“Soldiers First”: the Evolution of Training for Peacekeeping in the Canadian Forces, 1956-2000
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Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 4-23-2014 12:00 AM “Soldiers First”: The Evolution of Training for Peacekeeping in the Canadian Forces, 1956-2000 Trista L. Grant-Waddell The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Jonathan Vance The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Trista L. Grant-Waddell 2014 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Grant-Waddell, Trista L., "“Soldiers First”: The Evolution of Training for Peacekeeping in the Canadian Forces, 1956-2000" (2014). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2015. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2015 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “SOLDIERS FIRST”: THE EVOLUTION OF TRAINING FOR PEACEKEEPING IN THE CANADIAN FORCES, 1956 - 2000 (Thesis format: Monograph) by Trista L. Grant-Waddell Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Trista L. Grant-Waddell 2014 Abstract This dissertation aims to revise conventional wisdom regarding Canada’s contribution to international peacekeeping through an examination of peacekeeping-specific training in the Canadian Forces from 1945 to 2000. There is a need to study training to understand how Canada’s peacekeepers have been prepared for peacekeeping missions since the creation of the United Nations Emergency Force in 1956. Peacekeeping training was long neglected, not only in the historiography of Canadian participation in international peacekeeping, but also in the operations of the Department of National Defence and other government bodies. This topic deserves more attention given the important role that peacekeeping has played as a primary task of the Canadian Forces. A survey of historical literature dealing with Canadian peacekeeping shows that the academic interest in peacekeeping over the last thirty-odd years has failed to address the critical issue of training until very recently, and rarely from a historical perspective. Scholars have not examined Canadian peacekeeping at its most basic level to determine how Canada’s soldiers are prepared for peacekeeping. This dissertation uses scholarly sources, government of Canada documents, and the testimony of Canadian soldiers as its sources of information. An integral part of my research is the testimony of former peacekeepers. The recollection of their experiences prior to, during, and post-deployment can illustrate the impact that the presence or lack of specialized training for peacekeeping had on their experiences as peacekeepers in a multinational force. The objective of this study is to gain a comprehensive picture of the evolution of specialized training for peacekeeping in the Canadian Forces since the 1950s. Keywords: Peacekeeping, Training, Canadian Forces, United Nations, Military, Canada ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to the members of the Canadian Forces who gave of their time and experiences in the production of this study. Their voices have enriched this work beyond measure. I am indebted my advisor Jonathan Vance, who provided patient and dedicated guidance through the years it took to complete this dissertation, and gave motivation when I doubted it could ever be done. I also owe a special debt of gratitude to Norman Hillmer, my MA advisor, erstwhile employer, mentor, and friend. This work would not have been possible without support from the Department of National Defence Security and Defence Forum Dr. Ronald Baker Ph.D. Scholarship, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Doctoral Fellowship, and the Doctoral Fellowship program of the University of British Columbia’s Canadian Consortium on Human Security. Invitations extended by the Peace Support Training Centre, and the Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre, provided research opportunities and the chance to observe peacekeeping training first-hand, and I am thankful to both centres for their willingness to open their doors to me. The assistance of the Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation and the Directorate of Military Employment Policy, Department of National Defence, in the production and interpretation of a survey of Canadian Forces members was critical to this study. Finally, I would like to thank my family. My parents, Christine Grant and Daniel Newman, have unfailingly been my most dedicated supporters. My husband, Erik Waddell, has always seen the value of this endeavour, and has willingly agreed to sacrifices that our family has made. For that, he deserves my deepest and most heart-felt thanks. And lastly to my children, Abigail, Spencer, and Samuel, this work is dedicated to you. iii Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments..............................................................................................................iii Table of Contents............................................................................................................... iv List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................ v List of Appendices ............................................................................................................ vii Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 –“The League is dead, long live the United Nations”...................................... 61 Chapter 2 – Duty and Opportunity: Early “peacekeeping” and the Creation of UNEF ... 89 Chapter 3 – Honest Brokers and Helpful Fixers............................................................. 139 Chapter 4 – The Golden Age of Peacekeeping? ............................................................. 181 Chapter 5 – Re-evaluation and Revolution..................................................................... 241 In Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 318 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 335 Appendices...................................................................................................................... 361 Curriculum Vitae ............................................................................................................ 378 iv List of Acronyms 1 CDN GDS 1 Canadian Guards ALLC Army Lessons Learned Centre ANC Armée Nationale Congolaise CACSC Canadian Army Command and Staff College CADTC Canadian Army Doctrine and Training Centre CAF Canadian Armed Forces CAFTTG Canadian Armed Forces Training Team in Ghana CARBG Canadian Airborne Regiment Battle Group CCSFOR Canadian Contingent to the Stabilization Force in Bosnia CF Canadian Forces CFHQ Canadian Forces Headquarters CFB Canadian Forces Base CMTC Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre CTC Combat Training Centre of the Canadian Army CTP Collective Training Period DCDS Deputy Chief of Defence Staff DDR Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo DFAIT Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade DHRRE Directorate of Human Resources Research and Evaluation DND Department of National Defence DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ECOSOC Economic and Social Council, United Nations ICCS International Commission of Control and Supervision ICRC International Commission of the Red Cross IFOR Implementation Force ISAF International Security Assistance Force KFOR Kosovo Force LFDTS Land Force Doctrine and Training System MFO Multinational Force and Observers MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBCD Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defence NCO Non-Commissioned Officer NDHQ National Defence Headquarters NGO Non-Governmental Organization NORAD North American Aerospace Defence Command NTM-A NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan OAU Organization of African Unity ONUC Opération des Nations Unies au Congo ONUCA United Nations Observer Group in Central America ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador OOTW Operations Other Than War PPC Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre v PPCLI Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry PSO Peace Support Operations PSTC Peace Support Training Centre PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force ROE Rules of Engagement ROK Republic of Korea RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front SCONDVA Standing Committee on National Defence and Veterans Affairs SFOR Stabilization Force SHIRBRIG Standby High Readiness Brigade SOP Standard Operating Procedures TMST Theatre and Mission-Specific Training UN United Nations UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNCIP United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan