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Hypnotherapy An Exploratory Casebook by Milton H. Erickson and Ernest L. Rossi With a Foreword by Sidney Rosen IRVINGTON PUBLISHERS, Inc., New York Halsted Press Division of JOHN WILEY Sons, Inc. New York London Toronto Sydney The following copyrighted material is reprinted by permission: Erickson, M. H. Concerning the nature and character of post-hypnotic behavior. Journal of General Psychology, 1941, 24, 95-133 (with E. M. Erickson). Copyright © 1941. Erickson, M. H. Hypnotic psychotherapy. Medical Clinics of North America, New York Number, 1948, 571-584. Copyright © 1948. Erickson, M. H. Naturalistic techniques of hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1958, 1, 3-8. Copyright © 1958. Erickson, M. H. Further clinical techniques of hypnosis: utilization techniques. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1959, 2, 3-21. Copyright © 1959. Erickson, M. H. An introduction to the study and application of hypnosis for pain control. In J. Lassner (Ed.), Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine: Proceedings of the International Congress for Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine. Springer Verlag, 1967. Reprinted in English and French in the Journal of the College of General Practice of Canada, 1967, and in French in Cahiers d' Anesthesiologie, 1966, 14, 189-202. Copyright © 1966, 1967. Copyright © 1979 by Ernest L. Rossi, PhD All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatever, including information storage or retrieval, in whole or in part (except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews), without written permission from the publisher. For information, write to Irvington Publishers, Inc., 551 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10017. Distributed by HALSTED PRESS A division of JOHN WILEY SONS, Inc., New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Erickson, Milton H. Hypnotherapy, an exploratory casebook. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Hypnotism - Therapeutic use. I. Rossi, Ernest Lawrence, joint author. II. Title. RC495.E719 615.8512 78-23839 ISBN 0-470-26595-7 Printed in The United States of America Contents Foreword Preface Chapter 1. The Utilization Approach to Hypnotherapy 1. Preparation 2. Therapeutic Trance 3. Ratification of Therapeutic Change Summary Exercises Chapter 2. The Indirect Forms of Suggestion 1. Direct and Indirect Suggestion 2. The Interspersal Approach a) Indirect Associative Focusing b) Indirect Ideodynamic Focusing 3. Truisms Utilizing Ideodynamic Processes a) Ideomotor Processes b) Ideosensory Processes c) Ideoaffective Processes d) Ideocognitive Processes 4. Truisms Utilizing Time 5. Not Knowing, Not Doing 6. Open-Ended Suggestions 7. Covering All Possibilities of a Class of Responses 8. Questions That Facilitate New Response Possibilities a) Questions to Focus Associations b) Questions in Trance Induction c) Questions Facilitating Therapeutic Responsiveness 9. Compound Suggestions a) The Yes Set and Reinforcement b) Contingent Suggestions and Associational Networks c) Apposition of Opposites d) The Negative e) Shock, Surprise, and Creative Moments 10. Implication and the Implied Directive a) The Implied Directive 11. Binds and Double Binds a) Binds Modeled on Avoidance-Avoidance and Approach-Approach Conflicts b) The Conscious-Unconscious Double Bind c) The Double Dissociation Double Bind 12. Multiple Levels of Meaning and Communication: The Evolution of Consciousness in Jokes, Puns, Metaphor, and Symbol Exercises Chapter 3. The Utilization Approach: Trance Induction and Suggestion 1. Accepting and Utilizing the Patient's Manifest Behavior 2. Utilizing Emergency Situations 3. Utilizing the Patient's Inner Realities 4. Utilizing the Patient's Resistances 5. Utilizing the Patient's Negative Affects and Confusion 6. Utilizing the Patient's Symptoms Exercises Chapter 4. Posthypnotic Suggestion 1. Associating Posthypnotic Suggestions with Behavioral Inevitabilities 2. Serial Posthypnotic Suggestions 3. Unconscious Conditioning as Posthypnotic Suggestion 4. Initiated Expectations Resolved Posthypnotically 5. Surprise As a Posthypnotic Suggestion Exercises Chapter 5. Altering Sensory-Perceptual Functioning: The Problem of Pain and Comfort Case 1. Conversational Approach to Altering Sensory-Perceptual Functioning: Phantom Limb Pain and Tinnitus Case 2. Shock and Surprise for Altering Sensory-Perceptual Functioning: Intractable Back Pain Case 3. Shifting Frames of Reference for Anesthesia and Analgesia Case 4. Utilizing the Patient's Own Personality and Abilities for Pain Relief Selected Shorter Cases: Exercises for Analysis Chapter 6. Symptom Resolution Case 5. A General Approach to Symptomatic Behavior Session One: Part One. Preparation and Initial Trance Work Part Two. Therapeutic Trance as Intense Inner Work Part Three. Evaluation and Ratification of Therapeutic Change Session Two: Insight and Working Through Related Problems Case 6. Demonstrating Psychosomatic Asthma with Shock to Facilitate Symptom Resolution and Insight Case 7. Symptom Resolution with Catharsis Facilitating Personality Maturation: An Authoritarian Approach Case 8. Sexual Dysfunction: Somnambulistic Training in a Rapid Hypnotherapeutic Approach Part One. Facilitating Somnambulistic Behavior Part Two. A Rapid Hypnotherapeutic Approach Utilizing . Therapeutic Symbolism with Hand Levitation Case 9. Anorexia Nervosa Selected Shorter Cases. Exercises for Analysis Chapter 7. Memory Revivication Case 10. Resolving a Traumatic Experience Part One. Somnambulistic Training, Autohypnosis, and Hypnotic Anesthesia Part Two. Reorganizing Traumatic Life Experience and Memory Revivication Chapter 8. Emotional Coping Case 11. Resolving Affect and Phobia with New Frames of Reference Part One. Displacing a Phobic Symptom Part Two. Resolving an Early-Life Trauma at the Source of a Phobia Part Three. Facilitating Learning: Developing New Frames of Reference Selected Shorter Cases: Exercises for Analysis Chapter 9. Facilitating Potentials: Transforming Identity Case 12. Utilizing Spontaneous Trance: An Exploration Integrating Left and Right Hemispheric Activity Session 1: Spontaneous Trance and its Utilization: Symbolic Healing Session 2: Part One. Facilitating Self-Exploration Part Two. Automatic Handwriting and Dissociation Case 13. Hypnotherapy in Organic Spinal Cord Damage: New Identity Resolving Suicidal Depression Case 14. Psychological Shock and Surprise to Transform Identity Case 15. Experiential Life Review in the Transformation of Identity Chapter 10. Creating Identity: Beyond Utilization Theory? Case 16. The February Man References Foreword Speak to the wall so the door may hear - Sufi saying. Everyone who knows Milton Erickson is aware that he rarely does anything without a purpose. In fact, his goal-directedness may be the most important characteristic of his life and work. Why is it, then, that prior to writing Hypnotic Realities with Ernest Rossi (Irvington, 1976) he had avoided presenting his work in book form? Why did he choose Ernest Rossi to coauthor that book and the present one? And, finally, I could not help but wonder, Why did he ask me to write this foreword? Erickson has, after all, published almost 150 articles over a fifty-year period, but only two relatively minor books - Time Distortion in Hypnosis, written in 1954 with L. S. Cooper, and The Practical Applications of Medical and Dental Hypnosis, in 1961 with S. Hershman, MD and I. I. Sector, DDS. It is easy to understand that in his seventies he may well be eager to leave a legacy, a definitive summing up, a final opportunity for others to really understand and perhaps emulate him. Rossi is an excellent choice as a coauthor. He is an experienced clinician who has trained with many giants in psychiatry - Franz Alexander, amongst others. He is a Jungian training analyst. He is a prolific author and has devoted the major part of his time over the past six years to painstaking observation, recording and discussion of Erickson's work. Again, Why me? I am also a training analyst, but with a different group - the American Institute of Psychoanalysis (Karen Horney). I have been a practicing psychiatrist for almost thirty years. For almost fifteen years I have also done a great deal of work with disabled patients. I have been involved with hypnosis for over thirty-five years, since I first heard about Milton Erickson, who was then living in Eloise, Michigan. Both Rossi and I have broad, but differing, clinical and theoretical backgrounds. Neither of us has worked primarily with hypnosis. Therefore, neither of us has a vested interest in promoting some hypnotic theories of our own. We are genuinely devoted to the goal of presenting Erickson's theories and ideas, not only to practitioners of hypnosis, but to the community of psychotherapists and psychoanalysts which has had little familiarity with hypnosis. Towards this end, Rossi assumes the posture of a rather naive student acting on behalf of the rest of us. Margaret Mead, who also counts herself as one of his students, writes of the originality of Milton Erickson in the issue of The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis dedicated to him on his seventy-fifth birthday (Mead, M. The Originality of Milton Erickson, AJCH, Vol. 20, No. 1, July 1977, pp. 4-5). She comments that she has been interested in his originality ever since she first met him in the summer of 1940, expanding on this idea by stating, It can be firmly said that Milton Erickson never solved a problem in an old way if he can think of a new way - and he usually can. She feels, however, that his unquenchable, burning