He instilled in me the courage necessary to attempt bridging three subfields of history, and his patience, insight, and willingness to allow his students to explore varied approaches to the study of diplomatic history are an inspiration. Robert Zieger, in whose research seminar this project germinated into a more mature study, offered tireless assistance and essential constructive criticism. Additionally, his critical assessments of my evidence and prose will influence my writing in the years to come. I also will always remember fondly our numerous conversations regarding the vicissitudes of many a baseball season, which served as needed distractions from the struggles of researching and writing a dissertation. Ken Wald has consistently backed my work both intellectually and financially through his position as the Chair of the Jewish Studies Center at the University of Florida and as a member of my committee. His availability and willingness to offer input and advice on a variety of topics have been most helpful in completing this study. -
As Jewish Life in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Became
1 Introduction Matthew Hoffman and Henry Srebrnik s Jewish life in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries became A more economically and politically precarious, various movements arose which claimed they had found the “solution” to the political dilemmas facing the Jewish people. Some were religious, some frankly assimilationist, some completely universalistic and adherents of socialist doctrines, and some, of course, were nationalistic and Zionist. One political movement, though, combined elements of two strands, Marxist universalism and Jewish nation- alism. This grouping of like-minded organizations, active mainly between 1917 and 1956, we have termed the Jewish Communist movement. It had active members throughout the Jewish diaspora, in particular in the various countries of Europe and North America, as well as in Australia, Palestine, South Africa, and South America. These were later interconnected on a global level through international movements such as the World Jewish Cultural Union, or Alveltlekher Yidisher Kultur Farband (YKUF), founded in 1937. YKUF, which operated mainly in Yiddish, created a great variety of newspapers and theoretical and literary journals, which allowed Jewish Communists to communicate, disseminate information, and debate issues such as Jewish nationality and statehood independently of other Commu- nists. Though officially part of the larger world Communist movement, in reality the Jewish Communists developed their own specific ideology, which was infused as much by Jewish sources—Labour Zionism, the -
Portrait of a Jewish Professional Revolutionary the Recollections of Joshua Gershman Irving Abella
Document généré le 24 sept. 2021 10:53 Labour/Le Travailleur Portrait of a Jewish Professional Revolutionary The Recollections of Joshua Gershman Irving Abella Volume 2, 1977 URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/llt2art08 Aller au sommaire du numéro Éditeur(s) Canadian Committee on Labour History ISSN 0700-3862 (imprimé) 1911-4842 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Abella, I. (1977). Portrait of a Jewish Professional Revolutionary: The Recollections of Joshua Gershman. Labour/Le Travailleur, 2, 185–213. All rights reserved © Canadian Committee on Labour History, 1977 Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ PORTRAIT OF A JEWISH PROFESSIONAL REVOLUTIONARY: The Recollections of Joshua Gershman,* Edited, and with an introduction, by Irving Abella (From interviews conducted in 1973,1974 and 1975 by Irving Abella, David Chud, and Elaine Mitchell) Introduction The Jewish labour movement in Canada had its origins in the bloody pogroms which swept across Eastern Europe in the latter part of the nineteenth and early years of the twentieth century. Millions of Jews were uprooted and forced to flee for their lives. -
Gazeta Spring 2020 Main Market Square in Kraków During the Pandemic
Volume 27, No. 1 Gazeta Spring 2020 Main Market Square in Kraków during the pandemic. Photograph by Edyta Gawron. Used with permission. A quarterly publication of the American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies and Taube Foundation for Jewish Life & Culture Editorial & Design: Tressa Berman, Fay Bussgang, Julian Bussgang, Shana Penn, Antony Polonsky, Aleksandra Sajdak, Adam Schorin, William Zeisel, LaserCom Design, and Taube Center for the Renewal of Jewish Life in Poland Foundation. CONTENTS Message from Irene Pipes ............................................................................................... 1 Message from Tad Taube and Shana Penn ................................................................... 2 SPECIAL REPORTS Academia during the Pandemic Edyta Gawron ........................................................................................................................ 3 Zygmunt Stępiński Is New Director of POLIN Museum Antony Polonsky .................................................................................................................... 5 Statement of New Director of POLIN Museum ............................................................... 9 SPECIAL FEATURES IN RESPONSE TO SHELTERING-AT-HOME Sunday Potatoes! Monday Potatoes! ............................................................................ 10 COOKING IN CONTAINMENT Jewish Food Is Grounding, Especially Now Jeffrey Yoskowitz ........................................................................................................... -
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Levy 1 Contemporary Yiddish in America: Intersections with Politics, Race, and Sexuality Francine Levy Franklin & Marshall College Department of Anthropology Class of 2021 A thesis submitted for Departmental Honors Submitted April 23, 2021 Levy 2 Introduction At the beginning of the 20th-century, my paternal great-great-grandparents immigrated to the United States from Kyiv, Ukraine. Yiddish was their familial language – thus, when my father tells me about his “schlep” across town for work, he communicates his lengthy commute while also repeating language he learned from his grandparents. Yiddish often is referred to as a “dead” language, yet I notice its ubiquity in my everyday conversations and pop culture: my English professor extending an invitation to her home for a “nosh” to continue a class discussion, or as I watch the characters of the television show, “The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel,” exchange Yiddish phrases in 1950s New York City. While Yiddish phrases are integrated into casual exchanges and Hollywood scripts, I now experience the language on a deeper, more academic and personal level. By tracing Yiddish’s development in America from the arrival of Eastern European Jews in the late 1800s to its “heyday” in the 1920s and 1930s and decline after the Holocaust, I honor my immigrant family’s voices and situate their narratives in a contemporary context. My project examines the paradox of Yiddish: while it is no longer a primary means of communication for the descendants of Eastern European Jews, it remains central to Jewish American identities. Jeffrey Shandler, an Assistant Professor of Jewish Studies at Rutgers University, refers to contemporary Yiddish as a “postvernacular language:” its secondary, symbolic purposes are more important than its primary goal of communication (Shandler 2004: 19). -
Chronology (1920 - 1940)
EMMA GOLDMAN: A GUIDE TO HER LIFE AND DOCUMENTARY SOURCES Candace Falk, Editor and Director Stephen Cole, Associate Editor Sally Thomas, Assistant Editor CHRONOLOGY (1920 - 1940) 1920 January 2 and 6 U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, in coordination with Justice Department agent J. Edgar Hoover and immigration commissioner Anthony Caminetti, orders the arrest of approximately ten thousand alien radicals. January 17 S.S. Buford lands at Hangö, Finland. On Jan. 19 the deportees are met at the Russo-Finnish border by Russian representatives and received warmly at a mass meeting of soldiers and peasants in Belo-Ostrov. February Goldman and Berkman settle in Petrograd where they renew their friendships with William Shatoff, now working as Commissar of Railroads, and John Reed. Meet with Grigory Zinoviev, director of the Soviet Executive Committee, and briefly with Maxim Gorki at his home in Petrograd. Attend a conference of anarchists, including Baltic factory workers and Kronstadt sailors, who echo criticisms of the Bolsheviks voiced by Left Social Revolutionaries and others who have paid visits to Goldman and Berkman in this period. February 7 Death of Goldman's sister Helena Zodikow Hochstein. March Goldman and Berkman travel to Moscow where they meet with Bolshevik leaders, including Alexandra Kollontai, Commissar for Public Welfare; Anatoly Lunacharsky, Commissar for Education; Angelica 1 Balabanoff, Secretary of the Third International; and Grigory Chicherin, Assistant Commissar for Foreign Affairs. After attending a conference of Moscow anarchists, Goldman and Berkman are granted a meeting with Lenin on March 8 where they express concern about the suppression of dissent and the lack of press freedom and propose the establishment of a Russian society for American freedom independent of the Third International. -
Yiddish Music, American Jewish Identity, and the Promise of a Jewish Future
MIR ZAYNEN DO!: YIDDISH MUSIC, AMERICAN JEWISH IDENTITY, AND THE PROMISE OF A JEWISH FUTURE Justine Orlovsky-Schnitzler A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in the Department of American Studies (Folklore). Chapel Hill 2021 Approved by: Gabrielle Berlinger Marcie Cohen Ferris Glenn Hinson ©2021 Justine Orlovsky-Schnitzler ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Justine Orlovsky-Schnitzler: Mir zaynen do!: Yiddish Music, American Jewish Identity, and the Promise of a Jewish Future (Under the direction of Dr. Gabrielle Berlinger) This thesis project examines the music of Yiddish-speaking Jewish partisans and ghetto resisters, as sung for a modern audience by the Boston Worker’s Circle community chorus, A Besere Velt (‘A Better World’). I draw from a combination of original interviews with current members of A Besere Velt across a wide age range, folklore and related interdisciplinary research, and primary Yiddish source material. I examine what makes singing these songs so poignant for contemporary Jews, giving them a life that exists beyond their original audience through continued performance. Ultimately, I argue that through repeat performance and interpretation of partisan and ghetto songs, members of A Besere Velt are creating a conduit between past and present time—a liminal space, ripe with possibility. I utilize the interviews I conducted with A Besere Velt chorus members to provide a nuanced portrait of the varying motivations and affiliations of the group, with an emphasis on each individual’s relationship to Jewishness and the Yiddish language. -
The Jewish Labor Movement in the United States
4>&&l>&&><t><><><>e<$><>4>Q<>^^ THE JEWISH LABOR MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES By WILL HERBERG THE JEWISH LABOR MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES BY WILL HERBERG OR AN understanding of the history of the Jewish labor movement in the United States, the early 1930's may profitably be taken as Fconstituting in some sense a watershed or turning point in the development of that movement. These years marked the end of one epoch and the beginning of another, not only for Jewish labor but for the nation as a whole. The early 1930's proved so crucial for a number of interrelated reasons: 1. During these years the effects of the stoppage of foreign immigra- tion, resulting from World War I and the passage of a series of restric- tive laws in the 1920's, began to be felt in the profound changes of composition and structure which the American Jewish community was undergoing. 2. By the early 1930's the Communist bid for power which had shaken the Jewish labor movement to its foundations had been defi- nitely defeated. But the decade of bitter civil war had left permanent marks which contributed to the making of the new period. 3. The economic, social, and labor world into which the Jewish unions emerged out of the 1920's was in many ways a new world. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was in the White House and the New Deal, with incredible speed, was remaking American social policy and transforming the lives and outlook of millions of Americans, particu- larly those composing the working classes of the nation.