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Year: 2014

The olive-branch dating of the Santorini eruption

Cherubini, Paolo ; Humbel, Turi ; Beeckman, Hans ; Gärtner, Holger ; Mannes, David ; Pearson, Charlotte ; Schoch, Werner ; Tognetti, Roberto ; Lev-Yadun, Simcha

Abstract: The date of the volcanic eruption of Santorini that caused extensive damage toMinoan Crete has been controversial since the 1980s. Some have placed the event in the late seventeenth century BC. Others have made the case for a younger date of around 1500 BC. A recent contribution to that controversy has been the dating of an olive tree branch preserved within the volcanic ash fall on Santorini. In this debate feature Paolo Cherubini and colleagues argue that the olive tree dating (which supports the older chronology) is unreliable on a number of grounds. There follows a response from the authors of that dating, and comments from other specialists, with a closing reply from Cherubini and his team.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050365

Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-154340 Journal Article Published Version

Originally published at: Cherubini, Paolo; Humbel, Turi; Beeckman, Hans; Gärtner, Holger; Mannes, David; Pearson, Charlotte; Schoch, Werner; Tognetti, Roberto; Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2014). The olive-branch dating of the Santorini eruption. Antiquity, 88(339):267-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050365 at Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms rneAectsrpeadmodern and catastrophe Age Bronze oet Tognetti Roberto G oe n nuneo h iiiaincnrdo ionCee hoooyi fmajor of is Chronology Crete. the the Minoan of of on height centred middle the civilisation the to the close in of occurred civilisation influence eruption Aegean and The of power 2010). view (Doumas BC unparalleled millennium an second of provide numbers and large and finds wall-paintings excavated other remarkable remains architecture, archaeological Age impressive Bronze The include Late 1). the Akrotiri (Figure middle of at Mediterranean history the the eastern in in the (Santorini) point of Thera datum civilisations fundamental of a island provides the Sea Aegean beneath the volcano of the of eruption massive The Introduction al Cherubini Paolo Santorini eruption the of dating olive-branch The eruption Santorini the dating controversy: Keywords: ANTIQUITY  C artner ¨ niut ulctosLtd. Publications Antiquity https:/www.cambridge.org/core 8(04:2721http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/088/ant0880267.htm 267–291 (2014): 88 1 atrn,Tea ioneuto,rdoabndtn,tree-rings dating, radiocarbon eruption, Minoan Thera, Santorini, ai Mannes David , Athens . https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00050365 1 7 uiHumbel Turi , &SimchaLev-Yadun . University ofBaselLibrary, on30May 2017at16:38:23, subjecttothe CambridgeCoreterms ofuse,available Santorini 0 4 km hrot Pearson Charlotte , 200 1 N , 2 267 asBeeckman Hans , hrbn n i team. his and Cherubini from reply closing a with specialists, other from comments and dating, that of (which authors response the a from follows dating There grounds. of tree number on a unreliable is olive chronology) older the the supports this that In argue Santorini. colleagues on and Cherubini Paolo fall feature debate ash volcanic the within preserved branch tree the olive an been recent of dating has A controversy BC. that to 1500 contribution around a for of case date the younger made seventeenth have late Others the BC. in century event the Some placed 1980s. have the since controversial been has Crete Minoan to damage extensive Santorini caused of that eruption volcanic the of date The 8 5 , 6 enrSchoch Werner , 3 Holger , 1 ,

Debate The olive-branch dating of the Santorini eruption

Figure 1. a) Satellite view of Santorini, showing the shape of the volcanic caldera (c NASA; Akrotiri is marked with a square); b) an example of the volcanic layers found across Santorini (c Tom Pfeiffer/www.volcanodiscovery.com).

importance for understanding the interconnections and influences between the ancient civilisations of the Aegean, Egypt and the Near East. The eruption has been dated near to the beginning of the New Kingdom in Egypt by a range of archaeological evidence. This dating appears to be strongly supported by the presence and sequence of Egyptian artefacts found in the Aegean as well as by large amounts of Cypriot pottery of various phases found both in Egypt and in one notable case also in the Theran volcanic destruction layer. It is also supported by the presence of pumice sourced to the Theran eruption in archaeological contexts in Egypt, the Near East and Cyprus (Doumas 2010), whereas all pumice found in earlier contexts has been sourced to other, earlier eruptions in the Dodecanese (Manning et al. 2006, 2009; Friedrich & Heinemeier 2009; Friedrich et al. 2009; Heinemeier et al. 2009). Over the past 40 years, various studies have cited proxy evidence (ice-core acidity peaks and tree-rings) to place the Thera eruption around a century earlier, in 1628 or 1650 BC (LaMarche & Hirschboeck 1984; Baillie & Munro 1988). These apparent proxy connections (Pearson et al. 2009) are difficult to substantiate. They have recently gained apparent support (e.g. Manning et al. 2006, 2009; Friedrich & Heinemeier 2009; Friedrich et al. 2009; Heinemeier et al. 2009) from the publication of radiocarbon dates based on

1 WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zurcherstrasse¨ 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland (Email: [email protected] (author for correspondence), [email protected], [email protected]) 2 Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich,¨ Switzerland (Email: [email protected]) 3 Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvense Steenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium (Email: [email protected]) 4 PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland (Email: [email protected]) 5 The Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, B-48 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853–3201, USA (Email: [email protected]) 6 Bryant Bannister Tree-Ring Building, The University of Arizona, 1215 E. Lowell Street, Tucson,AZ 85721–0400, USA (Email: [email protected]) 7 Department of Science and Technology of the Environment and Territory, University of Molise, I-86090 Pesche, Italy (Email: [email protected]) 8 Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel (Email: [email protected]) C Antiquity Publications Ltd.

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Debate The olive-branch dating of the Santorini eruption

The claim to have successfully wiggle-matched the 14C sequence to the tree-ring chronology is critical to this proposal, inasmuch as the radiocarbon measurement from Santorini by itself is subject to the well-established ‘reservoir effects’ of 14C-deficient carbon that characterise many volcanic islands and surrounding seas (Saurer et al. 2003; Carapezza et al. 2009; Frezzotti et al. 2009). It is highly probable that there were significant emissions 14 of much more ancient pre-eruption volcanic CO2 that were C-depleted and fixed by the tree’s photosynthesis and incorporated into its tree-rings (Saurer et al. 2003; Donders et al. 2013). The assertion of a reliable 14C ‘wiggle-match’ dating for Santorini is crucially dependent on the ability precisely to identify annual tree-rings in olive trees. In order to date the eruption, the tree-rings of the olive branch should reliably represent actual individual years, i.e. be annual tree-rings. That is not always the case in olive trees (Arnan et al. 2012). The last ring must also be contemporary with the volcanic eruption, i.e. from a live branch and not a dry, dead one that would reflect an earlier period. This in itself is a problematic issue in mature olive trees. The results of a blind test involving several tree-ring laboratories to date tree-rings from olive trees currently growing on Santorini (Cherubini et al. 2013) clearly showed that measurements of tree-rings in olive wood from Santorini are highly unreliable owing to: a) intra-annual wood density fluctuations (e.g. Cherubini et al. 2003; Battipaglia et al. 2010; De Micco et al. 2012; Rossi et al. 2013); b) variability in tree-ring boundary structure (De Micco et al. in press); and c) restriction of cambial activity to shifting sectors of the circumference (Rossi et al. 2013), causing the tree-ring sequences along radii of the same cross sections to differ. We conclude that the dating of the Thera eruption based on the putative tree-ring sequence from a single olive tree must be considered with great caution.

Discussion Ten tree-ring experts took part in the study to determine the number of tree-rings in olive trees currently growing on Santorini. The average number of tree-rings counted by the ten experts showed maximal deviations between 24.5 per cent to 56.3 per cent from the median, showing high variability among different experts’ results (Cherubini et al. 2013). Even high-quality Neutron imaging of the tree-rings or SXFM mapping of elemental intensity for Ca failed to identify alternate elemental patterns within the xylem which might have been used to distinguish true annual tree-rings from inter-annual density fluctuations. Therefore, identification of olive wood tree-rings from Santorini by any means was found to be practically impossible. A difference of 44 per cent—the average deviation in the olive tree-ring measurements by the ten experts—in the 72 putative tree-rings described by Friedrich et al. (2006) would result in a range of 40 to 104 years, rather than 72 as proposed. In contrast, Friedrich et al. (2006) estimate a maximal possible error of −+3 years for each of the four segments of the olive branch examined, giving a total of −+12 years. The results of Cherubini et al. (2013) pose a severe challenge to Friedrich et al.’s method and their dating of the Santorini eruption from a single olive branch tree-ring sequence and radiocarbon wiggle-match analysis. Without a safe identification of annual tree-ring boundaries there can be no certainty about the 14C C Antiquity Publications Ltd.

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Debate The olive-branch dating of the Santorini eruption

be used to discount the date range of 1525–1490 BC proposed for the eruption from numerous other radiocarbon studies.

Acknowledgements We thank the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP) for partly funding the sampling work.

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