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Hillel Cohen Translated by Haim Watzman Good Arabs UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 1 8/4/2009 11:19:26 AM The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Humanities Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 2 8/4/2009 11:19:26 AM Good Arabs The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948-1967 Hillel Cohen Translated by Haim Watzman University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 3 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM Disclaimer: Some images in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2010 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cohen, Hillel. [῾Aravim tovim. English] The Israeli security agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967 / Hillel Cohen ; translated by Haim Watzman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-520-25767-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Palestinian Arabs — Israel — Political activity. 2. Israel.Sherut ha-bitahon ha-kelali. 3. Intelligence service — Israel. 4. National security — Israel. 5. Israel — Ethnic relations. 6. Minorities — Israel. I. Title. II. ῾Arvim tovim. ds113.7.c61513 2009 323.1192΄74009045—dc22 2009010473 Manufactured in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on Natures Book, which contains 30% postconsumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48 – 1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 4 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM To my beloved family (the Cohen-Bars) in our beloved city, Jerusalem. UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 5 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM This Page Left Intentionally Blank UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 6 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM Contents Illustrations / ix Preface / xi Acknowledgments / xiii Introduction / 1 1 Beginning a Beautiful Friendship: The Rise of the Collaborator Class / 11 2 Communists vs. the Military Government, Collaborators vs. Communists / 39 3 Boundary Breakers: Infiltrators, Smugglers, Spies / 65 4 The Land / 95 5 The Battle of the Narrative: Symbols, Pronouncements, Teachers / 123 6 Minorities within a Minority: Dilemmas of Identity / 159 7 Circles of Control, Circles of Resistance / 195 Conclusion / 231 Notes / 239 Bibliography / 265 Index / 269 UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 7 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM This Page Left Intentionally Blank UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 8 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM Illustrations 1. The Israeli army enters the Triangle and imposes military rule, Kafr Qasim, 1949. / 14 2. The Arab inhabitants of the Triangle celebrate the first anniversary of their annexation to Israel, 1950. / 19 3. Sayf al-Din Zu῾bi during his campaign for the municipal elections of Nazareth, 1966. / 24 4. A Communist activist distributes leaflets, before the first elections to the Israeli Knesset, 1949. / 43 5. Israeli president Haim Weizmann with Bishop Hakim, Israel’s Independence Day, 1951. / 48 6. The Catholic Scouts march in Nazareth on Israel’s Independence Day, 1954. / 49 7. David Hacohen, of Mapai, with Arab MKs from lists affiliated with his party: E. Nakhle, D. ῾Ubeid, and A. K. al-Daher, 1961. / 63 8. Many Bedouins helped the IDF prevent infiltration. / 74 9. March in Ramla, 1949. / 76 10. An Israeli bus attacked by Palestinian infiltrators in Meron, Upper Galilee, 1953. / 90 11. An Israeli soldier, a foreign reporter, and the mukhtar share supper in the village of Iqrit, before the uprooting of its inhabitants, 1948. / 107 ix UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 9 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM 12. An Arab girls choir welcomes the minister of education, Nazareth, 1949. / 124 13. Bishop Hakim and Druze religious leader Sheikh Amin Tarif in Tel Aviv, watching the IDF parade on Israel’s Independence Day, 1959. / 136 14. In addition to preventing the Arabs from commemorating the massacre of Kafr Qasim, Israel manipulated the inhabitants to participate in a formal “sulha” (forgiveness ceremony) with state officials, 1957. / 144 15. A resident of Tira brings a radio to his house after electrification reached the village in 1957. / 153 16. Arab figures from the Nazareth area at a party organized by the military governor, 1950. / 157 17. Druze leader Jaber Dahash Mu῾adi congratulates a Druze soldier who volunteered to serve in the IDF during the 1948 war. / 165 18. A Circassian language course, sponsored by the state, in the cultural center of the Circassian village of Kufr Kama, 1966. / 176 19. Sheikh ῾Oda Abu-M῾ammar grants the “desert sword” to Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, 1988. / 182 20. Eleanor Roosevelt with Sheikh al-Huzayyel and the Negev MG, 1952. / 184 21. Arab prisoners who were captured and returned to Shatta prison after their failed attempt to escape, 1958. / 191 22. Ibrahim Qasem, the head of the local council of Tira, near the local mosque with Sheikh Sultani from the village, 1966. / 197 23. The mayor of Tamra, al-Diab, visits his brother, who was accepted into the much-desired tractor course, 1957. / 213 24. Arab fishermen in Acre, 1960. / 215 x Illustrations UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 10 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM Preface In recent years, thousands of police files stored in the Israel State Archives have been opened to the public. These include files from the Israel Police’s central headquarters and its divisions, from district headquarters, and from police stations all over the country. They are gold mines for students of Israeli society and history. The material is, in many cases, embarrassing to those it names. Among these files are hundreds dealing with Arab citizens — files of police stations in Arab villages, files of the force’s Special Branches (which were responsible for Arab affairs), intelligence files, interrogation files, and files of the Regional Committees on Arab Affairs. Here one does not find debates over policy, political strategy, or ideology. Rather, coming from the grass roots, the materials in these files include reports by collaborators about events in their villages; summaries of meetings with General Security Service (GSS) agents, police officers, and military government officials about issues falling under their responsibility; and reports on political activity in Arab communities and the attempts to stymie such activity. Also included are personality profiles of mukhtars and Arab public figures, and reports about infiltrators and murders and other crimes. These documents are the principal raw material of this book. Intelligence documents must, of course, be read critically and cautiously. The evaluations they contain are often biased, and the officials’ and officers’ pseudopsychological analyses of Arab individuals should be taken with many grains of salt. Nevertheless, they contain valuable information about life in xi UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 11 8/4/2009 11:19:33 AM Arab communities under a military government and about the tensions prevailing in them. They also portray the methods and tactics used by the security authorities to control the Arab population and the thought patterns of field agents of the security agencies. One ethical note: In many cases I have omitted the names of the people involved in the events I describe, even though I cannot know whether they are ashamed or proud of their actions, whether they prefer that their deeds be brought to light or remain in the dark. I have applied this rule to both collaborators and nationalist figures. The exceptions are public officials, regarding whom I have acted in accordance with the rule that their public standing permits full disclosure of their deeds. The same applies to activists whose actions were reported in the press during the period under study. And one note regarding terminology: I alternatively use the terms “the Arabs in Israel,” “the Arab citizens of Israel,” “Israel’s Arab citizens,” “the Palestinians in Israel,” “Israeli Arabs,” and “the Palestinian Arabs in Israel” in order to represent the variety of views and analyses about the contempo- rary and the desired identities of these communities, as demonstrated in this book. xii preface UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 12 8/4/2009 11:19:34 AM Acknowledgments I wish to thank the Harry S. Truman Institute for the Advancement of Peace at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Department of Middle East Studies at Ben Gurion University in the Negev, and the Budgeting and Plan- ning Com mittee (“Vatat”) of the Israeli Council for Higher Education for their financial support. I am grateful to the University of California Press for the generous grant that made possible the translation of this book into English. xiii UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 13 8/4/2009 11:19:34 AM This Page Left Intentionally Blank UC-Cohen-CS-3-ToPress.indd 14 8/4/2009 11:19:34 AM Introduction In 1949, when Israel signed armistice agreements with its Arab neighbors at the end of the war in which it was born, the Jewish state found itself with an unwelcome 156,000 Arabs, approximately 15 percent of the new country’s population. At the same time, these Arabs found that they were citizens of a state whose creation they had largely opposed and against which the Arab world had launched a war just two years earlier.
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