Islam and Authority in the Middle East

Home , Abu Bakr, Al Asalah, Amr Khaled, Dawah, Grand Mufti, Hadas

MENA Religious Authority Questionnaire

Baker Institute for Public Policy

2017-2019

Please note, this is an academic study and in this survey you may be asked to express your opinion about several hypothetical policies and statements endorsed by social and religious actors of interest.

These questions accommodate answer options should you prefer not to answer them. As a reminder, please be assured that all information given by you will be kept strictly confidential and not revealed to anyone without your prior permission. The responses collected will be added together with the responses of others and will only be reported at an aggregate level. Under no circumstance will this information be used for any purpose other than this academic research.

[pdl.countryofresidence] Which country do you currently live in? [SINGLE CODE]

Egypt Morocco Turkey Jordan Iran Tunisia CONTINUE UAE KSA Qatar Kuwait Bahrain Lebanon Other TERMINATE

[pdl.religion] To which of the following religions do you consider you belong? [SINGLE CODE]

Religion Code Instructions None – not religious 1 CONTINUE Islam 2 CONTINUE Christianity 3 Hinduism 4 Sikhism 5 Judaism 6 TERMINATE Buddhism 7 Jainism 8 Zoroastrianism 9 Other religion 10

Demographics:

[pdl.age] [pdl.gender]

1 [pdl.nationality] [pdl.income] [pdl.marital status] [pdl.employment status] [pdl.income] [pdl.city] [pdl.education]

ASK Q1 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION 1) How would you describe yourself? [SINGLE CODE] a. Sunni b. Shiite c. Alawi d. Alevi e. Salafi f. Bahai g. Druze h. Ahmadi i. Other: please specify

ASK Q2 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION

2) How often do you pray/perform Salah? [SINGLE CODE]

Daily prayers A few times Once a week A few times a Never every day a week Jummah year, prayer especially Eid prayers

ASK Q3 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION

3) In a typical week, how many times do you attend the mosque for Salah and Jummah prayer? [SINGLE CODE]

More than Once a week 2- 3 times a Once or A few times a Never once a week for Jummah month twice a year, prayer month especially for the Eid

ASK Q4 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION

4) How often do you read or listen to the Qur’an. [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Every 4 to 6 2 to 3 Once a Once or A few Never day times a times a week twice a times a week week month year

ASK Q5 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION

5) How often do you attend religious study circles (halaqas)? [SINGLE CODE]

Every day 4 to 6 2 to 3 Once a Once or A few Never times a times a week twice a times a week week month year

IF CODED B, C OR D IN Q1 SHOW THE SHIITE LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q6. IF CODED A, E, F, G, H OR I IN Q1 SHOW THE SUNNI LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q6.

IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION, SHOW THE SHIITE LIST IF COUNTRY = BAHRAIN OR IRAN AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q6. IF COUNTRY = EGYPT, MOROCCO, TURKEY, JORDAN, TUNISIA, UAE, KSA, QATAR KUWAIT OR LEBANON SHOW THE SUNNI LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q6. 6) Which of the religious leaders below do you approve of? Please select all that apply. [MULTIPLE CODE]

Shiite List 1) Ayatollah Ali Khamanei, Supreme Leader of Iran 2) Hasan Nasrallah, Secretary General of Lebanese Hezbollah 3) Dr. Abdolkarim Soroush, Iranian Islamic scholar 4) Ayatollah Ali Sistani, Iraqi Shiite cleric 5) Rachid Ghannouchi, Founder of Tunisian Annahda Party 6) Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkish president and leader of AKP

Sunni List 1) Rachid Ghannouchi, Founder of Tunisian Annahda Party 2) Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkish president and leader of the AKP 3) Amr Khaled, Egyptian TV preacher 4) Ahmed El Tayeb, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar in Egypt 5) Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary General of Lebanese Hezbollah 6) Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State 7) Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Islamic scholar

IF COUNTRY = JORDAN 1) Mohammad Khalaileh, Grand Mufti of Jordan 2) Mohammad Zyoud, Secretary General of Islamic Action Front 3) Sheikh Ali Hasan al-Halabi, Salafist head of the Imam al-Albani Center 4) Mohamed Al-Shalabi (also known as Abu Sayyaf), jihadist Salafi sheikh 5) Dr. Jameel Ahmed Al-Dahesat, President of ICCS (Islamic Center Charity Society) 6) Sheikh Husni Al-Shareef, head of the Sufi Dar al-Iman Waqf 7) None of these

3 IF COUNTRY = TUNISIA 1) Khatib al-Idrissi, Salafi sheikh 2) Abu Iyadh al-Tunisi, leader of Ansar al-Sharia 3) Hussein Al-Obeidi, Grand Imam of Zaytouna Mosque 4) Othman Battikh, Grand Mufti of Tunisia 5) Mazen Cherif, Sufi sheikh 6) Habib Ellouze, Annahda sheikh 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = TURKEY 1) Fethullah Gulen, Sunni cleric 2) Mehmet Görmez, outgoing president of Diyanet 3) İzzettin Doğan, Alevi dede 4) Nihat Hatipoglu, professor of Islamic studies and TV preacher 5) Hayrettin Karaman Hoca, Islamic scholar 6) Sheikh Seyyid Abdulbaki Erol, head of Menzil Sufi Order 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = EGYPT 1) Mohamed Abdel Fattah Abu Idris, Ad-Da'wa As-Salafiya leader 2) Mohammed Badie, Supreme Guide of Ikhwan Al-Muslimin 3) Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam, Grand Mufti of Egypt 4) Younes Makhioun, leader of Salafist Al-Nour Party 5) Sheikh Mohammad Hassan, Salafi preacher 6) Sheikh Tarek Yassin Al-Rifai, leader of the Rifayya Sufis 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = MOROCCO 1) King Mohammed VI, Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Muminin) 2) Mohammed Abbadi, Secretary General of Al Adl wal Ihsane

3) Sheikh Sheikh Sidi Jamal, son of Sidi Hamza and leader of Qadiriya Boutchichiya Sufi order

4) Sheikh Umar al-Hadouchi, Salafist preacher 5) Saadeddine Othmani, Prime Minister and leader of Party for Justice and Development 6) Sheikh Mohamed Ben Abderrahman Al Maghraoui, Salafist cleric 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = IRAN 1) Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah-Yazdi, conservative cleric 2) Ayatollah Yusuf Saanei, reformist cleric 3) Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Shiite cleric 4) Dr. Hossein Elahi Ghomeshei, scholar of sufism 5) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran 6) Dr. Ali Shariati, Iranian revolutionary thinker

4 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = UAE 1) Dr. Mohammed Matar Salem bin Abid Al Kaabi, chairman of General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments (Awqaf) 2) Ahmad Al Haddad, Grand Mufti of Dubai 3) Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahim Sultan Al Olama, Member of the Grand Islamic Scholars Body in Dubai 4) Sheikh Abdullah Bin Bayyah, Muslim Council Of Elders

5) Sultan bin Kayed al-Qasimi, a leader of Islah Association for Reform and Social Counseling

6) Dr. Farouk Hamada, professor of Islamic sciences 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = KSA 1) Sheikh Salman al-Odah, Sahwa cleric 2) Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah al-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia 3) Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al Ash-Shaikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dawah, and Guidance 4) Sheikh Hassan All-Saffar, a moderate Shiite cleric 5) Saad bin Nasser al-Shethri, advisor to the Saudi Royal Court 6) Mohammed Al-Arefe, Salafi cleric 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = QATAR 1) Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Islamic scholar 2) Sheikh Abdallah bin Zayd al-Mahmud, Wahhabi scholar 3) Tariq Ramadan, professor of Islamic Studies and director of Research Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics 4) Ghaith bin Mubarak Al Kuwari, the Minister of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs 5) Sheiykh Sa'ad bin Ateeq al-Ateeq, a Saudi cleric 6) Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser, wife of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = LEBANON 1) Sayyid Ali Fadlallah (son of Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah), Shiite cleric 2) Sheikh Abdel-Latif Derian, Grand Mufti of Lebanon and head of Dar Al-Fatwa 3) Sheikh Abdul Qader al-Fakhani, spokesperson for the Sufi Al-Ahbash movement 4) Sheikh Na'im Hassan, Highest Sheikh Al-Aql of the Druze 5) Sheikh Ahmad Al-Asir Al-Hussaini, Salafi cleric 6) Sheikh Abd Al-Amir Qabalan, Head of the Supreme Islamic Shia Council 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = KUWAIT 1) Sheikh Mishary bin Rashid bin Gharib bin Muhammad Alafasy, Imam of the Grand Mosque of Kuwait 2) Sheikh Tareq Mohammed Al-Suwaidan, Sunni preacher 3) Hamid al-Ali, Salafi cleric

5 4) Nasir al Sani, the Islamic Constitutional Movement, leader of Al-Haraka Al-Dosturiya Al-Islamiyah (Hadas)

5) Abdulrahman al-Mutawa, leader of Al-Tajammu’ al-Islami al-Salafi (Salafi Islamic Association)

6) Adnan Zahid Abdulsamad, leader of Shiite National Islamic Alliance 7) None of these IF COUNTRY = BAHRAIN 1) Ayatollah Isa Qassim, al-Wefaq National Islamic Society’s spiritual leader 2) Sheikh Abduljalil al-Maqdad, Shiite cleric 3) Abdulwahab Hussain, leader of Al Wafa Islamic Movement 4) Ali Ahmed Abdulla, leader of Sunni Al-Menbar Islamic Society 5) Ghanim Al Buaneen, leader of Salafist Al Asalah Islamic Society

6) Shaikh Khalid bin Ali bin Abdulla Al Khalifa, chairman of The High Council for Islamic Affairs

7) None of these

7) Please tell us which of the following are among the five pillars of Islam? Please select all that apply. [MULTIPLE CODE]

Daily Salah Hajj Hijab Shariah Kalima Shahada Don’t know / Not sure

8) Please tell us which of the following are among the six pillars of faith/iman? Please select all that apply. [MULTIPLE CODE]

Belief in Allah Belief in Prophets Belief in Jinn Belief in Afterlife Belief in Shariah Belief in the Hidden Imam Don’t know / Not sure

ASK Q9 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION

9) How important is religion in your life? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Not at all 2 – Not too 3 – Neutral 4 – Somewhat 5 - Very important important important Important

10) How comfortable would you be if: [GRID-SINGLE CODE]

1- Not at all 2 – Not too 3 - 4 – Somewhat 5 - Very Don’t comfortable comfortable Neutral comfortable Comfortable know / Can’t say A son of yours someday married a non- Muslim? A daughter of yours someday married a non- Muslim?

ASK Q11 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION

11) To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [GRID-SINGLE CODE]

1 – Strongly 2 - 3 – 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly disagree Disagr Neither Agree ee agree or disagree “My religion is the one, true faith leading to eternal life.” “There is only ONE true way to interpret the teachings of my religion.”

ASK Q12 ONLY IF CODED 2 IN RELIGION

12) Which of the below statements is closer to your own view? [SINGLE CODE]

• Shariah is open to multiple interpretations • There is only one, true understanding of Shariah • Neither of the above

IF CODED B, C OR D IN Q1 SHOW THE SHIITE LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q6. IF CODED A, E, F, G, H OR I IN Q13 SHOW THE SUNNI LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q13.

IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION, SHOW THE SHIITE LIST IF COUNTRY = BAHRAIN OR IRAN AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q6. IF COUNTRY = EGYPT, MOROCCO, TURKEY, JORDAN,

7 TUNISIA, UAE, KSA, QATAR, KUWAIT OR LEBANON SHOW THE SUNNI LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q6.

13) On a scale of 1 to 5, please tell us how much you trust each of the following individuals as an authority on matters of faith and Islamic practice. [GRID – SINGLE CODE]

1- Do 2 3 4 5 - Completely Don’t not trust know/Not sure trust at all Shiite List 1) Ayatollah Ali Khamanei, Supreme Leader of Iran 2) Hasan Nasrallah, Secretary General of Lebanese Hezbollah 3) Dr. Abdolkarim Soroush, Iranian reformist thinker 4) Ayatollah Ali Sistani, Iraqi Shiite cleric 5) Rachid Ghannouchi, Founder of Tunisian Annahda Party 6) Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkish president and leader of AKP Sunni List 1) Rachid Ghannouchi, Founder of Tunisian Annahda Party 2) Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkish president and leader of the AKP 3) Amr Khaled, Egyptian TV preacher 4) Ahmed El Tayeb, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar in Egypt 5) Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary General of Lebanese Hezbollah 6) Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State 7) Sheikh Yusuf al- Qaradawi, Islamic scholar IF COUNTRY = JORDAN 1) Mohammad Khalaileh, Grand Mufti of Jordan 2) Mohammad Zyoud,

8 Secretary General of Islamic Action Front 3) Sheikh Ali Hasan al- Halabi, Salafist head of the Imam al-Albani Center 4) Mohamed Al-Shalabi (also known as Abu Sayyaf), jihadist Salafi sheikh 5) Dr. Jameel Ahmed Al- Dahesat – President of ICCS (Islamic Center Charity Society) 6) Sheikh Husni Al-Shareef, head of the Sufi Dar al-Iman Waqf

IF COUNTRY = TUNISIA 1) Khatib al-Idrissi, Salafi sheikh 2) Abu Iyadh al-Tunisi, leader of Ansar al-Sharia 3) Hussein Al-Obeidi, Grand Imam of Zaytouna Mosque 4) Othman Battikh, Grand Mufti of Tunisia 5) Mazen Cherif, Sufi sheikh 6) Habib Ellouze, Annahda sheikh

IF COUNTRY = TURKEY 1) Fethullah Gulen, Sunni cleric 2) Mehmet Görmez, outgoing president of Diyanet 3) İzzettin Doğan, Alevi dede 4) Nihat Hatipoglu, professor of Islamic studies and TV preacher 5) Hayrettin Karaman Hoca, Islamic scholar 6) Sheikh Seyyid Abdulbaki Erol, head of Menzil Sufi Order

IF COUNTRY = EGYPT 1) Mohamed Abdel Fattah Abu Idris, Ad-Da'wa As- Salafiya leader 2) Mohammed Badie, Supreme Guide of Ikhwan Al-

9 Muslimin 3) Shawki Ibrahim Abdel- Karim Allam, Grand Mufti of Egypt 4) Younes Makhioun, leader of Salafist Al-Nour Party 5) Sheikh Mohammad Hassan, Salafi preacher 6) Sheikh Tarek Yassin Al- Rifai, leader of the Rifayya Sufis

IF COUNTRY = MOROCCO 1) King Mohammed VI, Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Muminin) 2) Mohammed Abbadi, Secretary General of Al Adl wal Ihsane 3) Sheikh Sheikh Sidi Jamal, son of Sidi Hamza and leader of Qadiriya Boutchichiya Sufi order 4) Sheikh Umar al-Hadouchi, Salafist preacher 5) Saadeddine Othmani, Prime Minister and leader of Party for Justice and Development 6) Sheikh Mohamed Ben Abderrahman Al Maghraoui, Salafist cleric

IF COUNTRY = IRAN 1) Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah-Yazdi, conservative cleric 2) Ayatollah Yusuf Saanei, reformist cleric 3) Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Shiite cleric 4) Dr. Hossein Elahi Ghomeshei, scholar of sufism 5) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran 6) Dr. Ali Shariati, Iranian revolutionary thinker

10 IF COUNTRY = UAE 1) Dr. Mohammed Matar Salem bin Abid Al Kaabi, chairman of General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments (Awqaf) 2) Ahmad Al Haddad, Grand Mufti of Dubai 3) Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahim Sultan Al Olama, Member of the Grand Islamic Scholars Body in Dubai 4) Sheikh Abdullah Bin Bayyah, Muslim Council Of Elders 5) Sultan bin Kayed al- Qasimi, a leader of Islah Association for Reform and Social Counseling 6) Dr. Farouk Hamada, professor of Islamic sciences

IF COUNTRY = KSA 1) Sheikh Salman al-Odah, Sahwa cleric 2) Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah al-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia 3) Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al Ash-Shaikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dawah, and Guidance 4) Sheikh Hassan All-Saffar, a moderate Shiite cleric 5) Saad bin Nasser al-Shethri, advisor to the Saudi Royal Court 6) Mohammed Al-Arefe, Salafi cleric

11 4) Ghaith bin Mubarak Al Kuwari, the Minister of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs 5) Sheiykh Sa'ad bin Ateeq al- Ateeq, a Saudi cleric 6) Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser, wife of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani

IF COUNTRY = LEBANON 1) Sayyid Ali Fadlallah (son of Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah), Shiite cleric 2) Sheikh Abdel-Latif Derian, Grand Mufti of Lebanon and head of Dar Al-Fatwa 3) Sheikh Abdul Qader al- Fakhani, spokesperson for the Sufi Al-Ahbash movement 4) Sheikh Na'im Hassan, Highest Sheikh Al-Aql of the Druze 5) Sheikh Ahmad Al-Asir Al- Hussaini, Salafi cleric 6) Sheikh Abd Al-Amir Qabalan, Head of the Supreme Islamic Shia Council

IF COUNTRY = KUWAIT 1) Sheikh Mishary bin Rashid bin Gharib bin Muhammad Alafasy, Imam of the Grand Mosque of Kuwait 2) Sheikh Tareq Mohammed Al-Suwaidan, Sunni preacher 3) Hamid al-Ali, Salafi cleric 4) Nasir al Sani, the Islamic Constitutional Movement, leader of Al-Haraka Al- Dosturiya Al-Islamiyah (Hadas) 5) Abdulrahman al-Mutawa, leader of Al-Tajammu’ al- Islami al-Salafi (Salafi Islamic Association) 6) Adnan Zahid Abdulsamad, leader of Shiite National Islamic Alliance

12 IF COUNTRY = BAHRAIN 1) Ayatollah Isa Qassim, al- Wefaq National Islamic Society’s spiritual leader 2) Sheikh Abduljalil al- Maqdad, Shiite cleric 3) Abdulwahab Hussain, leader of Al Wafa Islamic Movement 4) Ali Ahmed Abdulla, leader of Sunni Al-Menbar Islamic Society 5) Ghanim Al Buaneen, leader of Salafist Al Asalah Islamic Society 6) Shaikh Khalid bin Ali bin Abdulla Al Khalifa, chairman of The High Council for Islamic Affairs

14) When you had a problem in the past, have you consulted a religious leader either in person or in writing? If yes, please name the leader and the collection you consulted. [OPEN ENDED]

• Yes, I consulted in person (OPEN ENDED Answer) • Yes, I consulted in writing (OPEN ENDED Answer) • No, I have not consulted a religious leader

15) Have you ever utilized services from an Islamic welfare or charitable organization? If yes, which group is the welfare institution affiliated with? Please select all that apply. [MULTIPLE CODE]

Government religious agency Muslim Brotherhood [IF COUNTRY !=IRAN] Sufis Salafis Hezbollah [IF COUNTRY = Lebanon] Al Mabarrat Charity Association [IF COUNTRY = Lebanon] Komiteh Emdad Imam Khomeini [IF COUNTRY = Iran] Bonyad-e 15 Khordad [IF COUNTRY = Iran] Astan-e Qods-e Razavi [IF COUNTRY = Iran] Bonyad-e Mostazafan [IF COUNTRY = Iran] Bonyad-e Shahid [IF COUNTRY = Iran] Islamic Center Charity Society [IF COUNTRY = Jordan] Al-Afaf [IF COUNTRY = Jordan] Anwar Al-Huda Islamic Society [IF COUNTRY = Jordan],

13 Zakat Fund [IF COUNTRY = Jordan] [IF COUNTRY = Tunisia] ( ﺲﻧﻮﺗ ا ﺔﯾﺮﯿﺨﻟ ) Tunisia Charity [IF COUNTRY = Tunisia] ( ﻤﺟ ﻌ ﯿ ﺔ ﻨﺳ ﺎ ﻞﺑ ﺮﯿﺨﻟا ) Sanabil al-Khair [IF COUNTRY = Tunisia] ( ﻤﺟ ﻌ ﯿ ﺔ ﺔﻤﺣﺮﻣ ) Marhama Kimse Yok Mu [IF COUNTRY = Turkey] Türk Kızılayı [IF COUNTRY = Turkey] IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation [IF COUNTRY = Turkey] Turk Diyanet Vakfi [IF COUNTRY = Turkey] al Gam’iya al-Shar’iya [IF COUNTRY = Egypt] Gam’iyat Ansar al-Sunna [IF COUNTRY = Egypt] Resala Association [IF COUNTRY = Egypt] Sonaa al-Hayat [IF COUNTRY = Egypt] The Islamic Medical Association [IF COUNTRY = Egypt] Other (please specify) I have not utilized services from an Islamic welfare or charitable organization

16) In your opinion, to what extent do you think corruption is a serious concern in your country of residence? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Not a 2 – A slight 3 – Somewhat 4 – Moderate 5 - Very Don’t concern at all concern a concern concern serious know/ concern Can’t say

17) Generally speaking, how would you rate the overall performance of the government of the country you currently reside in? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Poor 2 – Fair 3 – Good 4 – Very Good 5 - Excellent Don’t know/ Can’t say

18) In your opinion, what role should religion play in the constitution of your country of residence? Please choose the one statement that most closely matches your views. [SINGLE CODE]

a) The constitution should institute uniform civil code based primarily on Shariah

b) The constitution should institute a uniform civil code that blends Islamic and secular principles

c) The constitution should institute a mixed civil code, where each religious group retains the right to use their own laws on issues of personal status (marriage, divorce and family relations)

14 d) The constitution should institute a uniform civil code based entirely on secular principles, with no mention of religion

e) The constitution should institute a uniform civil code based entirely on secular principles, and also guarantee religious freedom

f) None of the above

19) Politically, which ideological position do you see yourself most aligned with? [SINGLE CODE] a. Islamist b. Liberal c. Socialist d. Center right e. Conservative f. Centrist g. Reformist [IF COUNTRY = Iran] h. Other (please specify) i. None

20) On a scale of 1-5, to what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? [GRID – SINGLE CODE]

1 – 2 - 3 – Neither 4 – 5 – Strongly Disagree agree or Agree Strongly disagree disagree Agree “I am so sure I am right about the important things in life, there is no evidence that could convince me otherwise.” “To compromise with our political opponents is dangerous because it usually leads to the betrayal of our own side.”

Conjoint Analysis: #Two sets of conjoint analysis questions are asked with the same attributes. Individual values for each attribute are to be randomly assigned to Preacher 1 & 2. Randomize the order that respondents see the attributes. For example, respondent 1 would see nationality first, education second, age third etc., whereas respondent 2 would see education first, age second, and nationality third etc. Ensure that the same respondent should see the same order of attributes across BOTH conjoint questions. Seeing varying order of attributes across different conjoint questions might confuse the respondent. In other words, both conjoints need to have the exact same order for the same respondent but randomized orders across respondents.

15 21) Individuals of many different backgrounds regularly preach the Muslim faith in your country. Please carefully read the profiles of two such preachers below. Both profiles have a series of attributes such as the preacher’s age, education, and nationality. We want to know which preacher you would consider more of a religious authority and prefer to hear give a sermon. Once you review the profiles of both preachers, answer the following questions. [GRID – SINGLE CODE]

Attributes Preacher 1 Preacher 2 Preacher’s Age • 28 • 28 • 45 • 45 • 70 • 70 Preacher’s Level of • Self-taught in religion • Self-taught in religion education • BA in Islamic Fiqh • BA in Islamic Fiqh • BA in Engineering • BA in Engineering • Doctorate in Islamic Fiqh • Doctorate in Islamic Fiqh • Doctorate in Engineering • Doctorate in Engineering Preacher’s IF CODED A, E, F, G, H OR I IN Q1 IF CODED A, E, F, G, H OR I IN nationality USE THE SUNNI ATTRIBUTES AS Q1 USE THE SUNNI FOLLOWS. ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS.

IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION AND IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION AND COUNTRY = EGYPT, MOROCCO, COUNTRY = EGYPT, TURKEY, JORDAN, TUNISIA, MOROCCO, TURKEY, JORDAN, UAE, KSA, QATAR, KUWAIT OR TUNISIA, UAE, KSA, QATAR, LEBANON USE THE SUNNI KUWAIT OR LEBANON USE ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS: THE SUNNI ATTRIBUTES AS • Egypt FOLLOWS: • Saudi Arabia • Iran • Egypt • [Respondent’s country] • Saudi Arabia • Iran IF CODED B, C OR D IN Q1 USE • [Respondent’s country] SHIITE ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS. IF CODED B, C OR D IN Q1 USE SHIITE ATTRIBUTES AS IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION AND FOLLOWS: COUNTRY = IRAN OR BAHRAIN USE THE SHIA ATTRIBUTES AS IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION AND FOLLOWS: COUNTRY = IRAN OR BAHRAIN USE THE SHIA ATTRIBUTES AS • Iraq FOLLOWS: • Iran • Saudi Arabia • Iraq • [Respondent’s country] • Iran • Saudi Arabia [Respondent’s country] Is the preacher • Yes • Yes hafiz? • No • No

16 What platform • Local Mosque • Local Mosque does the preacher • Internet • Internet mostly use? • Television Show • Television Show The number of • 10,000 • 10,000 estimated followers • 100,000 • 100,000 • 1 million • 1 million What is the • Sunni Orthodox • Sunni Orthodox ideological affinity • Muslim Brotherhood • Muslim Brotherhood of the preacher? • Salafi • Salafi • Sufi • Sufi • Shiite • Shiite The preacher’s • Participates in meetings with • Participates in meetings with attitude toward the US embassy [Do Not show in US embassy [Do Not show United States Iran] in Iran] • No Opinion • No Opinion • Criticizes United States • Criticizes United States • Supports armed resistance • Supports armed resistance against United States against United States Is the preacher • None • None politically active? • Criticizes Government • Criticizes Government • Supports Government • Supports Government

Preacher 1 Preacher 2

Which of these two preachers would you consider more of an authority on Islam?

Which of these two preachers would you personally prefer to hear give a sermon?

***** #This is the second set of conjoin analysis question. Individual values are randomly assigned and should not be the same as the combinations used in Q21. Randomize the order that respondents see the attributes. For example, respondent 1 would see nationality first, education second, age third etc., whereas respondent 2 would see education first, age second, and nationality third etc. Ensure that the same respondent should see the same order of attributes across multiple conjoint questions. Seeing varying order of attributes across different conjoint questions might confuse the respondent. In other words, both conjoints need to have the exact same order for the same respondent but randomized orders across respondents.

22) As in the previous question, we want to ask you about preachers in your country. Please read carefully the profiles of two preachers below. Both profiles have a series of attributes such as the preacher’s age, education, and nationality. We want to know which preacher you would consider

17 more of a religious authority and prefer to hear give a sermon. Once you review the profiles of both preachers, answer the following questions. [GRID – SINGLE CODE]

Attributes Preacher 3 Preacher 4 Preacher’s Age • 28 • 28 • 45 • 45 • 70 • 70 Preacher’s Level of • Self-taught in religion education • BA in Islamic Fiqh • Self-taught in religion • BA in Engineering • BA in Islamic Fiqh • Doctorate in Islamic • BA in Engineering Fiqh • Doctorate in Islamic Fiqh • Doctorate in • Doctorate in Engineering Engineering Preacher’s nationality IF CODED A, E, F, G, H OR I IF CODED A, E, F, G, H OR I IN IN Q1 USE THE SUNNI Q1 USE THE SUNNI ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS. ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS.

IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION AND AND COUNTRY = EGYPT, COUNTRY = EGYPT, MOROCCO, MOROCCO, TURKEY, TURKEY, JORDAN, TUNISIA, JORDAN, TUNISIA, UAE, UAE, KSA, QATAR, KUWAIT OR KSA, QATAR, KUWAIT OR LEBANON USE THE SUNNI LEBANON USE THE SUNNI ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS: ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS:

• Egypt • Egypt • Saudi Arabia • Saudi Arabia • Iran • Iran • [Respondent’s country] • [Respondent’s country]

IF CODED B, C OR D IN Q1 USE IF CODED B, C OR D IN Q1 SHIITE ATTRIBUTES AS USE SHIITE ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS. FOLLOWS. IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION AND IF CODED 1 IN RELIGION COUNTRY = IRAN OR BAHRAIN AND COUNTRY = IRAN OR USE THE SHIA ATTRIBUTES AS BAHRAIN USE THE SHIA FOLLOWS: ATTRIBUTES AS FOLLOWS:

• Iraq • Iraq • Iran • Iran • Saudi Arabia • Saudi Arabia • [Respondent’s country] • [Respondent’s country] Is the preacher hafiz? • Yes • Yes • No • No What platform does the • Local Mosque • Local Mosque preacher mostly use? • Internet • Internet • Television Show • Television Show

18 The number of estimated • 10,000 • 10,000 followers • 100,000 • 100,000 • 1 million • 1 million What is the ideological • Sunni Orthodox • Sunni Orthodox affinity of the preacher? • Muslim Brotherhood • Muslim Brotherhood • Salafi • Salafi • Sufi • Sufi • Shiite • Shiite The preacher’s attitude • Participates in meetings • Participates in meetings with toward the United States with US embassy [Do US embassy [Do Not show Not show in Iran] in Iran] • No Opinion • No Opinion • Criticizes United States • Criticizes United States • Supports armed • Supports armed resistance resistance against United against United States States Is the preacher politically • None • None active? • Criticizes Government • Criticizes Government • Supports Government • Supports Government

Preacher 3 Preacher 4

a) Which of these two preachers would you consider more of an authority on Islam?

b) Which of these two preachers would you personally prefer to hear give a sermon?

23) Please tell us how many of the following groups you feel favorably toward. You should not tell us which groups, but only how many. [SINGLE CODE]

• The Catholic Church • Hamas • The Arab League • Naqshabandi Sufi Tariqa • ISIS [Randomly assign to 50% of the respondents]

• 0 • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

19 • 5 [for the 50% of the sample that receive the ISIS option above]

#[Questions 24-36: the expression [X/Y/Z] is replaced randomly with names from the list of endorsers customized to each country and Shiite or Sunni List.

#The “no endorser” option does not include the phrase “[X/Y/Z] recently stated:” at the beginning and should follow the statement with the question: “Do you agree with this statement?”]

The Muslim community is constantly engaged in debates about how to apply Islam to daily political, social, and economic life. We are now going to ask you to tell us whether you agree or disagree with several statements addressing these different debates.

IF CODED B, C OR D IN Q1 OR IF RELIGION=2 AND COUNTRY = IRAN OR BAHRAIN RANDOMLY PIPE IN ONE NAME FROM THE FOLLOWING LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q24 TO 36. ENSURING THAT EACH NAME FROM EACH LIST IS SHOWN ONLY ONCE.

Shiite List 1) Ayatollah Ali Khamanei, Supreme Leader of Iran 2) Hasan Nasrallah, Secretary General of Lebanese Hezbollah 3) Abdolkerim Soroush, Iranian Islamic scholar 4) Ayatollah Ali Sistani, Iraqi Shiite cleric 5) Rachid Ghannouchi, Founder of Tunisian Annahda Party 6) Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkish president and leader of AKP

ALL COUNTRIES (Non-endorser) Do you agree….. IF COUNTRY = JORDAN 1) Mohammad Khalaileh, Grand Mufti of Jordan 2) Mohammad Zyoud, Secretary General of Islamic Action Front 3) Sheikh Ali Hasan al-Halabi, Salafist head of the Imam al-Albani Center 4) Mohamed Al-Shalabi (also known as Abu Sayyaf), jihadist Salafi sheikh 5) Dr. Jameel Ahmed Al-Dahesat – President of ICCS (Islamic Center Charity Society) 6) Sheikh Husni Al-Shareef, head of the Sufi Dar al-Iman Waqf IF COUNTRY = TUNISIA 1) Khatib al-Idrissi, Salafi sheikh 2) Abu Iyadh al-Tunisi, leader of Ansar al-Sharia 3) Hussein Al-Obeidi, Grand Imam of Zaytouna Mosque 4) Othman Battikh, Grand Mufti of Tunisia 5) Mazen Cherif, Sufi sheikh 6) Habib Ellouze, Annahda sheikh

20 IF COUNTRY = TURKEY 1) Fethullah Gulen, Sunni cleric 2) Mehmet Görmez, outgoing president of Diyanet 3) İzzettin Doğan, Alevi dede 4) Nihat Hatipoglu, professor of Islamic studies and TV preacher 5) Hayrettin Karaman Hoca, Islamic scholar 6) Sheikh Seyyid Abdulbaki Erol, head of Menzil Sufi Order IF COUNTRY = EGYPT 1) Mohamed Abdel Fattah Abu Idris, Ad-Da'wa As-Salafiya leader 2) Mohammed Badie, Supreme Guide of Ikhwan Al-Muslimin 3) Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam, Grand Mufti of Egypt 4) Younes Makhioun, leader of Salafist Al-Nour Party 5) Sheikh Mohammad Hassan, Salafi preacher 6) Sheikh Tarek Yassin Al-Rifai, leader of the Rifayya Sufis IF COUNTRY = MOROCCO 1) King Mohammed VI, Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Muminin) 2) Mohammed Abbadi, Secretary General of Al Adl wal Ihsane 3) Sheikh Sheikh Sidi Jamal, son of Sidi Hamza and leader of Qadiriya Boutchichiya Sufi order 4) Sheikh Umar al-Hadouchi, Salafist preacher 5) Saadeddine Othmani, Prime Minister and leader of Party for Justice and Development 6) Sheikh Mohamed Ben Abderrahman Al Maghraoui, Salafist cleric IF COUNTRY = IRAN 1) Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah-Yazdi, conservative cleric 2) Ayatollah Yusuf Saanei, reformist cleric 3) Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Shiite cleric 4) Dr. Hossein Elahi Ghomeshei, scholar of sufism 5) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran 6) Dr. Ali Shariati, Iranian revolutionary thinker IF COUNTRY = UAE 1) Dr. Mohammed Matar Salem bin Abid Al Kaabi, chairman of General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments (Awqaf) 2) Ahmad Al Haddad, Grand Mufti of Dubai 3) Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahim Sultan Al Olama, Member of the Grand Islamic Scholars Body in Dubai 4) Sheikh Abdullah Bin Bayyah, Muslim Council Of Elders 5) Sultan bin Kayed al-Qasimi, a leader of Islah Association for Reform and Social Counseling 6) Dr. Farouk Hamada, professor of Islamic sciences

21 IF COUNTRY = KSA 1) Sheikh Salman al-Odah, Sahwa cleric 2) Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah al-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia 3) Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al Ash-Shaikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dawah, and Guidance 4) Sheikh Hassan All-Saffar, a moderate Shiite cleric 5) Saad bin Nasser al-Shethri, advisor to the Saudi Royal Court

6) Mohammed Al-Arefe, Salafi cleric

IF COUNTRY = QATAR 1) Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Islamic scholar 2) Sheikh Abdallah bin Zayd al-Mahmud, Wahhabi scholar 3) Tariq Ramadan, professor of Islamic Studies and director of Research Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics 4) Ghaith bin Mubarak Al Kuwari, the Minister of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs 5) Sheiykh Sa'ad bin Ateeq al-Ateeq, a Saudi cleric 6) Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser, wife of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani IF COUNTRY = LEBANON 1) Sayyid Ali Fadlallah (son of Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah), Shiite cleric 2) Sheikh Abdel-Latif Derian, Grand Mufti of Lebanon and head of Dar Al-Fatwa 3) Sheikh Abdul Qader al-Fakhani, spokesperson for the Sufi Al-Ahbash movement 4) Sheikh Na'im Hassan, Highest Sheikh Al-Aql of the Druze 5) Sheikh Ahmad Al-Asir Al-Hussaini, Salafi cleric 6) Sheikh Abd Al-Amir Qabalan, Head of the Supreme Islamic Shia Council IF COUNTRY = KUWAIT 1) Sheikh Mishary bin Rashid bin Gharib bin Muhammad Alafasy, Imam of the Grand Mosque of Kuwait 2) Sheikh Tareq Mohammed Al-Suwaidan, Sunni preacher 3) Hamid al-Ali, Salafi cleric 4) Nasir al Sani, the Islamic Constitutional Movement, leader of Al-Haraka Al- Dosturiya Al-Islamiyah (Hadas) 5) Abdulrahman al-Mutawa, leader of Al-Tajammu’ al-Islami al-Salafi (Salafi Islamic Association) 6) Adnan Zahid Abdulsamad, leader of Shiite National Islamic Alliance IF COUNTRY = BAHRAIN

1) Ayatollah Isa Qassim, al-Wefaq National Islamic Society’s spiritual leader

22 2) Sheikh Abduljalil al-Maqdad, Shiite cleric 3) Abdulwahab Hussain, leader of Al Wafa Islamic Movement 4) Ali Ahmed Abdulla, leader of Sunni Al-Menbar Islamic Society 5) Ghanim Al Buaneen, leader of Salafist Al Asalah Islamic Society 6) Shaikh Khalid bin Ali bin Abdulla Al Khalifa, chairman of The High Council for Islamic Affairs

IF CODED A, E, F, G, H OR I IN Q1 OR IF RELIGION=2 AND = EGYPT, MOROCCO, TURKEY, JORDAN, TUNISIA, UAE, KSA, QATAR, KUWAIT OR LEBANON RANDOMLY PIPE IN ONE NAME FROM THE FOLLOWING LIST AND COUNTRY SPECIFIC LIST IN Q24 TO 36. ENSURING THAT EACH NAME FROM EACH LIST IS SHOWN ONLY ONCE.

23 2) Mehmet Görmez, outgoing president of Diyanet 3) İzzettin Doğan, Alevi dede 4) Nihat Hatipoglu, professor of Islamic studies and TV preacher 5) Hayrettin Karaman Hoca, Islamic scholar 6) Sheikh Seyyid Abdulbaki Erol, head of Menzil Sufi Order IF COUNTRY = EGYPT 1) Mohamed Abdel Fattah Abu Idris, Ad-Da'wa As-Salafiya leader 2) Mohammed Badie, Supreme Guide of Ikhwan Al-Muslimin 3) Shawki Ibrahim Abdel-Karim Allam, Grand Mufti of Egypt 4) Younes Makhioun, leader of Salafist Al-Nour Party 5) Sheikh Mohammad Hassan, Salafi preacher 6) Sheikh Tarek Yassin Al-Rifai, leader of the Rifayya Sufis IF COUNTRY = MOROCCO 1) King Mohammed VI, Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Muminin) 2) Mohammed Abbadi, Secretary General of Al Adl wal Ihsane 3) Sheikh Sheikh Sidi Jamal, son of Sidi Hamza and leader of Qadiriya Boutchichiya Sufi order 4) Sheikh Umar al-Hadouchi, hardline Salafist preacher 5) Saadeddine Othmani, Prime Minister and leader of Party for Justice and Development 6) Sheikh Mohamed Ben Abderrahman Al Maghraoui, Salafist cleric IF COUNTRY = IRAN 1) Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah-Yazdi, conservative cleric 2) Ayatollah Yusuf Saanei, reformist cleric 3) Ayatollah Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Shiite cleric 4) Dr. Hossein Elahi Ghomeshei, scholar of sufism 5) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran 6) Dr. Ali Shariati, Iranian revolutionary thinker IF COUNTRY = UAE 1) Dr. Mohammed Matar Salem bin Abid Al Kaabi, chairman of General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments (Awqaf) 2) Ahmad Al Haddad, Grand Mufti of Dubai 3) Dr. Mohammad Abdul Rahim Sultan Al Olama, Member of the Grand Islamic Scholars Body in Dubai 4) Sheikh Abdullah Bin Bayyah, Muslim Council Of Elders 5) Sultan bin Kayed al-Qasimi, a leader of Islah Association for Reform and Social Counseling 6) Dr. Farouk Hamada, professor of Islamic sciences IF COUNTRY = KSA 1) Sheikh Salman al-Odah, Sahwa cleric 2) Sheikh Abdulaziz ibn Abdullah al-Sheikh, Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia

24 3) Saleh bin Abdulaziz Al Ash-Shaikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs, Dawah, and Guidance 4) Sheikh Hassan All-Saffar, a moderate Shiite cleric 5) Saad bin Nasser al-Shethri, advisor to the Saudi Royal Court

6) Mohammed Al-Arefe, Salafi cleric

25 6) Shaikh Khalid bin Ali bin Abdulla Al Khalifa, chairman of The High Council for Islamic Affairs

24) Do you agree with the following statement by [X/Y/Z]: “The Qur’an and the Prophet’s Sunnah enjoin caliphate [imamate in Shiite context] as the properly Islamic political system that Muslims should strive to establish”? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

25) Do you agree with the following statement on democracy by [X/Y/Z]: “I am in favor of democratic elections, because they can be quite useful tools for establishing an Islamic political system and an Islamic state”? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

26) Do you agree with the following statement on Shariah by [X/Y/Z]: “Just as Shariah law is a requirement of living in a Muslim country, we must keep in mind that it has historically been the most important guarantor of human rights and enabled non-Muslim minorities to thrive, which we lack in our current political system. Therefore, Muslims should strive to uphold Shariah law”? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

27) Do you agree with the following statement by [X/Y/Z]: “While the core principles of Shariah are sacred and must be upheld, various Shariah laws are in conflict with modernity and the needs of a modern life. We must, therefore, update Shariah by creating new interpretations of Islamic law that are more appropriate for modern times”? [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

28) Do you agree with the following statement on Syria by [X/Y/Z]: “American military intervention in Syria is un-Islamic and must be denounced by all Muslims. Christians should not step on Muslim lands, a clear violation of Qur’anic precepts”? [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

29) Do you agree with the following statement on the West by [X/Y/Z]: “Western nations are attacking Muslims and Islam in countries such as Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya. These crimes and sins against Islam by the West are a clear declaration of war on God, his Messenger, and Muslims”? [SINGLE CODE]

26 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

30) Do you agree with the following statement on Yemen by [X/Y/Z]: “We should urge the U.S. and other Western countries to intervene in Yemen to stop the ongoing famine where 12 million people face the risk of starvation. As Muslims, we have an Islamic obligation to invite Western countries, when necessary, to stop human suffering”? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

31) Do you agree with the following statement by [X/Y/Z]: “Al-Qaeda is serving Islam by undertaking jihad to protect Muslims when not many Muslims have done so; therefore we should express our support for Al-Qaeda in the strongest terms possible”? [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

32) Do you agree with the following statement on the Manchester attacks by [X/Y/Z]: “Muslims must recognize that all innocent life is sacred and denounce ISIS for the indiscriminate violence, terror, and mayhem it is spreading in Paris and beyond. These heinous crimes violate the tolerant teachings of Islam”? [Remove ISIS/Al-Baghdadi from the list of endorser for this question only] [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

33) Do you agree with the following statement by [X/Y/Z]: “Many people in the Muslim world do not properly follow God’s law. It is good if there are groups who make sure that there are no murtad in society”? [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

34) Do you agree with the following statement on women’s role by [X/Y/Z]: “The Qur’an and the Sunnah are very clear in assigning different roles to men and women. Men are primarily responsible for family affairs outside of the house. Women’s primary roles, by contrast, are domestic; they should not pursue careers outside of the house and, instead, attend to their children”? [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

35) Do you agree with the following statement on honor killings by [X/Y/Z]: “Protecting the honor of our women and families is of utmost importance. In fact, the Holy Qur’an and the practice of Salaf-i Saleheen mandates us protect the honor of our families. In this regard, women who bring dishonor to their families and religion should be deprived of their lives, if necessary”? [SINGLE CODE]

27 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

36) Do you agree with the following statement on the status of religious minorities by [X/Y/Z]: “Muslims should honor and protect the rights of non-Muslim minorities in the name of Islam. Based on Qur’anic verses and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad, our faith requires that non- Muslim minorities should be equal citizens as the Muslims”? [SINGLE CODE]

1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

36b) Do you agree with the following statement by XYZ: “Shariah law is a requirement of living in a Muslim country; the Holy Qur’an and various prophetic statements (hadith) emphasize the central role of Sharia in Islam. Muslims should strive to establish Shariah law as the only source of law in our country"? 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

General attitude questions:

37) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “Democracy has its flaws, but it is a better system of government than any of the alternatives.” [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

38) Do you favor or oppose the implementation of Sharia, or Islamic law, in [PIPE IN COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE]? [SINGLE CODE]

1- Strongly 2 - Oppose 3 - Neutral 4 - Support 5 - Strongly Prefer not to oppose support answer

39) In recent years, debates about American intervention in the politics of the Middle Eastern and North African countries have increased. How do you view American intervention in the Middle East and North Africa region? [SINGLE CODE]

1- Strongly 2 - 3 - Neither 4 –Approve 5 - Strongly Prefer not to disapprove Disapprove approve or approve answer disapprove

40) In your opinion, how much influence should religious leaders have in political matters? [SINGLE CODE]

1- No 2 – Minor 3 - Neutral 4 – Moderate 5 – Major Prefer not to influence influence influence influence answer

28 41) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? “A wife must always obey her husband.” [SINGLE CODE] 1 – Strongly 2 - Disagree 3 – Neither 4 –Agree 5 – Strongly Prefer not to disagree agree or Agree answer disagree

42) Some people think that suicide bombing and other forms of violence against civilian targets are justified in order to defend their religion from its enemies. Other people believe that, no matter what the reason, this kind of violence is never justified. Do you think such violence is justified? [SINGLE CODE]

1- Never 2 – Almost 3 – 4 – Often 5 – Always Prefer not to justified never Occasionally justified justified answer justified justified

Earlier in this survey, you were asked to indicate your level of agreement with a variety of statements attributed to various public individuals. We would like to emphasize that these statements were purely hypothetical, composed for the purposes of academic research, randomly assigned, and do not necessarily represent the views of the individuals to whom they were attributed. Thank you for your time, your responses are valued.

#Standard MENA Panel Closing