Palaearctic Grasslands No. 47
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UNIVERSITY of READING Delivering Biodiversity and Pollination Services on Farmland
UNIVERSITY OF READING Delivering biodiversity and pollination services on farmland: a comparison of three wildlife- friendly farming schemes Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Agri-Environmental Research School of Agriculture, Policy and Development Chloe J. Hardman June 2016 Declaration I confirm that this is my own work and the use of all material from other sources has been properly and fully acknowledged. Chloe Hardman i Abstract Gains in food production through agricultural intensification have come at an environmental cost, including reductions in habitat diversity, species diversity and some ecosystem services. Wildlife- friendly farming schemes aim to mitigate the negative impacts of agricultural intensification. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of three schemes using four matched triplets of farms in southern England. The schemes were: i) a baseline of Entry Level Stewardship (ELS: a flexible widespread government scheme, ii) organic agriculture and iii) Conservation Grade (CG: a prescriptive, non-organic, biodiversity-focused scheme). We examined how effective the schemes were in supporting habitat diversity, species diversity, floral resources, pollinators and pollination services. Farms in CG and organic schemes supported higher habitat diversity than farms only in ELS. Plant and butterfly species richness were significantly higher on organic farms and butterfly species richness was marginally higher on CG farms compared to farms in ELS. The species richness of plants, butterflies, solitary bees and birds in winter was significantly correlated with local habitat diversity. Organic farms supported more evenly distributed floral resources and higher nectar densities compared to farms in CG or ELS. Compared to maximum estimates of pollen demand from six bee species, only organic farms supplied sufficient pollen in late summer. -
Megachile (Callomegachile) Sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae): a New Exotic Species in the Iberian Peninsula, and Some Notes About Its Biology
Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, 82: 157-162. 2018 ISSN 2013-3987 (online edition): ISSN: 1133-6889 (print edition)157 GEA, FLORA ET fauna GEA, FLORA ET FAUNA Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae): a new exotic species in the Iberian Peninsula, and some notes about its biology Oscar Aguado1, Carlos Hernández-Castellano2, Emili Bassols3, Marta Miralles4, David Navarro5, Constantí Stefanescu2,6 & Narcís Vicens7 1 Andrena Iniciativas y Estudios Medioambientales. 47007 Valladolid. Spain. 2 CREAF. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès. Spain. 3 Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa. 17800 Olot. Spain. 4 Ajuntament de Sant Celoni. Bruc, 26. 08470 Sant Celoni. Spain. 5 Unitat de Botànica. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès. Spain. 6 Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers. 08402 Granollers. Spain. 7 Servei de Medi Ambient. Diputació de Girona. 17004 Girona. Spain. Corresponding author: Oscar Aguado. A/e: [email protected] Rebut: 20.09.2018; Acceptat: 26.09.2018; Publicat: 30.09.2018 Abstract The exotic bee Megachile sculpturalis has colonized the European continent in the last decade, including some Mediterranean countries such as France and Italy. In summer 2018 it was recorded for the first time in Spain, from several sites in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). Here we give details on these first records and provide data on its biology, particularly of nesting and floral resources, mating behaviour and interactions with other species. Key words: Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Megachile sculpturalis, exotic species, biology, Iberian Peninsula. Resum Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae): una nova espècie exòtica a la península Ibèrica, amb notes sobre la seva biologia L’abella exòtica Megachile sculpturalis ha colonitzat el continent europeu en l’última dècada, incloent alguns països mediterranis com França i Itàlia. -
Torix Rickettsia Are Widespread in Arthropods and Reflect a Neglected Symbiosis
GigaScience, 10, 2021, 1–19 doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giab021 RESEARCH RESEARCH Torix Rickettsia are widespread in arthropods and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/10/3/giab021/6187866 by guest on 05 August 2021 reflect a neglected symbiosis Jack Pilgrim 1,*, Panupong Thongprem 1, Helen R. Davison 1, Stefanos Siozios 1, Matthew Baylis1,2, Evgeny V. Zakharov3, Sujeevan Ratnasingham 3, Jeremy R. deWaard3, Craig R. Macadam4,M. Alex Smith5 and Gregory D. D. Hurst 1 1Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; 2Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; 3Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada; 4Buglife – The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Balallan House, 24 Allan Park, Stirling FK8 2QG, UK and 5Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Summerlee Science Complex, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada ∗Correspondence address. Jack Pilgrim, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. E-mail: [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-1482 Abstract Background: Rickettsia are intracellular bacteria best known as the causative agents of human and animal diseases. Although these medically important Rickettsia are often transmitted via haematophagous arthropods, other Rickettsia, such as those in the Torix group, appear to reside exclusively in invertebrates and protists with no secondary vertebrate host. Importantly, little is known about the diversity or host range of Torix group Rickettsia. -
Linear and Non-Linear Effects of Goldenrod Invasions on Native Pollinator and Plant Populations
Biol Invasions (2019) 21:947–960 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1874-1 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) ORIGINAL PAPER Linear and non-linear effects of goldenrod invasions on native pollinator and plant populations Dawid Moron´ . Piotr Sko´rka . Magdalena Lenda . Joanna Kajzer-Bonk . Łukasz Mielczarek . Elzbieta_ Rozej-Pabijan_ . Marta Wantuch Received: 28 August 2017 / Accepted: 7 November 2018 / Published online: 19 November 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018 Abstract The increased introduction of non-native and native plants. The species richness of native plants species to habitats is a characteristic of globalisation. decreased linearly with goldenrod cover, whereas the The impact of invading species on communities may abundance and species richness of bees and butterflies be either linearly or non-linearly related to the decreased non-linearly with increasing goldenrod invaders’ abundance in a habitat. However, non-linear cover. However, no statistically significant changes relationships with a threshold point at which the across goldenrod cover were noted for the abundance community can no longer tolerate the invasive species and species richness of hover flies. Because of the non- without loss of ecosystem functions remains poorly linear response, goldenrod had no visible impact on studied. We selected 31 wet meadow sites that bees and butterflies until it reached cover in a habitat encompassed the entire coverage spectrum of invasive of about 50% and 30–40%, respectively. Moreover, goldenrods, and surveyed the abundance and diversity changes driven by goldenrod in the plant and of pollinating insects (bees, butterflies and hover flies) D. Moron´ (&) Ł. Mielczarek Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Department of Forests and Nature, Krako´w Municipal Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krako´w, Greenspace Authority, Reymonta 20, 30-059 Krako´w, Poland Poland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] P. -
Bees in the Genus Rhodanthidium. a Review and Identification
The genus Rhodanthidium is small group of pollinator bees which are found from the Moroccan Atlantic coast to the high mountainous areas of Central Asia. They include both small inconspicuous species, large species with an appearance much like a hornet, and vivid species with rich red colouration. Some of them use empty snail shells for nesting with a fascinating mating and nesting behaviour. This publication gives for the first time a complete Rhodanthidium overview of the genus, with an identification key, the first in the English language. All species are fully illustrated in both sexes with 178 photographs and 60 line drawings. Information is given on flowers visited, taxonomy, and seasonal occurrence; distribution maps are including for all species. This publication summarises our knowledge of this group of bees and aims at stimulating further Supplement 24, 132 Seiten ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30. April 2019 research. Kasparek, Bees in the Genus Max Kasparek Bees in the Genus Rhodanthidium A Review and Identification Guide Entomofauna, Supplementum 24 ISSN 02504413 © Maximilian Schwarz, Ansfelden, 2019 Edited and Published by Prof. Maximilian Schwarz Konsulent für Wissenschaft der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung Eibenweg 6 4052 Ansfelden, Austria EMail: [email protected] Editorial Board Fritz Gusenleitner, Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz Karin Traxler, Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz Printed by Plöchl Druck GmbH, 4240 Freistadt, Austria with 100 % renewable energy Cover Picture Rhodanthidium aculeatum, female from Konya province, Turkey Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz (Austria) Author’s Address Dr. Max Kasparek Mönchhofstr. 16 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Email: Kasparek@tonline.de Supplement 24, 132 Seiten ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30. -
Polyploidy19 Program.Pdf
Preface Yves Van de Peer The study of polyploidy dates back more than 100 years to the work of biologists such as Hugo de Vries and G. Ledyard Stebbins Jr. It has since then been realized that polyploidy is widespread and commonplace in plants. Although polyploidy is much rarer in animals, there are also numerous cases of currently polyploid insects, fishes, amphibians and reptiles. For a long time, ancient polyploidy events, dating back millions of years, were much less well documented and it was not until the advent of genomic technologies that conclusive evidence of ancient whole genome duplications (WGD) events became available and we now have evidence for tens, or even hundreds, of ancient WGD events. Explanations of the short-term success of polyploids are usually centered on the effects of genomic changes and increased genetic variation, which are mediated by changes in gene expression and epigenetic remodeling. Increased genetic variation, together with the direct cytogenetic conse- quences of genome doubling, can potentially affect the morphology and physiology of newly formed polyploids and could lead to alterations of ecologically and envi- ronmentally suitable conditions. For instance, it has repeatedly been proposed that polyploids have increased environmental robustness than do diploids, potentially leading to evolutionary advantages during periods of environmental turmoil. More- over, polyploidy has also sometimes been linked with higher diversification rates. Long(er)-term implications of WGD might be evolutionary innovation and increase in biological complexity by the biased retention of regulatory and developmental genes, which, given time, might diversify in function or cause rewiring of gene regulatory networks. -
Estimating Potential Range Shift of Some Wild Bees in Response To
Rahimi et al. Journal of Ecology and Environment (2021) 45:14 Journal of Ecology https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-021-00189-8 and Environment RESEARCH Open Access Estimating potential range shift of some wild bees in response to climate change scenarios in northwestern regions of Iran Ehsan Rahimi1* , Shahindokht Barghjelveh1 and Pinliang Dong2 Abstract Background: Climate change is occurring rapidly around the world, and is predicted to have a large impact on biodiversity. Various studies have shown that climate change can alter the geographical distribution of wild bees. As climate change affects the species distribution and causes range shift, the degree of range shift and the quality of the habitats are becoming more important for securing the species diversity. In addition, those pollinator insects are contributing not only to shaping the natural ecosystem but also to increased crop production. The distributional and habitat quality changes of wild bees are of utmost importance in the climate change era. This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on distributional and habitat quality changes of five wild bees in northwestern regions of Iran under two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). We used species distribution models to predict the potential range shift of these species in the year 2070. Result: The effects of climate change on different species are different, and the increase in temperature mainly expands the distribution ranges of wild bees, except for one species that is estimated to have a reduced potential range. Therefore, the increase in temperature would force wild bees to shift to higher latitudes. -
Scottish Bees
Scottish Bees Introduction to bees Bees are fascinating insects that can be found in a broad range of habitats from urban gardens to grasslands and wetlands. There are over 270 species of bee in the UK in 6 families - 115 of these have been recorded in Scotland, with 4 species now thought to be extinct and insufficient data available for another 2 species. Bees are very diverse, varying in size, tongue-length and flower preference. In the UK we have 1 species of honey bee, 24 species of bumblebee and the rest are solitary bees. They fulfil an essential ecological and environmental role as one of the most significant groups of pollinating insects, all of which we depend upon for the pollination of 80% of our wild and cultivated plants. Some flowers are in fact designed specifically for bee pollination, to the exclusion of generalist pollinators. Bees and their relatives Bees are classified in the complex insect order Hymenoptera (meaning membrane-winged), which also includes many kinds of parasitic wasps, gall wasps, hunting wasps, ants and sawflies. There are about 150,000 species of Hymenoptera known worldwide separated into two sub-orders. The first is the most primitive sub-order Symphyta which includes the sawflies and their relatives, lacking a wasp-waist and generally with free-living caterpillar-like larvae. The second is the sub-order Apocrita, which includes the ants, bees and wasps which are ’wasp-waisted’ and have grub-like larvae that develop within hosts, galls or nests. The sub-order Apocrita is in turn divided into two sections, the Parasitica and Aculeata. -
Competition Between Honeybees and Wild Danish Bees in an Urban Area
Competition between honeybees and wild Danish bees in an urban area Thomas Blindbæk 20072975 Master thesis MSc Aarhus University Department of bioscience Supervised by Yoko Luise Dupont 60 ECTS Master thesis English title: Competition between honeybees and wild Danish bees in an urban area Danish title: Konkurrence mellem honningbier og vilde danske bier i et bymiljø Author: Thomas Blindbæk Project supervisor: Yoko Luise Dupont, institute for bioscience, Silkeborg department Date: 16/06/17 Front page: Andrena fulva, photo by Thomas Blindbæk 2 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................ 5 Resumé ........................................................................................................ 6 Introduction .................................................................................................. 7 Honeybees .............................................................................................. 7 Pollen specialization and nesting preferences of wild bees .............................. 7 Competition ............................................................................................. 8 The urban environment ........................................................................... 10 Study aims ............................................................................................ 11 Methods ...................................................................................................... 12 Pan traps .............................................................................................. -
2017 City of York Biodiversity Action Plan
CITY OF YORK Local Biodiversity Action Plan 2017 City of York Local Biodiversity Action Plan - Executive Summary What is biodiversity and why is it important? Biodiversity is the variety of all species of plant and animal life on earth, and the places in which they live. Biodiversity has its own intrinsic value but is also provides us with a wide range of essential goods and services such as such as food, fresh water and clean air, natural flood and climate regulation and pollination of crops, but also less obvious services such as benefits to our health and wellbeing and providing a sense of place. We are experiencing global declines in biodiversity, and the goods and services which it provides are consistently undervalued. Efforts to protect and enhance biodiversity need to be significantly increased. The Biodiversity of the City of York The City of York area is a special place not only for its history, buildings and archaeology but also for its wildlife. York Minister is an 800 year old jewel in the historical crown of the city, but we also have our natural gems as well. York supports species and habitats which are of national, regional and local conservation importance including the endangered Tansy Beetle which until 2014 was known only to occur along stretches of the River Ouse around York and Selby; ancient flood meadows of which c.9-10% of the national resource occurs in York; populations of Otters and Water Voles on the River Ouse, River Foss and their tributaries; the country’s most northerly example of extensive lowland heath at Strensall Common; and internationally important populations of wetland birds in the Lower Derwent Valley. -
In Flora of Altai
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 2018, 8(4), 362-369 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Genus Campanula L. (Campanulaceae Juss.) in flora of Altai A.I. Shmakov1, A.A. Kechaykin1, T.A. Sinitsyna1, D.N. Shaulo2, S.V. Smirnov1 1South-Siberian Botanical Garden, Altai State University, Lenina pr. 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia, E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] 2Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Zolotodolinskaya st., 101, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. Received: 29.10.2018. Accepted: 03.12.2018 A taxonomic study of the genus Campanula L. in the flora of Altai is presented. Based on the data obtained, 14 Campanula species, belonging to 3 subgenera and 7 sections, grow in the territory of the Altai Mountain Country. The subgenus Campanula includes 4 sections and 8 species and is the most diverse in the flora of Altai. An original key is presented to determine the Campanula species in Altai. For each species, nomenclature, ecological and geographical data, as well as information about type material, are provided. New locations of Campanula species are indicated for separate botanical and geographical regions of Altai. Keywords: Altai; Campanula; distribution; diversity; ecology; species A taxonomic study of the genus Campanula L. in the flora of Altai is presented. Based on the data obtained, 14 Campanula species, belonging to 3 subgenera and 7 sections, grow in the territory of the Altai Mountain Country. The subgenus Campanula includes 4 sections and 8 species and is the most diverse in the flora of Altai. An original key is presented to determine the Campanula species in Altai. For each species, nomenclature, ecological and geographical data, as well as information about type material, are provided. -
Bees and Wasps of the East Sussex South Downs
A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 A SURVEY OF THE BEES AND WASPS OF FIFTEEN CHALK GRASSLAND AND CHALK HEATH SITES WITHIN THE EAST SUSSEX SOUTH DOWNS Steven Falk, 2011 Abstract For six years between 2003 and 2008, over 100 site visits were made to fifteen chalk grassland and chalk heath sites within the South Downs of Vice-county 14 (East Sussex). This produced a list of 227 bee and wasp species and revealed the comparative frequency of different species, the comparative richness of different sites and provided a basic insight into how many of the species interact with the South Downs at a site and landscape level. The study revealed that, in addition to the character of the semi-natural grasslands present, the bee and wasp fauna is also influenced by the more intensively-managed agricultural landscapes of the Downs, with many species taking advantage of blossoming hedge shrubs, flowery fallow fields, flowery arable field margins, flowering crops such as Rape, plus plants such as buttercups, thistles and dandelions within relatively improved pasture. Some very rare species were encountered, notably the bee Halictus eurygnathus Blüthgen which had not been seen in Britain since 1946. This was eventually recorded at seven sites and was associated with an abundance of Greater Knapweed. The very rare bees Anthophora retusa (Linnaeus) and Andrena niveata Friese were also observed foraging on several dates during their flight periods, providing a better insight into their ecology and conservation requirements.