Zouch Manor Tidworth Wiltshire

Post-Excavation Report

for Taylor Wimpey Southern Counties

CA Project: 779002 CA Report: 14192

August 2014

Zouch Manor Tidworth Wiltshire Archaeological Excavation

CA Project: 779002 CA Report: 14192

prepared by Chris Leonard, Project Officer

date

checked by Karen Walker, Principal Post-Excavation Manager

date 29/08/14

Martin Watts, Head of Publications approved by

signed

date 31/08/14

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Building 11 Unit 4 Stanley House

Kemble Enterprise Park Cromwell Business Centre Walworth Road

Kemble, Cirencester Howard Way, Newport Pagnell Andover, Hampshire

Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ MK16 9QS SP10 5LH t. 01285 771022 t. 01908 218320 t. 01264 347630 f. 01285 771033

e. [email protected]

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CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 8

Location, topography and geology ...... 8

2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 9

Prehistoric (10000 BC– AD 43) ...... 9 Roman (AD 43–410) ...... 10 Early medieval - Saxon (AD 410–1066) ...... 10 Medieval (1066–1539) ...... 10 Post-medieval (1540–1800) ...... 11 Modern (1801–present) ...... 11

3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 12

4 METHODOLOGY ...... 13

5 RESULTS...... 13

Fieldwork summary ...... 13 Period 1: Iron Age (700 BC– AD 43) ...... 14 Period 2: Medieval (11th–14th centuries)...... 14 Period 3: Post-medieval (16th–18th centuries) ...... 15 Period 4: Early Modern (Early 19th century) ...... 19 Undated ...... 20

6 DISCUSSION ...... 20

Prehistoric ...... 20 Medieval ...... 21 Post-medieval ...... 21 Early Modern ...... 22

7 SUPPORTING DATA ...... 22

Stratigraphic Record ...... 22 Artefactual record ...... 23 Biological record ...... 29

8 STORAGE AND CURATION ...... 31

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9 REFERENCES ...... 32

APPENDIX 1: TABLES 2-7 ...... 35

APPENDIX 2: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 51

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 The site, showing archaeological features (1:1,000) Fig. 3 Period 1- Iron Age (1:125) Fig. 4 Period 2- medieval (1:1,000) Fig. 5 Period 3- post-medieval (Area C)(1:400) Fig. 6 Period 3 - post-medieval (Area E) (1:400) Fig. 7 Period 4 - Early Modern features (Area E) (1:400) Fig. 8 Sections: pit 3008, ditches 6061, 6037, 6176, 6150 and bedding trench 6029

PHOTOGRAPHS 1 Ditch 3003, looking north-east (scale 1m) 2 Ditch 4038 and Pits 4019, 4026 and 4032, looking north (scale 0.4m) 3 Garden wall 6031, looking south-east (scale 2m) 4 Raised beds and well 6098 looking west (scales 1m) 5 Well 6184, looking south (scale 1m) 6 Well 6188, looking north (scale 1m) 7 Structure 6181, looking north-east (scales 2m) 8 In situ pot base in pit 6118 (scale 0.4m) 9 Revetment 6212 and path 6260, looking north (scale 1m) 10 Structure 7022, looking east (scale 2m) 11 Structure 7104, East wall, looking north (scale 2m) 12 Structure 7104, West wall, looking north (scale 2m) 13 Structure 7104, bricked up cartway, looking west (scale 2m) 14 Posthole 7132, looking south-east (scale 0.4m) 15 Wall 7123 (structure 7104), looking north (scale 1m and 2m) 16 Wall 7123 (structure 7104), looking south-east (scale 2m) 17 Internal wall 7124 (structure 7104) looking east (scales 0.4m and 2m) 18 Internal wall 7109 (structure 7104) looking south-west (scale 2m) 19 Wall 7013 and surface 7031, looking west (scales 2m) 20 Wall 7013, looking north-west (scale 1m) 21 (L) Rimsherd from a jar with a developed rim in a fine, oxidised (scratch-marked) fabric, C12-C14; (Centre and R) Newbury B pottery, C12-C14, all from pit 3045, (fill 3046). 22 (L) Sand-and-flint tempered fabric, C11-C14; (Centre and R) bodysherds in a Laverstock glazed fabric, C11-C14, all from possible path deposit (6006).

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23 (L) Rimsherd from a jar with a simple, everted rim in a sandy coarseware fabric from posthole 4014 (fill 4013), C11-C13; (R) rimsherd in a sand-and-flint tempered fabric from ditch 6061 (fill 6062), C11-C13.

24 Newbury B pottery from pit 4026 (fill 4025), C12-C14.

25 (L) Distal portion of a broken flint blade from pit 4026 (fill 4025), Mesolithic/Early Neolithic; (R) bladelet from posthole/pit 3022, (fill 3021), Mesolithic.

26 British War Medal (1914-1920), (Ra. 1) recovered from a compacted redeposited chalk made ground layer (7009) (L) obverse and (R) reverse

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TABLES Table 1: Summary overview of finds from the excavation Table 2: Detailed finds concordance Table 3: Medieval pottery summary Table 4: Medieval pottery by context Table 5: Identified animal species by fragment count (NISP) and weight and context. Table 6: Plant macrofossil identifications Table 7: Charcoal identifications

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Summary Site Name: Zouch Manor Location: Tidworth, Wiltshire NGR: SU 2338 4918 Type: Excavation Date: January–February 2014 Location of archive: Currently held at Cotswold Archaeology; long-term repository to be confirmed Site Code: ZOM 13

A programme of archaeological investigation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in January and February 2014 at the request of Taylor Wimpey Southern Counties at Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire. The area is being developed for new housing. Five areas were excavated across the development area, targeted on the results of a previous evaluation of the site (CA 2012).

The excavation identified evidence for small-scale prehistoric activity. An alignment of four small pits contained worked flint, and one contained a single sherd of pottery of probable Middle or Later Iron Age (c. 4th to 1st centuries BC) date. Residual worked flint was also recovered from later features. There is documentary evidence for a manor house at the site since at least the 13th century, and the excavation has revealed evidence of land boundaries associated with the medieval manor. In the post-medieval period the manor was rebuilt, with an outbuilding and formal walled gardens to the front and a farmyard to the rear, with ranges of farm buildings enclosing a courtyard.

In the early modern period the formal gardens were demolished and the land at the front of the manor was levelled. The farmyard behind was renovated; the original courtyard bisected by a wall and a secondary courtyard was added to the north.

Artefacts recovered during the excavation include a small assemblage of worked flint, local and regional medieval pottery, post-medieval pottery and ceramic building material. Amongst a few metal objects is a silver British War Medal (1914-1920), in very good condition, found in made ground.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 During January and February 2014 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological excavation at Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire, (centred on NGR: SU 2338 4918; Fig. 1) at the request of Taylor Wimpey Southern Counties.

1.2 Planning permission for a residential development, including infrastructure and the demolition of existing buildings, was granted by Wiltshire Council (WC) conditional on a programme of archaeological work, including an archaeological evaluation of the site (WC ref: no. E/2012/0361/OUT; CA 2012). The archaeological condition was recommended by David Vaughan, formerly Assistant County Archaeologist, WC, then archaeological advisor to the Local Planning Authority. Informed by the results of the evaluation, a strategy of targeted excavation was recommended.

1.3 The excavation was undertaken in accordance with a detailed Written Scheme of Investigation produced by CA (2013a) and approved by WC acting on the advice of Clare King, the current Assistant County Archaeologist. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Excavation issued by the Institute for Archaeologists (1995 revised 2001, 2008), and the Management of Archaeological Projects II (EH 1991). It was monitored by Clare King, including through site visits on 14th January, 28th January and 7th February 2014.

1.4 Additional work included the recording of three, then extant, former farm buildings which formed an L-shaped range, south and east of a yard, and were supplemented by a modern range forming a western side, which was not recorded (CA 2014).

Location, topography and geology 1.5 The site lies in the historic core of North Tidworth and encloses an area of approximately 4.5ha, covering part of the east-facing slope of Chalk Pit Hill. The River Bourne and its adjacent floodplain run north to south across the eastern extent of the site at a height of c. 109m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD). At the time of excavation, the site was comprised of areas of enclosed pasture in the east of the site, with standing buildings and yard surfaces in the north-west. Ground level rose steeply westwards from the floodplain to a height of c. 119m AOD. Pennings Road (A338) bounds the east side of the site, with Plessey Road to the south, and to the north, south and west of the site lies existing housing. The extant Zouch

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Manor lies adjacent to the site, and Holy Trinity Church lies less than 100m to the southeast of the site.

1.6 The underlying bedrock geology of the area is mapped as Seaford Chalk Formation of the Cretaceous Period with no superficial deposits recorded (BGS 2014). During fieldwork, chalk natural was identified in the higher ground at the west of the site; chalk flint and alluvial gravels partially overlain by, and interspersed with, orange periglacial clays and silts were identified within the east of the site, nearer the Bourne.

2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The site has previously been the focus of an archaeological desk-based assessment (CgMs 2011). Subsequently an archaeological geophysical survey was conducted (BCC 2011), followed by archaeological field evaluation (CA 2012). The following archaeological background incorporates the results of these previous works.

Prehistoric (10000 BC– AD 43) 2.2 The site is located within a rich prehistoric landscape. The area of Salisbury Plain to the west of Tidworth contains the earthwork remains of numerous Bronze Age round barrows and evidence for a large Middle to Late Bronze Age settlement has been recorded at Dunch Hill, 3km south-east of the site (Andrews 2006). The Iron Age hillfort at Sidbury Hill is located 1.5km to the north-west of the site, from which radiate earthworks representing ‘Wessex Linear’ ditches, probably territorial divisions of the surrounding agricultural land (Entwistle 1994). Despite this, prehistoric activity in the immediate vicinity of the site is, as yet, represented only by unstratified or residual artefacts with no record of associated settlements (CgMs 2011).

2.3 The evaluation identified a prehistoric ditch, possibly a Wessex Linear, in the north- west of the site (CA 2012). Entwistle (1994, 132) posited the presence of a north- west/south-east aligned ditch somewhere under the built up area of North Tidworth to divide a large area of land between Sidbury Hill to the north and Devil’s Ditch to the south. The ditch identified in the evaluation would be a candidate for this predicted ditch.

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Roman (AD 43–410) 2.4 Tidworth is located close to two major Roman roads linking Sorviodunum (Old Sarum) to Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) and Venta Belgarum (Winchester) to Cunetio (Mildenhall). Despite this, it is believed that there was no substantial Roman settlement at Tidworth and that the area was part of an agricultural hinterland associated with other known settlements in the region (CgMs 2011). Part of a Roman pavement was excavated in North Tidworth in 1836 and removed to the British Museum; however the exact location of the findspot is unrecorded (ibid.).

Early medieval - Saxon (AD 410–1066) 2.5 The settlement at North Tidworth probably originated in the Late Saxon period, with the settlement first being documented as ‘Tudanwyrđe’ in a 10th-century will (Gover et al. 1970, 370). The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded three Saxon thegns, Eadwulf, Alweard and Croc the Huntsman, as having held land in North Tidworth before 1066 (CgMs 2011). Excavations at Matthew Housing Estate, some 250m east of the site (Fig. 1), recorded Saxon pits (Godden et al. 2002, 246), and residual Saxon pottery has been recovered from later features at Pennings Road, 120m south of the site (Milward et al. 2010); however no associated settlement has been identified within the town.

Medieval (1066–1539) 2.6 Zouch Manor developed as ‘a large courtyard farmstead typical of the southern English downlands’ (English Heritage 2014).The site is located on the northern edge of the medieval core of North Tidworth, which appears to have had its focus around the Church of the Holy Trinity (Fig. 1), and the route of the main Salisbury to Oxford road, which closely followed the course of the River Bourne (Crowley et al. 1995). The present church dates to the 14th/15th centuries, although it may stand on the site of a predecessor; the earliest reference to a church in the town is from 1291 (ibid.). The archaeological excavations at Pennings Road in 2006 (Fig. 1) recorded evidence of occupation activity dating from the 11th to 14th centuries (Milward et al. 2010).

2.7 Zouch Manor was probably derived from a holding of three hides (approximately 150 hectares) held by Croc the Huntsman and Edward of Salisbury in 1066 (Crowley et al. 1995). By 1296, the estate which formed Zouch Manor included 89 acres of arable land and 1 acre of meadow with pasture (Crowley et al. 1995, 153- 163). In the 13th century the manor was held by Roger la Zouch for his overlord

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John Bisset, and it passed through the Zouch line throughout the medieval period, although ownership of the land had been surrendered to Maiden Bradley priory (ibid.).

Post-medieval (1540–1800) 2.8 Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries c. 1536 , the priory’s land was granted to Sir Edward Seymour, later Duke of Somerset who was the brother of Jane Seymour (the third wife of Henry VIII), and uncle of King Edward VI. Documents suggest that he had a stone manor house built in 1547–9. It is presumed that the land was confiscated upon Somerset’s execution in 1552, and it subsequently had several owners in the post-medieval period, including a number of notable persons and families. John Pitman owned the manor in 1600, and it was later sold by the Pitman family to John Bulkeley. In 1662 Bulkeley sold it to Thomas Pierce (1621/2- 1691), a religious controversialist, the son of a woollen draper from Devizes, who became president of Magdalen College, Oxford, and later dean of Salisbury (Oxford DNB 2004b). Having descended through the family, it was sold in 1724 to Smart Poore.

2.9 Somerset’s stone-built manor house was replaced with a smaller building by Edward Poore in 1773 (CgMs 2011). Maps of the layout of the manor in the late 18th and early 19th century depict a formal arrangement of gardens and planting to the front (east) of the house with a quadrangle of farmyard buildings to the rear. The house appears to have faced east, toward the river and the road, though both the house and the farmyard were accessed via a road to the north, now known as Zouch Farm Road.

Modern (1801–present) 2.10 The manor passed to a relative, Edward Dyke, who assumed the name Poore in 1803 (Crowley et al. 1995).In 1832, Edward Dyke Poore sold the manor, then of 930 acres (c. 376ha), to Thomas Assheton Smith III of Tedworth House (Crowley et al. 1995). The Smith family had owned the South Tidworth Manor estate since 1650 (Croman 1991, 15).

2.11 The extant, white-rendered red brick house, replaced Poore’s manor house in the early 19th century, sometime after Zouch Manor’s absorption into the estate of Thomas Assheton Smith. Like his father, Thomas was the Member of Parliament for Andover. He was a noted horseman, who owned almost the entire parish of Tidworth by 1844 (ibid.). The 1846 tithe map depicts a small complex of buildings

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to the east of the manor house and the evaluation recorded several walls, a cellar and a well in this area, confirming the accuracy of the tithe map (CA 2012). On the death of Thomas Assheton Smith III and his wife, the Tedworth Estate (including Zouch Farm) passed to her nephew, who leased it to various public figures. These included a notable statesman, John Cam Hobhouse (later Baron Broughton de Gifford) who was also a friend of Lord Byron, and Edward Studd and his family, of sporting and religious fame. In 1876 the estate was bought by Sir John Kelk. Sir John was well known as a civil engineer working amongst other projects on various railways, the early galleries of what is today the Victoria and Albert Museum, and on the Albert Memorial (Oxford DNB 2004b). He was another keen horseman (Croman 1991, 27-36).

2.12 It was his son, Sir John William Kelk, who sold the Tedworth Estate to the War Department for the sum of £95,000 in 1897 when the Government purchased some 40,000 acres (c. 16,000ha) of Salisbury Plain, including almost the entire parish of North Tidworth, for military training purposes. Zouche Farm and Manor Farm, North Tidworth, each 692a (280ha) are listed in the sale particulars (ibid., 67). The farmhouse of Zouche Farm survives as Zouch Manor. The headquarters of the Southern Military Command was based at Tedworth House in South Tidworth, where the majority of the garrison barracks were located. North Tidworth underwent large-scale construction to provide housing for soldiers and civilians attached to the garrison, and Zouch Manor and Manor Farm were at times used as officers' quarters (Crowley et al. 1995).

3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The aims of the excavation were to establish the character, quality, date, significance and extent of any archaeological remains or deposits surviving within the site. The objectives of the excavation were laid out in a project design produced by CA (2013a) in accordance with the brief specification, as follows:

• record any evidence of past settlement or other land use • recover artefactual evidence to date any evidence of past settlement that may be identified • sample and analyse environmental remains to create a better understanding of past land use and economy

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4 METHODOLOGY

4.1 The locations of the five excavation areas were agreed with Clare King (WC), informed by the results of the archaeological evaluation (CA 2012). The excavation areas were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual (2012).

4.2 The excavation areas were scanned for live services by trained Cotswold Archaeology staff using CAT and Genny equipment in accordance with the Cotswold Archaeology Safe System of Work for avoiding underground services. Underground services were detected in Areas A, C and E, restricting the available area for excavation (see Fig. 2). Overhead services were observed inside the southern edge of Area E and machining was halted at a safe distance.

4.3 Fieldwork commenced with the removal of topsoil and subsoil from the excavation area by mechanical excavator with a toothless grading bucket, under archaeological supervision.

4.4 The archaeological features thus exposed were hand-excavated to the bottom of archaeological stratigraphy. Palaeoenvironmental samples were taken from five features considered to have potential for characterising the earlier phases of activity on the site. All features were planned and recorded in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Excavation Recording Manual (CA 1996). Deposits were assessed for their environmental potential and sampled appropriately in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The taking of samples for paleoenvironmental and palaeoeconomic analysis from archaeological sites (CA 2003). All artefacts recovered from the excavation were retained in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of finds immediately after excavation (CA 1995).

5 RESULTS

Fieldwork summary 5.1 Archaeological features were identified in all of the excavation areas. Recorded features included ditches, pits, postholes, tree-throw pits, post-medieval structures and garden features.

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5.2 Features were assigned to periods based on dates available from the recovered artefacts and on the spatial and stratigraphic relationships to features containing dated artefacts. Some of the features remained undated.

5.3 This section provides an overview of the excavation results; detailed summaries of the results (recorded contexts, finds and environmental samples (biological) evidence), are provided (Section 7). Supporting tables are provided in Appendix 1. Based on the criteria discussed above, features were assigned to the following periods:

• Period 1: Iron Age (700 BC– AD 43) • Period 2: Medieval (11th–14th centuries) • Period 3: Post-medieval (16th–18th centuries) • Period 4: Early Modern (Early 19th century)

Period 1: Iron Age (700 BC– AD 43) 5.4 Evidence for activity in this period came from four pits on a broad north-east/south- west alignment in Area A (Fig. 3). Pit 3008 contained a single sherd of Middle to Late Iron Age pottery and pits 3015 and 3022 contained fragments of worked flint. Pit 3006 contained no artefactual evidence, but was on the same alignment as the other pits and was of a similar shape and profile, suggesting that it was contemporary.

5.5 Pit 3015 was cut by later pit 3013, which had irregular and uneven sides and base and was interpreted as a tree-throw pit. Pits 3008 and 3022 contained intrusive later material, probably due to the heavy activity in this area of site during the post- medieval and Modern periods.

Period 2: Medieval (11th–14th centuries) 5.6 The earliest phase of activity associated with the manorial estate was characterised by rectilinear, double-ditched boundaries on north-east/south-west and north-west/south-east axes dividing the land between the manor house and the river (Fig. 4).

5.7 Parallel rectilinear ditches 6061 and 6146 were orientated north-west/south-east before turning to run north-east/south-west near the southern edge of Area C. Ditch 6061 contained 11th to 13th-century pottery (Photo 23). To the south of the ditches oval-shaped pit 6057 also contained 11th to 13th-century pottery. A nearby

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pit, 6059, contained no dating evidence, but was characteristically similar and was probably of the same date. A bank and ditch on a similar alignment to the south were recorded in Trench 2 of the evaluation, but they were undated.

5.8 Approximately 12m to the north, the southern and eastern sides of another enclosure (or possibly a trackway) was formed by parallel ditches 6173 and 6176 on a north-east/south-west alignment and ditches 6037 and 6253 on a north- west/south-east alignment. None of the ditches contained any dating material; however they were overlain by an outbuilding, 6181, of the later post-medieval manor house, and were cut by bedding trenches associated with the post-medieval formal gardens.

5.9 To the north again, crossing the south-west corner of Area B, the north-western corner of the enclosure, ditch 4023, which was steep sided with a concave base, was recorded using ditch numbers 4035 and 4038. Cut on an approximately south-east to north-west alignment, the ditch turned at the corner in a southerly direction. Immediately adjacent to the southern edge of the ditch (i.e. within the enclosed space) were three pits 4026, 4019 and 4032 (Photo 2). Fill 4018 of pit 4019 contained two sherds of medieval pottery in a sandy coarseware fabric probably from the Kennett Valley and of 12th to 14th-century date. This group of features is thought to have been medieval, although fill 4025 of pit 4026 contained a piece of residual Mesolithic worked flint as well as medieval pottery (Photo 24).

5.10 In Area D another pair of parallel ditches, 5004 and 5006, were aligned north/south, following the course of the adjacent River Bourne. No dating evidence was recovered from the ditches during the excavation; however medieval pottery was recovered from the fill of ditch 5004 during the evaluation. Given the proximity of these ditches to the river, it is likely that they delineated the eastern boundary of the medieval manor. In Area A, north/south-aligned ditch 3003 (Photo 1) was probably a continuation of the boundary formed by ditches 5004 and 5006. A sherd of 12th to 14th-century pottery was recovered from its fill.

Period 3: Post-medieval (16th–18th centuries) 5.11 Most of the features on site pertained to post-medieval activity in Areas C (Fig. 5) and E (Fig. 6). Extensive chalk quarrying was practiced at the east of the site. A complex of formal gardens was laid out to the front of the manor house, along with associated structures, and a farmyard complex was constructed to the rear.

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5.12 Large pits 3025, 3032 and 3040 in Area A and pits 6198 and 6218 in Area C were used to extract chalk bedrock. They were generally steep sided with flat bases. Earthenware pottery sherds dating broadly to the post-medieval period were recovered from the fills of quarry pit 3040.

The formal gardens (Fig. 5) 5.13 The formal gardens to the east of the manor house comprised a series of walled garden areas with bedding trenches alongside the walls. Across the central part of Area C, a walled garden area comprised three large, rectangular enclosures. In many places the walls had been completely robbed out, leaving only the bedding trenches as remains of the layout. Where remnants of the walls did survive, they were thin and constructed from stretcher-bonded red bricks, with shallow footings. (See, for example, Photo 3; East-west garden wall 6031). Fragments of glazed earthenware pottery recovered from the bedding trenches and the bricks used in the construction of the walls indicate a 17th to 19th-century date for the walled gardens.

5.14 The layout of the walled gardens incorporated the terraced area, but was not confined by it; the walls and bedding trenches were cut through the terrace slopes. Deposits of redeposited chalk were identified against the terrace sides, forming a more gently sloping bank than the more sheer face of the original feature. Walled revetment 6212 and at least one path (6260) were recorded in this area (Photo 9).

5.15 To the west of the walled gardens a series of smaller walls defined an area of raised flower beds. Here deposits of garden soil covered the area between the walls, creating five planting beds (6091, 6096, 6102, 6109 and 6110). The bricks used in the construction of the raised beds dated to the 17th to 19th centuries, indicating that they were probably contemporary with the walled gardens.

5.16 A well, 6098, (Photo 4) measuring 1.3m in diameter, was located immediately to the south of the raised beds and was possibly a garden well, providing water for the plants; a series of culverts drained the raised beds to the north-east. The well was backfilled with a rubble deposit, but was not excavated for safety reasons. The visible lining of the well was constructed from red bricks. Well 6200, 1.6m in diameter and also constructed from red bricks, was located 9m to the south-west of well 6098. It was backfilled with a similar rubble deposit to that of 6098 and was also unexcavated.

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5.17 Two further wells were identified 11m to the north. Well 6188 was recorded in Trench 5 of the evaluation (as feature 519). It was 0.5m in diameter and was brick- lined. A large piece of concrete had fallen into the well shaft and prevented further inspection of the feature. Well 6184 (Photos 5 and 6) was 1.5m in diameter and was the only well still open. The well had no lining where it was cut through the chalk bedrock, but it had a brick cap forming a dome-like structure over the well head. A probe of the well estimated that the water table presently sits approximately 22m below the well head.

5.18 At the west of Area C was an L-shaped structure 6181, (Photo 7) corresponding to outbuildings shown on the 1846 tithe map. Only the footings for the walls, constructed from a mixture of brick and flint nodules set in a cream coloured mortar, survived. They formed a rectangular room aligned north/south, with a smaller, square room to its east. The floor of the rectangular room was paved in a layer of red tiles dating to the 16th–18th centuries. A gap in the northern wall of the rectangular room presumably formed an entrance, although no doorposts were identified.

5.19 A small pit, 6118, was cut into the compacted clay floor, 6145, of the eastern room of the structure. The pit contained a large, almost complete, jar dating to the 17th to 19th centuries. The pit was only slightly larger than the vessel and was clearly dug to house the pot (Photo 8). No finds were recovered from the fill material inside the pot and it is unclear what its function was. Structure 6181 was sealed by a layer of chalk and brick rubble, 6180, resulting from the demolition of the structure. This deposit also contained the fragmentary remains of an almost complete jar of the same type as that contained within pit 6118.

5.20 Two parallel ditches on an east/west alignment were recorded at the south of Area C. The southernmost ditch, 6150, contained post-medieval tile and nails within its fill. The ditches had a comparable shape and profile to the bedding trenches of the formal gardens further to the north and therefore may have had a similar function. The 1810 Andrews and Drury map and the 1846 tithe map both depict a tree-lined avenue along the southern boundary of the grounds, and it is possible that these ditches were linked to the avenue.

The farmyard (Fig. 6) 5.21 To the rear of the house, two structures, 7022 and 7104, forming the southern and western ranges of the farmyard quadrangle respectively, were identified (Photos

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10 and 11 to 13). Wall 7022 formed the external wall of the southern range. Only the footings of the wall, comprised of large flint nodules set in lime mortar, survived. Most of the building was located within an area that could not be excavated due to overhead services, therefore much of the internal layout was unrecorded. Near the eastern end of the building an internal dividing wall, 7018, was constructed of stretcher-bonded red bricks one course thick. Postholes 7027 and 7029 at the eastern end of the structure may have formed part of a wooden gateway between the building and the rear garden wall of the manor house, allowing access to the farmyard.

5.22 Structure 7104 (Photos 13 and 15-18) was a barn that formed the western range of the courtyard buildings. It butted against the western wall, 7135, of the southern range, but was not keyed into it and was a freestanding edifice. The barn was divided into five rooms, the northernmost of which appeared to have been open on the courtyard side, although particularly heavy modern truncation in this area may have robbed out any trace of the external wall. The external walls of the structure were 0.75m thick. In most place only the footings survived, these were typically comprised of large flint nodules and crushed brick rubble set in lime mortar. Where the lower courses of the walls survived they were constructed from randomly coursed red bricks and flint nodules set in lime mortar. Occasional courses of red brick were laid in a herring-bone bond, although there was no obvious practical reason for this.

5.23 There was little evidence for the function of any of the rooms. Rooms 3, 4 and 5 all had compacted chalk and clay floor surfaces. The floor in room 5 was covered by a thin occupation layer containing ash and flecks of charcoal, suggesting that heating took place in the room, possibly crop drying. The floor layer in room 2 (7138) was organic in nature, possibly derived from cereal crops, suggesting that this room may have been the threshing floor for the barn. Room 1 was subdivided by four thin brick walls, less than 1m apart. The compartments are too confined to be stable stalls and may instead have been for storing farmyard equipment.

5.24 A 2.1m-wide gap in the western wall of room 3 was probably the main entrance to the building, although no postholes of other supports for a door were identified.

5.25 Two matching pairs of large postholes in room 4 (7130 and 7140; 7132 and 7142) appear to have formed large gates in the external walls of the structure, possibly

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forming a cartway. A covered cartway through the barn is a typical feature of larger Wiltshire farmyards, and is distinguishable from the threshing bays in that it usually had solid partitions on each side (Slocombe 1989, 25). At some point the cartway gates were dismantled and the gateposts were backfilled with a concreted chalk and mortar mixture. Thin red-brick walls were used to block up the cartway; these were of a similar construction to the internal dividing walls and may have been added at the same time.

Period 4: Early Modern (Early 19th century) 5.26 Early modern activity is mainly represented by the continuation of chalk quarrying in the eastern areas of the site, the disuse of the formal gardens and by modifications to the farmyard in Area E (Fig. 7).

5.27 Layer 6010 covered all of the medieval and post-medieval features in the central and northern areas of Area C. It was up to 0.12m thick and comprised mixed chalk and brick rubble. The layer was probably a levelling layer deposited after demolition of the walls and structures associated with structure 6181 and the walled gardens. Fragments of early 19th-century pottery and two coins, a penny and a half-penny, minted in 1807 recovered from the demolition layer suggest that it may have been deposited during construction works and landscaping for the extant manor house, which is known to date from the early to mid 19th century.

5.28 In Area E, wall 7013 (Photos 19 and 20) ran across the farmyard on a north- west/south-east alignment. The wall was 0.23m wide and constructed of red bricks in English bond with square buttresses approximately every 2m along the length of the wall. The wall had been truncated in the central section and close to the western barn by modern truncation, but was visible along most of its length. The wall was not depicted on the 1846 tithe map, but is shown on the 1880 OS map of Wiltshire, indicating a mid 19th-century date for construction. The bricks used to construct the wall were frogged, which also implies a date in the mid to late 19th century.

5.29 One metre to the north of the wall, and parallel to it, was surface 7031, constructed from basalt cobbles. This surface had also been heavily truncated and its full extent was not known. An area measuring 6.4m long and 1.84m wide survived. In the area between the surface and the wall was a double-line of six fence posts, spaced roughly 1.1m apart. A matching line of six posts was arranged against the south side of the wall. These posts possibly supported a small lean-to structure,

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which utilised the stone surface. The wall and the stone surface were aligned between the manor house and the entrance to the grand barn and another possibility is that they formed a sheltered path across the farmyard between the two buildings.

5.30 Four pits, 7096, 7098, 7100 and 7102 (fills 7097, 7099, 7101 and 7103 respectively), each containing the articulated skeletal remains of a single chicken, were dug against the western four posts on the southern side of the wall. There were no other artefacts interred with the birds and as the skeletal material provided no indication of disease or any distinguishing features, the reason for burying them is ambiguous.

5.31 The internal walls (7109, 7113, 7114 and 7116) of barn structure 7104 were all constructed from stretcher-bonded red-bricks and were one brick thick. The bricks used had the same frogs as those in wall 7013, suggesting a similar mid to late 19th-century date. In many cases the internal walls had very shallow foundations and it appears unlikely that they were designed to support any structural weight. This evidence suggests that the barn was originally open-plan with the internal divisions added at a later date.

Undated 5.32 A number of features in Areas B and C remained undated. These were almost all sub-circular discrete features with irregular profiles and were probably tree-throw pits. Historic mapping depicts the area in front of the manor house being wooded for most of the modern period, and these features were most likely to have been caused by this.

6 DISCUSSION

Prehistoric 6.1 Remains of prehistoric activity on site were limited to an alignment of four Iron Age pits at the north-east of the site. This is consistent with the low level of prehistoric activity recorded in the evaluation. The possible Wessex Linear ditch identified in the evaluation to the north-west of Area E was not identified in the excavation. This was probably because it did not extend into the excavation area; however, the heavy modern truncation in the north part of Area E could well have removed any remains of the ditch.

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Medieval 6.2 The features from this period most likely relate to the earliest manor building on the site: that held by Roger la Zouch. The alignment of the ditches implies that the house faced more to the north-east than the later houses, along the line of the footpath shown leading from the house to the Salisbury to Oxford road on the historic maps, and which is still extant today. It is therefore possible that the footpath is the vestigial remains of the driveway of the medieval manor.

6.3 Excavations of medieval and post-medieval features and structures at Pennings Road identified a period from the late 14th to early 16th century in which there was no archaeological activity on the site (Milward et al. 2010, 184). This gap in the archaeological record was attributed to the effects of the bubonic plague, which is documented to have had a particularly devastating impact on Tidworth. The pattern of activity at Zouch Manor appears to demonstrate a similar interruption, with only two sherds of pottery dated to this period, both of which were residual in later features.

Post-medieval 6.4 There is evidence for large scale chalk quarrying across the eastern end of the site, particularly at the base of the slope next to the river. Although the natural chalk bedrock in these places was harder to access than at the top of the slope, as it was covered by superficial floodplain deposits, it was outside the viewshed of the house and would not have been as much of an eyesore. The quarried chalk would probably have been mostly used in the construction of farm buildings at the house; the extant modern barns were constructed largely from cob (CA 2014). In the late 18th and 19th centuries chalk from the downs was quarried and exported to Birmingham and other industrial centres and it could be that the chalk from some of these pits contributed to this trade (Crowley et al.1995).

6.5 The 1730/1810 Adams and Drury map depicts Zouch Manor with formal gardens arranged on a rectangular plan to the front of the house and a courtyard enclosed by farm buildings to the rear. The archaeology has confirmed this layout, identifying rectangular walled gardens to the east of the manor and the farmyard complex to the west.

6.6 The original layout of the farm courtyard had three ranges of buildings enclosing the north, west and south sides, with the east side defined by the garden wall of the manor house. The buildings of the northern range are still standing and are

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thought to have been a byre and a granary. The western range appears to have been the main barn for the farm. On courtyard-style farms in Wiltshire, barns are usually constructed on a north/south axis to allow the prevailing wind to blow through the threshing bay, helping to winnow the corn (Slocombe 1989, 22). The function of the buildings in the southern range could not be determined by the archaeological investigation.

Early Modern 6.1 The date of the demolition of outbuilding 6181 and the walled gardens is likely to have been in the middle to late 19th century. The demolished structure and the raised flower beds were covered by demolition layer 6010, which contained mid 19th-century pottery and two coins minted in 1807. It is tempting to link this renovation to the acquisition of the manor by Thomas Assheton Smith in 1832. While structure 6181 appears on the Tithe Map of 1846, it is not known when the actual surveys for the map were undertaken. In any event, there was no sign of formal gardens, nor of structures to the east of the manor house in the first edition OS survey of 1880, and it seems likely that they had been demolished by then.

6.2 At around the same time a second courtyard was added to the north of the existing farmyard. The northern range was renovated, opening on to both courtyards, and an eastern projection added to form an L-shaped range of buildings enclosing the south and east sides (CA 2014). It was probably during these farmyard renovations in the mid to late 19th century that the cartway was blocked off and the internal dividing walls were added to the post-medieval farm buildings.

7 SUPPORTING DATA

Stratigraphic Record 7.1 Following the completion of the fieldwork an ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance with specifications presented in the Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991). A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence and a site matrix was also compiled and cross-referenced to spot-dating. The following records were generated during the course of the fieldwork:

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Context sheets 506 Plans (1:10, 1:20, 1:100) 3

Sections (1:10, 1:20) 75

Sample sheets 5

Digital photographs 350

Matrices 5

7.2 Despite the high level of modern truncation in Areas C and E, the survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was good with archaeological remains having survived as both negative and positive features. Most features have been assigned a period based on stratigraphical relationship, context dates and/or spatial association.

Artefactual record 7.3 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where appropriate.

7.4 Finds recovered from excavation included pottery, ceramic building material, glass, clay tobacco pipe, metal objects and worked flint. Table 1 provides an overview summary of the key finds types and volumes recovered. These are reported on below. Further details are presented in Appendix 1.

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Type Category Count Weight (g) Pottery Prehistoric 1 26

Medieval 30 278

Post-medieval /modern 239 9931

Total 270 10,235

Flint Worked 20 213

Brick/tile All 139 69,809

Glass Post med 1 7

Modern 13 44

Coins All 3 33

Metals Iron 9 4023

Copper alloy 2 6

Silver 1 30

Pewter 1 15

Worked flint All 20 323

Stone Slate 3 379

Clay tobacco pipe All 7 88

Table 1: Summary overview of finds from the excavation

The Finds by Jacky Sommerville and Ed McSloy Pottery: Iron Age 7.5 One sherd of Iron Age pottery weighing 26g was recorded from deposit 3009 (fill of pit 3006). The sherd, which is moderately abraded, is probably re-deposited, occurring with a small sherd of medieval type (below). The Iron Age sherd comes from the upper part of a globular vessel, probably a jar, in a coarse limestone- tempered fabric. A Middle or Later Iron Age date is probable (c. 4th to 1st centuries BC).

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Medieval to early post-medieval 7.6 Thirty sherds (278g) of medieval pottery were recovered from 15 deposits (Tables 3 and 4). Approximately 40% of the group is residual, from deposits containing post-medieval material. The medieval pottery is well-broken up, the mean sherd weight low for group of this period (9g).

7.7 The overall composition for this small group is set out in Appendix 1, Tables 2 and 3. For purposes of characterisation/dating the medieval pottery was compared to the Ludgershall Castle pottery type series, which is currently stored at the Cotswold Archaeology Offices. The group primarily comprises unglazed coarseware types, with only a small number of glazed fabrics. The majority would seem to have reached the site from the Kennet Valley (Newbury B/C types) to the north, and south Wiltshire sources, possibly close to Salisbury (‘Scratch-marked wares’/Laverstock glazed ware). (See for example Photo 22). The larger part of the assemblage probably dates to the earlier or High medieval period (c. 12th to 13th/early 14th centuries). Single sherds of Coarse Border ware (from 6249, fill of bedding trench 6248) and Tudor Green (from 6008, fill of bedding trench 6007) date to the later medieval or early post-medieval periods (later 14th to 16th centuries).

7.8 The assemblage contained very few rim or other featured sherds. A rimsherd in a reduced sandy coarseware (fabric QZ) from posthole 4014 (fill 4013) is identifiable as from a jar/cooking pot with simple, everted rim. A second jar rimsherd, was identified in a fine oxidised sandy fabric from pit 3045 (fill 3046) (Photo 21). In this instance the rim is of ’developed’ form – flattened and internally thickened. The base sherd in coarse Border ware from 6249 exhibits wide-spaced thumb impressions to the base angle and is probably from a jug. The rimsherd in Tudor Green ware from 6008 is identifiable as from a lobed cup.

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Post-medieval and modern 7.9 The fill 6042 of bedding trench 6041 produced one bodysherd of Tin-glazed earthenware, which was produced from the late 17th to 18th centuries.

7.10 A number of sherds of pottery dating to the mid-18th to 19th centuries were recovered from the site: one bodysherd in English porcelain from topsoil 3000; five sherds of Creamware from demolition rubble 6010 and fill 6238 of pit (or possible well) 6240; one sherd of yellow industrial ware from demolition backfill 6203; and 15 sherds of blue transfer-printed whiteware from topsoil 3000, quarry pit fill 3033, demolition backfill 6203 from fill 6238 (above).

7.11 Three sherds of English stoneware were recovered, comprising; one sherd of Nottingham/ Derbyshire stoneware from 6186 (the fill of 6182 the construction cut for well 6184), manufactured from the late 17th century; one sherd of white salt- glazed stoneware from quarry pit 3032 (fill 3035), dating to the 18th century; and one sherd of late English stoneware from 6186 (above) and two from rubble foundation 7023, produced from the mid-19th century onwards. The Nottingham/Derbyshire sherd featured rouletted decoration, which is typical of this pottery type (Soden and Ratkai 1998, 178).

7.12 One hundred and forty seven sherds of Verwood lead-glazed earthenware were recovered from nine deposits (see Appendix 1, Table 2). The sherds from pit 6118 (Ra. 2, Photo 8) and demolition layer 6180 each appeared to represent almost complete vessels, both of which were large jars. Layer 6180 also included a rimsherd from a shallow dish. This pottery type was manufactured in the Verwood area of Dorset and is commonly found in the surrounding counties dating to the 17th to 19th centuries (Brown 2011, 123).

7.13 Fifty nine sherds of glazed earthenware, which dates to the 16th to 18th centuries, were recovered from nine deposits. These included rimsherds from large jars from pit 6194 (fill 6195) and fill 6238 (of pit or possible well 6240).

Ceramic building material 7.14 One hundred and thirty nine fragments of post-medieval ceramic building material were recovered from 51 contexts. Fifty-two of these were identified as brick (some were complete) and 68 as tile; the remainder were too fragmentary for classification.

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7.15 The majority of bricks were hand-made and dated to the 17th to mid-19th centuries. Many of the bricks retain traces of lime mortar, which was in use from the medieval period until the 19th century. Bricks which were thin enough to suggest a 16th or 17th century date were those from walls 6019 and 6020. Three frogged bricks were recovered, from wall 7013, with attached cinder mortar. Frogged bricks were introduced in the mid-19th century and cinder mortar was in use from the 18th century onwards.

7.16 The fill (6169) of tree-throw 6168, produced a fragment of late medieval brick or floor tile. Post-medieval floor tiles were recovered from fill 6014 of culvert 6012 and wall 6021, (part of garden feature 6019).

7.17 Of the 68 fragments of tile recovered, 65 were identified as roof tile. Twenty of these (from quarry pit fills 3035 and 3041 (pits 3032 and 3040 respectively), pit 3045 (fill 3046) possible path deposit 6006, wall 6125, fill 6155 of bedding trench 6154, demolition layer 6180, fills (6238 and 6239) of pit or possible well 6240, and foundation fill 7086) were classifiable as peg tiles due to the presence of nail holes. These were in use in Wiltshire from the 16th century until the 19th century, when they were replaced with slate roof tiles.

Glass 7.18 One fragment of post-medieval bottle glass was recovered from ditch 6150 (fill 6151). Thirteen fragments of modern glass, representing both window and vessel fragments, were recovered from quarry pit 3032 (fill 3033), culvert 6070 (fill 6087), garden soil layer 7006 and foundation 7012 (fill 7014).

Clay tobacco pipe 7.19 Seven fragments of clay tobacco pipe stem were recovered from five deposits. These are dateable to the late 16th to late 19th centuries.

Metal objects 7.20 A silver British War Medal (1914-1920), (Ra. 1) (Photo 26) was recovered from a compacted redeposited chalk made ground layer 7009. The medal is in good condition, although its riband attachment bar (clasp) is absent. Authorised in 1919, to mark the end of the First World War and to record service given, over six million medals of this type were issued to members of the armed forces who had rendered service between 5 August 1914 and 11 November 1918. The basic requirement for army personnel and civilians was that they either entered a theatre of war, or

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rendered approved service overseas between 5 August 1914 and 11 November 1918. Post-war service in Russia in 1919 and 1920 also qualified for the award (National Archives) as did post-war mine clearance (1919-1920).

Obverse: Coinage head of King George V left, GEORGIVS V BRITT: OMN: REX RT IND: IMP: around Reverse: Naked horseman carrying gladius (sword) right, the horse trampling upon a shield and on skull and crossbones, sun symbolising victory above and dates 1914 and 1918 Size: 36mm Naming: Impressed font around the edge Designed by: W McMillan Info taken from: Hayward, Birch and Bishop 2006, p504

7.21 The serviceman’s name (J.W. Hanstock), his number (232654) and rank/regiment (a driver in the Royal Horse Artillery) are recorded on the medal’s edge. The medal card relating to this individual has been identified during subsequent research and this records the Christian name as John. No details of the war record of John W. Hanstock are known, although it is known that the Royal Horse Artillery returned to Tidworth barracks in the post-war years and it is possible that the medal was lost at this time.

7.22 Two copper-alloy coins (a penny and a halfpenny) were recovered from demolition rubble 6010. Both were coins of George III, minted in 1807. Topsoil 7000 produced another copper-alloy coin, which was an Edward VII halfpenny, dating to 1910.

7.23 A copper alloy button was recovered from quarry pit 3032 (fill 3033). It was rather corroded but appeared to be a Type 9, according to South’s typology (Hume 1969, 90–91), which dates to the 18th century. A flat disc copper alloy button was recovered from fill 6238 of pit or possible well (6240). This was a South Type 18, which dates to the early-19th century. The latter displayed the gilt standard mark "Treble Orange Standard" on the reverse.

7.24 The terminal portion of the handle of a pewter spoon was recovered from backfill 6203 of well 6200. The rounded, upcurling terminal dates this item to the 18th century (Hume 1969, 183).

7.25 Rectilinear pit 7016 (fill 7015) produced an iron chain, in three pieces, and three iron horseshoes, all of which were modern in date. Single fragments of unclassifiable iron objects were recovered from topsoil 3000, bedding trench 6007 (fill 6008) and possible pit or well 6240 (fill 6239).

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Worked flint 7.26 Twenty pieces of worked flint were recovered from postholes 3015, 3022 and 4014 (fills 3014, 4013 and 3021), pit 4026 (Photo 2) (fill 4025) and demolition layer 6180. They consisted of cores, flakes, a blade, a bladelet and shatter. Pit fill 4025 contained ten flints, all of which were heavily corticated and displayed a moderate degree of edge damage. The bladelet (from fill 3021) is a Mesolithic item and the blade (from fill 4025) may be Mesolithic or Neolithic in date (Photo 25). The rest cannot be more precisely dated than to the prehistoric period: however, all but the five from fill 3014 (pit 3015) came from deposits containing medieval or post- medieval dated material, implying that they are residual. The pieces from fill 3014 are in reasonably fresh condition.

Biological record Faunal Remains by Andy Clarke 7.27 Two hundred and thirty eight fragments (3610g) of animal bone were recovered from depsoits in association with finds dating from the medieval to Modern period. For the purpose of this report, the bones were identified to species and skeletal element using an osteological reference collection (Cotswold Archaeology Ltd) as well as standard reference literature (Schmid 1972, Hillson 1996), and quantified by fragment count and weight. Any modern or undated material is not discussed beyond the details set out in Appendix 1, Table 5.

7.28 Thirty-six fragments of animal bone were recovered from 13 deposits. It was possible to identify the remains of cattle (Bos taurus), sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), pig (Sus scrofa sp.) and chicken (Gallus gallus). The bone was well preserved but highly fragmented with the majority displaying the typical rough chop, and fracture patterns associated with domestic refuse, comprising of both butchery and food waste. Beef and mutton were evidently of most importance in terms of protein intake in the diet with pork and chicken contributing to lesser degree. The presence of dogs (Canis familiaris) on site is indirectly indicated from gnaw marks observed throughout the assemblage. This pattern is continued into the post-medieval period with a minor additional dietary contribution made by rabbit (Lepus curpaeums) and duck (Anas sp.). The presence of crow is no doubt due natural death and coincidental inclusion in the assemblage.

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Plant macrofossil and charcoal by Sarah Cobain Introduction 7.29 Five bulk soil samples were retrieved for plant macrofossil and charcoal assessment from two Iron Age pits and a posthole, a medieval pit and a post- medieval pit. The type, preservation and quantity of plant macrofossil and charcoal remains recovered have been examined and the potential of these remains to provide evidence of social-economic activities being undertaken on the site (crop husbandry, diet, living conditions of communities, exploitation of woodlands for fuel, woodland management), and to infer the composition of the local flora and woodlands has been assessed.

Methodology 7.30 Following flotation (CA 2013b), the residue was dried and sorted by eye, the floated material scanned and seeds identified using a low power BSM stereo- microscope at magnifications of x10-x40. Identifications were carried out with reference to images and descriptions by Cappers et al. (2006), Berggren (1981) and Anderberg (1994). Charcoal fragments were fractured by hand to reveal the wood anatomy on radial, tangential and transverse planes. The pieces were then identified under an epi-illuminating microscope (Brunel SP400) at magnifications from x40 to x400. Identifications were carried out with reference to images and descriptions by Cutler and Gale (2000) and Schoch et al. (2004) and Wheeler et al. (1989). Nomenclature of species follows Stace (1997).

Results 7.31 The results are presented in tabular form (Appendix 1: Tables 6 and 7) and are discussed below. SS refers to Soil Sample number.

Area A Period 1 - Iron Age 7.32 The plant macrofossils identified from pit 3008 (SS 3) consisted of a small, poorly preserved assemblage of free-threshing wheat/spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum/turgidum/durum /Triticum spelta) barley (Hordeum vulgare) and indeterminate cereal grains, too poorly preserved to confidently identify to species. Posthole 3022 (SS 4) produced a moderately well preserved assemblage consisting of spelt (Triticum spelta) and emmer/spelt (Triticum dicoccum/Triticum spelta) cereal grains together with a small number of poorly preserved grains of

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indeterminate species. A single buttercup (Ranunculus spp.) seed was also identified. Pit 3006 (SS 2) consisted only of indeterminate cereal grains. Charcoal was identified in small, poorly preserved amounts and consisted of oak (Quercus spp.) and alder/hazel (Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana) together with ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and yew (Taxus baccata).

Period 3 - Post-medieval 7.33 Sample 5 was taken from pit 3010 but did not reveal any plant macrofossil remains. Small amounts of well preserved charcoal was recovered and identified as alder/hazel and oak.

Area B Period 2 - medieval 7.34 Sample 1 was taken from pit 4026. The assemblage was well preserved consisting of free-threshing/spelt wheat grains and persicaria spp. (Persicaria spp.). Charcoal remains were sparse but moderately well preserved, with oak the only species identified.

Discussion 7.35 The carbonised plant macrofossils were recovered in small and generally moderately well preserved quantities. Within this, post-depositional processes have caused abrasion rendering much of the cereal grains unidentifiable to species, but it was possible to identify the remains of spelt, free-threshing wheat and barley. Charcoal was recovered in similarly small amounts in a poor to moderate state of preservation. It was possible to identify alder/hazel, oak, ash and yew but in such small numbers that no pattern of dominance was evident.

7.36 The species identified are common occurrences and are expected within the respective Iron Age, medieval and post-medieval periods. It is possible that pit 3008 represents a storage pit and the charred waste within it represents fuel used to fire and re-sterilise the pit for continued use, or reuse of the pit for refuse when it went out of use.

8 STORAGE AND CURATION

8.1 The archive is currently held at CA offices, Kemble. Upon completion of the project and with the agreement of the legal landowners, the site archive and artefactual collection will be deposited, if possible, with Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Devises.

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9 REFERENCES

Anderberg A-L. 1994 Atlas of seeds: Part 4 Uddevalla, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Uddevalla Andrews, P. 2006 ‘A Middle to Late Bronze Age settlement at Dunch Hill, Tidworth’ Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 99, 51–78 BCC (Bartlett-Clark Consultancy) 2011 Land at Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire: Report on Archaeological Geophysical Survey Berggren, G. 1981 Atlas of seeds: Part 3 Arlöv, Swedish Museum of Natural History BGS (British Geological Survey) 2014 Geology of Britain Viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 12 May 2014 Bradley, R. Entwistle, R. and Raymond, F. 1994 Prehistoric Land Divisions on Salisbury Plain: The work of the Wessex Linear Ditches Project. English Heritage Archaeological Report 2. London, English Heritage Brown, D. H. 2011 ‘Pottery’, in Brown, R. and Hardy, A. 2011, 117-142. Brown, R. and Hardy, A. 2011. Trade and Prosperity, War and Poverty: An archaeological and historical investigation into Southampton’s French Quarter. Oxford Archaeology Monograph No 15. Oxford. Oxford Archaeology. CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA report no. 12028 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2013a Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Excavation CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2003b The taking and processing of environmental and other samples from archaeological sites, CA Technical Manual No. 2 CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014 Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire: Historic Building Recording, CA report no. 14058 Cappers, R.T.J., Bekker, R.M. and Jans, J.E.A. 2006 Digital seed atlas of the Netherlands. Groningen Archaeological Studies 4 Eelde, Barkhuis. Available: http://seeds.eldoc. ub.rug.nl/ Accessed: May 2014 CgMs (CgMs Consulting) 2011 Land at Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment. Report no. SW/12907 Chandler J 2001 'Marlborough and Eastern Wiltshire' Hobnob Press cited in http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getconcise.php?id=223 Accessed June 2014 Croman D. J. 1991 A History of Tidworth and Tedworth House Phillimore

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Crowley, D. A (ed.) Baggs, A. P. Freeman J. and Stevenson J.H., 1995 Victoria County History: Wiltshire. Vol. 15 , Parish of North Tidworth, 153-163 http://www.british- history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=115435 Accessed June 2014 Ellis, P. (ed.) 2000. Ludgershall Castle: Excavations by Peter Addyman 1964-1972. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Monograph Series 2. Devizes English Heritage 2014 Zouch Manor, Monument Number 1538952, PastScape http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1538952 Accessed June 2014 Entwistle, R. 1994 ‘Settlements, territories, and ‘Celtic’ fields: the changing role of boundary earthworks’, in Bradley et al., 122–135 Gale, R. and Cutler, D. F. 2000 Plants in Archaeology – Identification Manual of Artefacts of Plant Origin from Europe and the Mediterranean Otley, Westbury and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Gerrard, C. and King. R. 2000. ‘The Pottery’, in Ellis, P. (ed.) 2000, 181-200. Godden, D. Hamilton-Dyer,S. Laidlaw, M. & Mepham, L. 2002 ‘Excavation of Saxon pits at Tidworth 1999’ in Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, Vol. 95 pages? Gover, J. E. B., Mawer, A. and Stenton, F. M. 1970 The Place Names of Wiltshire. Cambridge University Press Hayward J, Birch D, and Bishop R, 2006 British Battles and Medals Seventh Edition, Spink, London Hillson, S. 1996 Mammal bones and teeth: An introductory guide to methods of identification The Institute of Archaeology. University of London Hume, I. N. 1969. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press. The National Archives http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/medal-index-cards- ww1.htm Accessed June 2014 Milward, J., Manning, A., Mepham, L. and Stephens, C. J 2010 ‘Medieval remains at Pennings Road and St Andrews Road, Tidworth’ Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 103, 181–185 Oxford DNB(a) 2004 Jon Parkin, ‘Pierce , Thomas (1621/2–1691)’,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22226, Accessed 17 June 2014] Oxford DNB(b) 2004 Hermione Hobhouse, ‘Kelk, Sir John, first baronet (1816–1886)’,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38855, Accessed26 June 2014] Schmid, E. 1972 Atlas of animal bones: For prehistorians, archaeologists and quaternary geologists Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company

33 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Schoch, W., Heller, I., Schweingruber, F. H. and Kienast, F., 2004 Wood anatomy of Central European species. Available: www.woodanatomy.ch. Accessed: June 2014 Slocombe, P. 1989 Wiltshire Farm Buildings 1500–1900. Wiltshire Buildings Record Monograph No. 2 Soden, I. and Ratkai, S. 1998. Warwickshire Medieval and Post Medieval Pottery Type Series. Warwick. Warwickshire Museum Field Services. Stace, C. 1997 New Flora of the British Isles Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Wheeler, E.A. Baas, P. and Gasson, P.E. 1989 ‘IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification’, IAWA Bulletin ns 10, 219–332

34 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

APPENDIX 1: TABLES 2-7

Table 2: Detailed finds concordance Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date 3000 Post-medieval pottery: Porcelain; transfer-printed 2 11 MC18-C19

refined whiteware Iron object 1 118

3001 Post-medieval pottery: refined whiteware 1 <1 Modern

Modern ceramic building material: tile 1 75

3009 Late prehistoric pottery: limestone-tempered 1 26 C11-C14

fabric 1 1 Medieval pottery: sandy coarseware; 3011 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 4 231 Post-medieval

roof tile Iron nail 1 8

3014 Worked flint 5 121 -

3018 Medieval pottery: Newbury B 1 8 C12-C14

3021 Post-medieval pottery: brown-glazed earthenware 1 0 C16-C18

Iron nail 4 15

Worked flint 3 16

3033 Post-medieval pottery: transfer-printed refined 8 30 LC19-C20

whiteware; glazed earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 1 84

Modern glass 1 6

Copper alloy button 1 6

Iron nail 1 8

3035 Post-medieval pottery: salt-glazed stoneware; 2 14 C18

glazed earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 2 132

3041 Post-medieval pottery: glazed earthenware 2 45 C16-C18

35 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 2 864

3043 Medieval pottery: sandy coarseware 1 10 C17-C19

Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed earthenware 2 56

Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, tile 8 884

Clay tobacco pipe 1 3

Iron nail 1 2

3044 Medieval pottery: fine oxidised fabric 2 4 C17-C19

Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed 4 59

earthenware; glazed earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 4 220

roof tile 3046 Medieval pottery: Newbury B; fine oxidised fabric 2 24 C16-C18

Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 7 300

roof tile Clay tobacco pipe 1 6

4003 Post-medieval pottery: glazed earthenware 2 182 C16-C18

Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 2 1156

roof tile Stone: slate 1 21

4013 Medieval pottery: sandy coarseware 1 9 C11-C13

Worked flint 1 52

4015 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 3 293 C17-MC19

roof tile 4018 Medieval pottery: sandy coarseware; Newbury B 2 10 C11-C14

4025 Medieval pottery: Newbury B 5 79 C12-C14

Worked flint 10 104

4028 Medieval pottery: Laverstock; fine oxidised fabric 4 8 C17-MC19

Post-medieval ceramic building material 1 95

36 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date Clay tobacco pipe 1 3

Cinder/coke 3 2

Shell 3 4

4041 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 2 761 C17-MC19

6006 Medieval pottery: glazed jug fabric; sand-and-flint 3 38 C16-MC19

tempered fabric Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 5 587

Iron nail 1 26

Shell 1 12

6008 Medieval pottery: limestone-tempered; Newbury B 2 22 C17-C19

Medieval/post-medieval pottery: Tudor green 1 3

Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed 1 6

earthenware Iron object 1 9

6009 Medieval pottery: sandy coarseware; Newbury B 2 12 C12-C14

6010 Post-medieval pottery: Creamware; glazed 5 101 EC19

earthenware Copper alloy coin 2 29

6011 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 2438 C17-MC19

6013 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 1898 C17-MC19

6014 Post-medieval ceramic building material: floor tile 1 2175 Post-medieval

6019 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 1933 C16-C17

6020 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 380 C16-C17

6021 Post-medieval ceramic building material: floor tile 1 805 Post-medieval

6022 Clay tobacco pipe 1 1 LC16-LC19

Iron nail 4 50

6030 Post-medieval pottery: glazed earthenware 1 63 C17-LC19

37 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 2904

6031 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 3 5232 C17-C18

6042 Post-medieval pottery: tin glazed earthenware 1 6 LC17-C18

6050 Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed 1 32 C17-C19

earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material 1 3

6056 Medieval pottery: sand-and-flint tempered fabric 1 11 C11-C14

6062 Medieval pottery: sand-and-flint tempered fabric 1 14 C11-C13

6073 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 2 2398 C17-MC19

6075 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 2 2643 C17-MC19

6080 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 2711 C17-MC19

6087 Modern pottery: transfer-printed refined white 2 5 Modern

ware Modern glass 9 5

6103 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 3 932 C17-MC19

roof tile 6118 Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed 81 2678 C17-C19

earthenware 6125 Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 4 879 C16-C18

6127 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 2377 C17-MC19

6136 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 3 1013 C16-C18

roof tile 6151 Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 5 176 Post-medieval

Post-medieval glass 1 7

Iron nail 1 6

Shell 1 10

6155 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 6 3091 C16-C18

roof tile

38 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date 6161 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 9 1015 C17-MC19

roof tile 6163 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 3 58 Post-medieval

6169 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick / 1 338 Late medieval

floor tile 6170 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 2441 C17-MC19

6171 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 2 5357 C18-C19

6180 Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed 58 1658 C17-C19

earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 1 70

Worked flint 1 20

6186 Modern pottery: Nottingham/Derbyshire 2 19 MC19-C20

stoneware; late English stoneware 6195 Post-medieval pottery: glazed earthenware 48 3381 C16-C18

Post-medieval ceramic building material 5 16

Clay tobacco pipe 3 15

6200 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 2622 C17-MC19

6203 Post-medieval pottery: transfer-printed refined 4 212 C19-C20

whiteware; yellow industrial ware; glazed earthenware; flowerpot Modern ceramic building material: drainpipe 3 1200

Pewter spoon 1 15

6205 Iron nail 1 8 -

6212 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 2 1889 C18

6235 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 5 724 C17-MC19

roof tile 6238 Post-medieval pottery: Creamware; transfer- 9 1294 C18-C19

printed refined white ware; Verwood lead-glazed earthenware

39 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 1 211

Copper alloy button 1 0

Iron nail 1 22

6239 Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed 1 71 C17-C19

earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 2 260

Iron fragment 1 6

6243 Post-medieval pottery: Verwood lead-glazed 1 7 C17-C19

earthenware Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 5 232

roof tile 6249 Medieval pottery: Border ware? 1 27 C16-C18

Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 6 491

roof tile 7000 Copper alloy coin 1 4 EC20

7002 Medieval pottery: fine oxidised fabric 1 2 C19-C20

Modern ceramic building material 1 5

7003 Modern concrete block 1 30000 Modern

7006 Modern pottery: whiteware with coloured glaze 1 6 Modern

Post-medieval/modern glass 2 5

Shell 1 5

7009 Silver medal 1 30 EC20

7013 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 3 9001 MC19-LC19

7014 Modern glass 1 28 Modern

7015 Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick, 2 2884 Modern

floor tile Iron horseshoe 3 2004

Iron chain 3 1886

40 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date Stone: slate 2 358

7023 Modern pottery: late English stoneware 2 72 MC19-LC19

Post-medieval ceramic building material: brick 1 985

7086 Post-medieval ceramic building material: roof tile 5 340 C16-C18

Key: C - Century E - Early M - Mid L - Late

41 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Table 3: Medieval pottery summary Code Fabric Ludgershall code. Date range Total Ct. Total Wt. OXf Fine oxidised (Scratch-marked) 6-10 LC11-C13 4 16

LAV Laverstock (glazed) 47-51 C13-C14 3 6

CBW Coarse Border ware? 32 C14-C15 1 26

LI Limestone-tempered (north Wilts?) 37 C12-C13 1 6

NEWB Newbury B 2 C12-C14 11 136

OXg Fine oxidised/glazed (Scratch- 6-10 LC11-C13 2 27 marked)

QZ Sandy reduced (Scratch-marked) 6-10 LC11-C13 4 26

QZf Sandy with sparse flint (Newbury C) 29 C12-C15 2 22

QZm Sandy, Micaceous (Bath A?) - C12-C14? 1 10

TUD Tudor Green 31 C15-C16 1 3

Total Total 30 278

* Ludgershall Castle pottery type codes (Gerrard and King 2000)

42 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Table 4: Medieval pottery by context Fabric> OXf LAV CBW LI NEWB OXg QZ QZf QZm TUDG Ct. Wt. Ct. Wt. Ct. Wt. Ct. Wt. Ct. Wt. Ct. Context Wt. Ct. Wt. Ct. Wt. Ct. Wt. Ct. Wt.

3009 1 1

3018 1 8

3043 1 10

3044 2 4

3046 1 10 1 14

4013 1 9

4018 1 3 1 7

4025 5 79

4028 1 2 3 6

6006 2 27 1 11

6008 1 6 1 16 1 3

6009 1 3 1 9

6056 1 11

6249 1 26 1 11

43 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Table 5: Identified animal species by fragment count (NISP) and weight and context. Context BOS O/C SUS EQ GAL Anas Corvid. Lepus LM MM Total Weight

medieval

3004 1 4 5 126

3005 1 1 34

3009 1 1 8

3017 2 1 1 3 6 13 141

3018 4 1 1 1 7 242

3036 1 1 25

4013 1 1 16

4018 1 1 5

4025 1 1 2 89

6058 1 1 41

6062 1 1 8

6147 1 1 31

6169 1 1 32

Subtotal 10 5 2 1 7 11 36 798

post-medieval

3011 1 1 1

3043 2 2 3 1 8 31

3044 2 4 1 9 16 443

3046 2 1 3 52

4028 2 4 5 11 106

44 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

4029 1 1 3 5 98

6008 2 2 4 253

6163 4 4 2

6180 8 2 1 2 7 20 1333

6238 1 1 2 14

6243 1 1 1

6249 1 1 3

Subtotal 14 16 3 4 11 2 4 3 11 8 76 2337

Modern

3033 1 1 2 6

7002 1 1 1

7023 1 1 56

Subtotal 1 1 1 1 4 63

Undated

3007 1 1 6

4024 2 2 4

4033 1 1 2 123

4036 1 1 19

5003 2 2 13

6040 1 6

6149 4 4 15

7097 43 43 48

7099 14 14 35

7101 5 5 38

45 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

7103 47 47 105

Subtotal 1 2 109 1 10 122 412

Total 25 23 5 5 122 2 4 3 20 28 238

Weight 1658 329 99 668 252 2 2 471 119 3610

BOS = Cattle; O/C = ovicaprid, SUS = pig; EQ = horse; GAL = fowl; Anas = duck: Corvid = crow; Lepus = rabbit; LM= large sized mammal; MM = medium sized mammal.

46 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Table 6: Plant macrofossil identifications

Context number 3007 3009 3021 4025 3011

Feature Number 3006 3008 3022 4026 3010

Sample number (SS) 2 3 4 1 5

Flot volume (ml) 65 30 200 6 300

Sample volume processed (l) 9 18 10 17 9

Soil remaining (l) 40 50 0 20 0

Period 1 1 1 2 3

Plant macrofossil preservation Good Poor Moderate Good Poor

Recommended for full analysis No No No No No

Habitat Family Species Common Name Co de

HSW Adoxaceae Sambucus nigra L. Elder - Modern + + + +

D/A Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album L. Fat-hen - Modern +

47 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

E Hordeum vulgare L. Barley grain +

E Triticum aestivum L./Triticum turgidum L./ Free-threshing wheat/ ++ + Triticum durum Desf./Triticum Spelt wheat grains spelta

E Triticum spelta Spelt wheat grain +

E Triticum spelta Spelt wheat glume base

E Triticum dicoccum/Triticum spelta Emmer/spelt wheat grain +

E Triticum dicoccum/Triticum spelta Emmer/spelt wheat glume base

E Poaceae Indeterminate cereal grain (whole) + ++ +

D Persicaria Mill. Knotweeds +

P/D/A Ranunculaceae Ranunculus L. Buttercups +

Flot Inclusions

Charcoal ++ ++ ++ + ++

Molluscs ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

48 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Table 7: Charcoal identifications

Context number 3007 3009 3021 4025 3011

Feature Number 3006 3008 3022 4026 3010

Sample number (SS) 2 3 4 1 5

Flot volume (ml) 65 30 200 6 300

Sample volume processed (l) 9 18 10 17 9

Soil remaining (l) 40 50 0 20 0

Period 1 1 1 2 3

Charcoal quantity (>2mm) ++ ++ ++ + ++

Charcoal preservation Poor Poor Moderate Moderate Moderate

Recommended for full analysis No No No No No

Family Species Common Name

Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn./ Alder/Hazel 1 1 8

Corylus avellana L.

Fagaceae Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl./ Sessile Oak/Pedunculate Oak 1 2 1 2

Quercus robur L.

Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. Ash 1

49 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Taxaceae Taxus baccata L. Yew 1

Number of Fragments: 1 3 3 1 10

Key

A = arable weeds D = opportunistic weeds P = grassland species E = economic plants,

+ = 1-4 items; ++ = 5-20 items; +++ = 21-40 items; ++++ = 40+ items

50 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

APPENDIX 2: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

Short description (250 words Five areas were excavated across the development maximum) area, targeted on the results of a previous evaluation of the site.

The excavation identified small scale evidence of

prehistoric activity. An alignment of four small pits was

recorded, which contained Iron Age pottery and worked flint. Residual worked flint was also recovered from later features.

There is documentary evidence for a manor house at the site since at least the thirteenth century. The excavation has revealed evidence of land boundaries associated with the medieval manor. In the post-medieval period the manor was rebuilt, complete with an outbuilding and formal walled gardens to the front and a farmyard to the rear, with ranges of farm buildings enclosing a courtyard.

In the early modern period the formal gardens were demolished and the land to the front of the manor was levelled. The farmyard was renovated, with the original courtyard bisected by a wall and a secondary courtyard was added to the north. Project dates January–February 2014

Project type Excavation

Previous work Desk-Based Assessment (CgMs 2011)

Geophysical Survey (Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011)

51 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

Archaeological Evaluation (CA 2012)

Future work Unknown

PROJECT LOCATION

Site Location Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

Study area (M2/ha)

Site co-ordinates (8 Fig Grid SU 2338 4918 Reference)

PROJECT CREATORS

Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology

Project Brief originator Wiltshire Council

Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Richard Young

Project Supervisor Stuart Joyce

MONUMENT TYPE None

SIGNIFICANT FINDS First World War Medal

PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. (museum/Accession pottery, no.) animal bone etc.)

Physical Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Animal bone, Devizes ceramics, CBM, metal objects etc.

Paper Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Context sheets, Devizes matrices etc

Digital Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Database, digital Devizes photos etc

52 Zouch Manor Tidworth: Post-Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014 Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire: Post-Excavation Report. CA typescript report 14192

53 SalisburySalisbury PlainPlain

SidburySidbury HillHill

NorthNorth TidworthTidworth

medieval remains (2006) Saxon pits

HolyHoly TrinityTrinity ChurchChurch

SouthSouth TidworthTidworth

TTedworthedworth HHouseouse

N Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Site location plan Hampshire 0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2004 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 21-07-2014 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1

Section AA Section BB

N S EW 113m 109.5m AOD AOD 3009

pit 3008 6062

ditch 6061

Section CC Section DD

WESN 112m 113m AOD AOD 6174 6040

6175 6039 6039 ditch ditch 6176 6037 6038

Section EE Section FF

SN NS 112.2m 113.5m AOD 6030 AOD 6151 Cirencester 01285 771022 bedding Milton Keynes 01908 218320 6029 ditch Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 6150 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Sections

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 23-07-2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 1:20 8 1

2

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 1 Ditch 3003, looking north-east (scale 1m) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE 2 Ditch 4038 and Pits 4019, 4026 and 4032, looking Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire north (scale 0.4m)

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 05/09/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 N/A 1 & 2 3

4

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 3 Garden wall 6031, looking south-east (scale 2m) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE 4 Raised beds and well 6098 looking west (scales 1m) Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 05/09/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 N/A 3 & 4 5

6

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 5 Well 6184, looking south (scale 1m) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE 6 Well 6188, looking north (scale 1m) Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 05/09/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 N/A 5 & 6 7

8

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 7 Structure 6181, looking north-east (scales 2m) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE 8 In situ pot base in pit 6118 (scale 0.4m) Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 05/09/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 N/A 7 & 8 10

9 Revetment 6212 and path 6260, looking north 9 (scale 1m) 10 Structure 7022, looking east (scale 2m)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 23-07-2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A3 N/A 9 & 10 11 12

11 Structure 7104, East wall, looking north (scale 2m) 12 Structure 7104, West wall, looking north (scale 2m)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 23-07-2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A3 N/A 11 & 12 14

13 Structure 7104, bricked up cartway, looking west 13 (scale 2m) 14 Posthole 7132, looking south-east (scale 0.4m)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 23-07-2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A3 N/A 13 & 14 15

15 Wall 7123 (structure 7104), looking north (scale 1m and 16 2m) 16 Wall 7123 (structure 7104), looking south-east (scale 2m)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 23-07-2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A3 N/A 15 & 16 17

17 Internal wall 7124 18 (structure 7104) looking east (scales 0.4m and 2m)

18 Internal wall 7109 (structure 7104) looking south-west (scale 2m)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 23-07-2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A3 N/A 17 & 18 20

19 Wall 7013 and surface 7031, 19 looking west (scales 2m)

20 Wall 7013, looking north-west (scale 1m)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

FIGURE TITLE Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 23-07-2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A3 N/A 19 & 20 21

22

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 21 (L) Rimsherd from a jar with a developed rim in a fine, Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk oxidised (scratch-marked) fabric, C12-C14; (Centre e [email protected]

and R) Newbury B pottery, C12-C14, all from pit 3045, PROJECT TITLE (fill 3046) Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

22 (L) Sand-and-flint tempered fabric, C11-C14; (Centre FIGURE TITLE and R) bodysherds in a Laverstock glazed fabric, Photographs C11-C14, all from possible path deposit (6006)

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 05/09/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 N/A 21 & 22 23

24

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 23 (L) Rimsherd from a jar with a simple, everted rim in a e [email protected]

sandy coarseware fabric from posthole 4014 (fill 4013), PROJECT TITLE C11-C13; (R) rimsherd in a sand-and-flint tempered Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire fabric from ditch 6061 (fill 6062), C11-C13

FIGURE TITLE 24 Newbury B pottery from pit 4026 (fill 4025), C12-C14 Photographs

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 05/09/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 N/A 23 & 24 25

26

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 25 (L) Distal porti on of a broken flint blade from pit 4026 e [email protected]

(fill 4025), Mesolithic/Early Neolithic; (R) bladelet from PROJECT TITLE posthole/pit 3022, (fill 3021), Mesolithic Zouch Manor, Tidworth, Wiltshire

26 British War Medal (1914-1920), (Ra. 1) recovered from FIGURE TITLE a compacted redeposited chalk made ground layer Photographs (7009) (L) obverse and (R) reverse

PROJECT NO. 779002 DATE 05/09/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY AO REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LM SCALE@A4 N/A 25 & 26