DOCSLIB.ORG

Liiffiwco~ Technical Report Number 74

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Liiffiwco~ Technical Report Number 74 lIIFFiwco~ Technical Report Number 74 — I Social and Economic ,~:.. .. .. .... .... .. .. ... ..:,: Studies Program . .. .. i ,...%%%%. ... ... ,...%..%%%%%%%%. ...%..... .. ... .... .. .. .... .. .. ‘:.:.:.:.:.:,:.:.:.:.:.:.:.x.:.:.: ,.:.:.y . .:::>,: .. .. .. .. ... ‘y . ,?. :. ~:...- . > Sponsor: :2 Minerals Management :.:.;+ ,:+r Service Alaska Outer Continental P- . -.+x:.... ... ... .. Shelf Region CHUKCHI SEA SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMS BASELINE ANALYSIS TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 74 Contract No. AA851 - CTO-58 ALASKA OCS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM CHUKCHI SEA SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMS BASELINE ANALYSIS Prepared by CULTURAL DYNAMICS, LTD. Prepared for MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF REGION September 1983 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its con- tents or use thereof. Alaska OCS Social and Economic Studies Program Chukchi Sea Sociocultural Systems. Baseline Analysis Prepared by Cultural Dynamics, Ltd. Nancy Yaw Davis 719% N Street Principal Investigator Anchorage, AK 99501 Steven McNabb Research Associate -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . vii LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 Major findings . 2 Format of the Report . 5 Assumptions . 10 Methodology . 12 RESEARCH PERSONNEL. 12 RESEARCH PROCESS. 13 DATA LIMITATIONS. 19 Definitions . 20 Ethical Considerations . 24 Literature Resources . e . 25 CHAPTER 11. THE STUDY AREA . 31 Historical Background. 31 Demography. 35 Physical location. Communitv Analvsis . H NORTHkRN SEidARD PENINSULA . 49 Deering. 50 Candle. 52 Buckland . 53 KOBUK-NOATAK COMMUNITIES. s . 55 Shungnak . 56 Kobuk. o . 57 Ambler . 58 Kiana. 59 Noorvik. 60 Selawik. 61 Noatak . 63 COASTAL . 65 Kival ina . REGIONAL TOWN . “ ;: Kotzebue . 70 MILITARY SITES. 76 Summary. 78 -iii- CHAPTER III. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. 79 Introduction. , 79 Kinship and Family . ...79 FAMILY. 82 Namesakes. ~~ Adoption. Age Groups and Child Raising. 88 CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. ;: OLD AGE . Women’s and Men’s Roles . 97 Village Organizations . 104 THE CHURCHES. ~06 INUPIAT IL ITQUSIAT . 115 Intervillage Ties . 121 Intergroup Relations. 129 CHAPTER IV. SERVICES & FACILITIES . 137 Schools. 137 ECONOMIC CONS ID ER~Ti ONS: : : : : : : : : : 138 INTERACTION WITH SOCIAL STRUCTURE. 140 PERSONNEL TURNOVER . 143 EDUCATIONAL CONTENT. 145 THE INUPIAQ LANGUAGE . 149 SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS . 151 SUMMARY. .154 Health and Health Services. 154 DATA PRO BLESS . ...156 BASIC TRENDS. 157 VILLAGE VARIATIONS . 159 REGIONAL VARIATIONS. 161 SOCIAL PROBLEMS . 162 Housing. 165 1980 CENSUS OF POPU~A+ION”AND’ HhU;ING: : : 172 Transportation . 175 Communication. 181 TELEPHONES. 181 CITIZEN BAND RADIOS: : : : : : : : : : : : 1$2 RADIO. 183 TELEVISION: : : : :: : : : : : : : : : : 184 Summary. .189 CHAPTER V. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION. o . 0 . 0 191 Recent Political History. 191 Kinship and Politics . 193 BOUNDARIES. 195 Conflict and Conflict Re;oiution. 196 Leadership. 199 LEADERSHIP AND” T~E” NAtIbN~L”G~A~D: : : : : 200 -iv- WOMEN AND POLITICS. 202 BALANCING POWER. 205 vILLAGE LEADERSHIP; “AiI iLLU~T~A~16N: : : 206 SUMMARY. 207 The Land Claims . 208 ANCSA Corporations. 213 NANA HISTORY. 213 NANA THEMES. 217 CORPORATE GOALS: : : : : : : : : : : : : 220 NANA BUSINESSES. 221 RELATIONS OUTSIDE’TH~ ~E&ION: : : : : : : 222 KIKIKTAGURUK INUPIAT CORP . 225 Management of Federal Lands. 226 Maniilaq Association. , . 228 Regional Strategy Meetings . 230 Federal-State-Local Relationships. 236 Borough Government. 239 OCS and CZM. 241 ocs AND THE ~IiLAiEs; i981: : : : : : : : 244 Summary. 247 CHAPTER WI. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION . 249 Introduction . 249 Ocean, River and Land. : : : : ~ : : : : : : 250 Subsistence Activities . 254 BACKGROUND. 254 SEA MAMMAL H~R~ES+. : :“ : : : : : : : : : 257 Bowhead Whaling: Kivalina 1981. 260 Beluga Hunting: Elephant Point, 1981. 261 FISH HARVEST. 265 CARIBOU. 271 PRODUCTION, ”DiS+RiBUtIi)N” AilD” “ “ . “ . CONSUMPTION CYCLES . 280 CONSTRAINTS ON Harvesting : : : : : : : : 285 FOOD PREFERENCES . 288 DISTRIBUTION AND REDiS+RiBilTiOfi : : : : : 290 BOWHEAD WHALE REDISTRIBUTION. , . 296 BELUGA DISTRIBUTION . 298 SUMMARY. 302 Regulations: Some New Taboos. 303 Subsistence Laws. 307 Jobs. 309 WORK TRADITION AND E~P~RiENC~ : : : : : : 309 MINING . 312 REINDEER iiERDiN~ : : : : : : : : : : : : 316 HORTICULTURE. 317 TOURISM. 318 COMMERCIAL FISHING : : : : : : : : : : : 320 PIPELINE HIRE. 322 VILLAGE CONSTRUCTION.Ji)B; : : : : : : : : 325 -v- SUMMARY . 327 Government Programs . 330 Village Costs . 333 Future Considerations . 336 EMPLOYMENT . 336 NANA AND MANIILAQ PLANS. 338 Final Note. 340 CHAPTER VII. TRENDS AND SUMMARY. 347 Change. 347 The Old Days. 348 The Future. 351 Kival ina relocation . 352 Inupiat Values. 354 Summary of Findings . 356 References. .360 , -vi- LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of the General Study Area. 7 2. Communities in the Study Area. 8 3. The NANA Region. 9 4. Relative Distances of villages from Kotzebue . 46 5. Subsistence Activities as a Process Cycle. 281 6. Structural Flow of Subsistence Activities. 283 7. General Beluga Distribution . 299 8. Beluga Maktak Distribution: 3 examples . 300 , -vii- -. LIST OF TABLES 1. Northwest Alaskan Eskimo Societies in the 1816-1842 Period . 36 2. Population Estimates, 1800-1960. 38 3. U.S. Census Bureau Population by Place . 39 4. Population by Ethnic Designation . 42 5. Changing Native/Non-Native Proportions . 43 6. Village Rank According to Size: NANA Region . 45 7. Comparison of coastal and river locations. 47 8. Comparison of 1978 Vital Statistics. 161 9. Housing Units built in the NANA Region 1975-82 . 170 10. Housing Units: 1970and 1980 . 173 11. Number and Type of Vehicles found in Villages,1978 180 12. NANA Village Enrollments. 209 ‘ 13. Total Estimated Harvest, c. 1972. 256 14. Sea Mammal Harvest . “. 258 15. Fish Harvest, c. 1972. 268 16. Summary of Kivalina Subsistence Fish Harvest, 1982 270 17. Caribou Harvest, c. 1972 . 272 18. Caribou Harvest: 1960’s. .276 19. Caribou Harvest: 1969-1973 . 277 20. Proportions of Harvest, c. 1972.........279 21. Food Preference: First Item Named . 289 22. Hometown of Native Pipeline Workers. 323 23. Sample Jobs and Wages, 1980-81 . 326 - 24. Sample of Village Prices, 1981 . 334 -viii- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEIDC Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children ANCSA Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ANHS Alaska Native Health Service AVEC Alaska Village Electric Cooperative ASHA Alaska State Housing Authority ASRC Arctic Slope Regional Corporation AEWC Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs BLM Bureau of Land Management CETA Comprehensive Employment Training Act CZM Coastal Zone Management DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement DEW Distant Early Warning EMS Emergency Medical Service FAA Federal Aviation Administration FY Fiscal Year KIC Kikiktaguruk Inupiat Corporation NANA Northwest Alaska Native Association NSB North Slope Borough NWASD Northwest Arctic School District Ocs Outer Continental Shelf OEDP Overall Economic Development Plan REAA Rural Education Attendance Area -ix- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (continued) SESP Social and Economic Studies Program USGS United States Geological Survey USPHS United States Public Health Service UTA United Tribes of Alaska -x- CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION This report is about the people in northwestern Alaska who live from Deering to Kivalina. It includes eleven villages and approximately 5,000 people located within the boundaries of the Northwest Alaska Native Association (NANA) region. This baseline description was written to provide background information for later study of likely responses to potential Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) exploration and other developments related to Lease Sale 85, the Barrow Arch, scheduled for 1985. As one of a series of studies in the Alaska Social and Economic Studies Program, the report contributes to the knowledge of the distinctive cultural orientations of the people in this part cular area of Alaska. It also adds to the development of methodologies for understanding the human capacity to respond to changing condit ens. This report should be of special interest to three distinct groups: 1. The Inupiat who, by reading and correcting the study, may come to new understanding about themselves. Their perceptions may serve to further strengthen their ability to respond creatively to the modifications facing their way of life. -1- 2. Government and industry decision makers who may be encouraged to be more fully aware of how their decisions may affect people in their traditional physical and social environment. 3. The personnel in the 0(3 Program who are charged with preparing environmental impact statements. By drawing, in part, on reports such as this, it is hoped they will be better able to alert the public to the long--range costs and benefits of potential lease sales. Major Findings The results most important for our understanding of the cultures of the study area are listed here in abbreviated form. They are documented in the body of the report, and the relevance they may have to future developments is briefly summarized in the last chapter. These findings emerged from the joint efforts of two major researchers, N. Davis and S. Jlc!labb, through the combination of perspectives gained from the literature and the special insights which can only
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Departkent of the Interior United States Geological Survey
    DEPARTKENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OCCURRENCES OF TUNGSTEN MINERALS IN ALASKA Compiled by Edward B. Cobb Open-File Report 82-785 1982 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. REFERENCE LIST The following references give data, as of May 1, 1982, on localities where tungsten minerals have been found in Alaska. References are keyed by number to locations shown on the accompanying map. An asterisk (*) preceding a locality name indicates recorded production. Localities 93-161 (in the Tanacross quadrangle) and 183-197 (in the Chignik and Sutwik Island quadrangles) are the sites of samples collected during geochemical investigations that were part of the Alaska Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP). Tungsten minerals were identified during microscopic study of the nonmagnetic fractions of the heavy-mineral concentrates of samples from these localities. In most instances the report(s) cited for each occurrence is a summary of data in older reports and was compiled since 1975. Most of the summary reports contain lists of the reports used in their compilation. Citations are in standard bibliographic format with the exception that each includes, in parentheses, an abbreviation for the report or map series and the number of the report or map. Abbreviations used are: AOF, State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Open-File Report; B, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin; BMOF, U.S. Bureau of Mines Open-File Report; C, U.S. Geological Survey Circular; MF, U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map; OF, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Program of the 76Th Annual Meeting
    PROGRAM OF THE 76 TH ANNUAL MEETING March 30−April 3, 2011 Sacramento, California THE ANNUAL MEETING of the Society for American Archaeology provides a forum for the dissemination of knowledge and discussion. The views expressed at the sessions are solely those of the speakers and the Society does not endorse, approve, or censor them. Descriptions of events and titles are those of the organizers, not the Society. Program of the 76th Annual Meeting Published by the Society for American Archaeology 900 Second Street NE, Suite 12 Washington DC 20002-3560 USA Tel: +1 202/789-8200 Fax: +1 202/789-0284 Email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.saa.org Copyright © 2011 Society for American Archaeology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the publisher. Program of the 76th Annual Meeting 3 Contents 4................ Awards Presentation & Annual Business Meeting Agenda 5………..….2011 Award Recipients 11.................Maps of the Hyatt Regency Sacramento, Sheraton Grand Sacramento, and the Sacramento Convention Center 17 ................Meeting Organizers, SAA Board of Directors, & SAA Staff 18 ............... General Information . 20. .............. Featured Sessions 22 ............... Summary Schedule 26 ............... A Word about the Sessions 28…………. Student Events 29………..…Sessions At A Glance (NEW!) 37................ Program 169................SAA Awards, Scholarships, & Fellowships 176................ Presidents of SAA . 176................ Annual Meeting Sites 178................ Exhibit Map 179................Exhibitor Directory 190................SAA Committees and Task Forces 194…….…….Index of Participants 4 Program of the 76th Annual Meeting Awards Presentation & Annual Business Meeting APRIL 1, 2011 5 PM Call to Order Call for Approval of Minutes of the 2010 Annual Business Meeting Remarks President Margaret W.
    [Show full text]
  • National Wildlife Refuge System Koyukukinowitna
    U.S. Department of the Interior '·- . Fish and Wildlife Service NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM KOYUKUKINOWITNA REFUGE COMPLEX Galena, Alaska ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT Calendar Year 1995 PEC OLL ARR Y/NNWR 395 __gp~ (!.ou_ tJAil. K~ /~tJco' l~ ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT 1995 KOYUKUKNWR NORTHERN UNIT, INNOKO NWR KOYUKUK/NOWITNA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE COMPLEX Galena, Alaska REVIEW AND APPROVALS AJtLIS . US FISH ~ WILDLIFE SERVICE--ALASKA Alaska Resources Lihrary & In f~Jrmation Services Ubraf\' Building. Sml~ Ill 32l i PNwidcnce Onvc 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 }\nchoragc,AJK 99508-t614 3 4982 00022838 6 INTRODUCTION This Annual Narrative Report is for the Koyukuk, Northern Unit of lnnoko and Nowitna Refuges. These three refuges are administered collectively as the Koyukuk/Nowitna Refuge Complex. Narrative items common to all three units are discussed in the Koyukuk and Northern Unit of Innoko report. Any additional events are reported in respective sections. The Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is located in west central Alaska, about 270 air miles west of Fairbanks and 330 air miles northwest of Anchorage. The exterior boundaries encompass 4.6 million acres. This refuge lies within the roughly circular floodplain basin of the Koyukuk River. The extensive forested floodplain is surrounded by hills 1500' - 4000' to the north, east, and west, and the Yukon River to the south. The Koyukuk NWR was established December 2, 1980 with passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA). The refuge was established and is managed for the following purposes: 1. To conserve fish and wildlife populations and habitats in their natural diversity including, but not limited to, waterfowl and other migratory birds, moose, caribou, furbearers and salmon; 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleared Direct Destination My Solo Flight Around the World for Cancer Awareness (An Autobiography)
    Cleared Direct Destination My Solo Flight Around the World for Cancer Awareness (An Autobiography) i First Edition: 2019 ISBN: 978-0-578-59919-9 Price: INR 500/- USD 50/- © Ravi K. Bansal, Ph.D. All proceeds from the sale of this book will go toward funding the development and further growth of the Rotary Ambala Cancer and General Hospital, India. Cover Design by Dalar Nazarian, Ph.D. Printed & Published by: Rupa Packaging Industries 432, Phase-1, Sector-2, Industrial Growth Centre, Saha-133104, Ambala (India) Enquiries Contact: 91 98 12345068 (India), 01 (716) 866-0629 (USA) bansal.subhash [email protected] / [email protected] No part of this publication may be produced or transported in any form or by any means, digitally, electronically or mechanically, in- cluding photocopying, recording, broadcasting, podcasting of any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the writer or publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act (1956) (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The views expressed in this book are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, printer, editor, or commentator. ii ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ravi K. Bansal, Ph.D. Ravi K. Bansal, Ph.D., an amateur pilot, flew his single-engine plane solo around the world in 2017, becoming the first person of Indian origin to do so. Ravi is the former Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Co- Founder of AirSep Corporation, one of the world’s largest manufacturers of medical and industrial oxygen systems, with sales in over 100 countries, based in Buffalo, NY, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Dec 2010.Pmd
    The Leading Edge in Asia’s Sport Aviation Newsletter Issue 10 December 2010 Format, Layout & Articles:............... Terry Hockenhull Articles:................... Erwin Dematera, Mike Schemm Chickee Banzon, Terry Hockenhull Important Information Office number:..................................... (045) 8022101 GM & Administration (cell):................ (0918) 9203039 Office & Admin email:... [email protected] Contents Club News 1-3 16th Philippine Hot Air Balloon Fiesta 3 New Members & First Solos 4-5 Maintenance - Important Notification 5 Our November Flying Festival 6-9 In Memoriam - Nestor De Castro 10-11 Our Office Staff - Jona 11 Marketing Efforts 12-13 Around the World in a Gyrocopter 14-15 Flight Safety and Air Incidents 16-17 Club News Radio Control Aircraft Group 17 Terry Hockenhull, President The Stearman Comes Alive 18 Bits & Pieces 18-19 What a year! Apologies to all for the late release of this newsletter but Photo Credits John Chua, Tim Maceren, Terry Hockenhull, ACFC, there have been so many other Tony Willis, Monet Henson pressing issues to deal with, there just hasn’t been time to put pen to paper Facebook Site (or fingers to keyboard) to give you Angelesflying Club all the latest updates. Angeles City Flying Club I guess the most important news for the year is that www.angelesflying.com/ our lease on the Flying Club is due to expire at the Aero Club end of this year. It is early days yet but we think we www.groups.yahoo.com/group/Aero_Club/ have a plan in place that will allow the smooth Yahoo Groups ACFC transition of the flying club to ownership by our www.groups.yahoo.com/group/acflyingclub/ members.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Section
    NORTHWEST ARCTIC SUBAREA CONTINGENCY PLAN BACKGROUND SECTION BACKGROUND: PART ONE – SUPPORT INFORMATION ............................................................................. E‐1 A. SUBAREA PLAN ................................................................................................................................... E‐1 B. SUBAREA DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................................... E‐1 C. AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY .................................................................................................................. E‐6 D. REGIONAL STAKEHOLDER COMMITTEE ............................................................................................. E‐7 E. SUBAREA COMMITTEE ....................................................................................................................... E‐9 BACKGROUND: PART TWO – RESPONSE POLICY & STRATEGIES ............................................................. E‐11 A. FEDERAL RESPONSE ACTION PRIORITIES/STRATEGIES .................................................................... E‐11 B. STATE OF ALASKA RESPONSE PRIORITIES ........................................................................................ E‐12 BACKGROUND: PART THREE ‐ SUBAREA SPILL HISTORY, OIL FATE & RISK ASSESSMENT ......................... E‐13 A. NAVIGABLE WATERS SPILL HISTORY ................................................................................................ E‐13 B. INLAND SPILL HISTORY ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TERRITOHP of Klasha No. 5
    TERRITOHP OF kLASHA DEPARTMENT OF 1vIINES 3; D. Stewart, Commissioner of Mines Ppphlet6 ' No. 5 MINERAL OC-CES IN NORlXWE5TERN WKA BY ESKIL ANDERSON Juneau, Alaska us, 1944- Page Introduction .......................................... 1 Antimony .............................................. 3 Cape Nome precinct ............................... 3 Cape Nome district .......................... 3 Council district. ........................... 5 Kougarok district ........................... 5 Port Clarence district ...................... 5 St . Tdichael precinct ............................. 6 Asbestos .............................................. 6 Cape Nome precinct ............................... 6 Port Clarence district ...................... 6 Fairhaven precinct ............................... 6 Koyuk precinct ................................... 7 Noatak-Kobuk precinct ............................ 7 Bexyllim......................................... 9 Cape Nome precinct......^........................ 9 Bimth............................................... 9 Gape Name precinct ............................... 9 Cape Nome district .......................... 9 Port Clarence district ....................... 9 St. bfichael precinct ............................. 10 ChoLZ1Jw .............................................. 10 Koyuk preoinct ................................... 10 Noatak-Kobuk precinct ............................ 10 Copper ............................................... 10 Cap Nome precinct ............................... 10 Cape
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter August Final Final.Pmd
    The Leading Edge in Asia’s Sport Aviation Newsletter Issue 12 August 2011 Format, Layout & Editing Terry Hockenhull Club News Marc Obrowski Terry Hockenhull, President Important Information It’s three months or so since the last Office number:.....................................(045) 8022101 newsletter went out to you all and a GM & Administration (mobile):................(0918) 9203039 lot seems to have happened since Office & Admin e-mail:... [email protected] then. The club buyout, which we were on the verge of accomplishing the last time I wrote has now pushed ahead. These are exciting Contents times. We have a secure future at Woodland Airpark Club News 1-4 Message From the Safety Officer 5 and I would like to extend a very big thank you to all Amelia Earheart’s ‘Courage’ 5 who have put money into the venture to see us in Fun Filled Flying Days 6-7 good shape for the next couple of years. Also, my RC Corner 8 thanks to those who looked carefully and objectively Low Flyers 9 at the plans and proposals but financial constraints The Real Charlie Brown 10 Norman Surplus’ Autogyro Odyssey 11-15 prevented investment. I’m not going to harp on about Home baby, Home! 16-18 this too much but those naysayers who sought Tech Specs - Yak 18T 19 dampen everyone’s enthusiasm with negativity Notes from the GM 19 certainly don’t get my thanks. Haute Couture - Literally 20 Pilot & Guest Relations Officer - Jenny Masong 20 At the end of the day, we have an investment group New Members 21 comprised of like-minded individuals who all want to Flight Safety - Airmanship 22-23 guarantee the future of the Angeles City Flying Club Flight Skills - Go Around, Go Around! 24 Technical - All About Props 25 and to ensure we will have somewhere to hangar and What are You Putting in Your Tank? 26 fly our aircraft.
    [Show full text]
  • Imuruk Lake Quartz Creek
    T 165°0'0"W 164°0'0"W 163°0'0"W 162°0'0"W Clifford Creek Rex Creek SImnmitha cChrueke kRiver Deering I Goodnews Bay Sullivan Creek Cripple River Sullivan Bluffs Deering Ninemile Point Alder Creek Francis Creek Sullivan Lake Grayling Creek Reindeer Creek Hunter Creek Willow Bay Kirk Creek Kiwalik CamWpill oCwre Cekreek Kugruk Lagoon Minnehaha Creek Lone Butte Creek Eagle Creek Virginia Creek Kugruk River 66°0'0"N Iowa Creek Kiwalik Lagoon Pot Creek Inmachuk River Lava Creek Richmond Creek Wabash Creek A 66°0'0"N May Creek Mud Channel Creek Iron Creek Mystic Creek Middle Channel Kiwalk River Humbolt Creek North Channel Kiwalk River Cue Creek Mud Creek Moonlight Creek Mud Creek Ditch Kiwalik River West Creek Washington Creek Oregon Creek Snowshoe Creek Hoodlum Creek Polar Bear Creek California Creek Snow Creek CandleCandle Candle Creek Hot Springs CreekSchlitz Creek Cunningham CreekMilroy Creek Mystery Creek Jump Creek Portage Creek R Bryan Creek Ballarat Creek Fink Creek Contact Creek Teller Creek Inmmachuck River Chicago Creek Collins Creek Chicago Creek Fink Creek Limestone Creek Arizona Creek Burnt River Diamond Creek Foster, Mount Logan Gulch Hannum Creek Pinnell River Short Creek Grouse Creek Mukluk Creek Eureka CreekEureka Gulch First Chance Creek Willow Creek Old Glory Creek Reindeer Creek Lincoln Creek Rain Gulch Serpentine Hot Springs Wallin Coal Mine Camp 19 Patterson Creek Snow Gulch Fox Creek Nelson Creek Dacy Gulch T American Creek Lava Creek Bella Creek Little Daisy Creek Goldbug Creek Blank Creek Dick Creek Reindeer Creek
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog of Waters Important for Spawning, Rearing, Or Migration of Anadromous Fishes – Arctic Region, Effective July 1, 2013
    Special Publication No. 13-06 Catalog of Waters Important for Spawning, Rearing, or Migration of Anadromous Fishes – Arctic Region, Effective July 1, 2013 by J. Johnson and Michael Daigneault April 2013 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Divisions of Sport Fish and Habitat Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the following reports by the Divisions of Sport Fish and of Commercial Fisheries: Fishery Manuscripts, Fishery Data Series Reports, Fishery Management Reports, and Special Publications. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Measures (fisheries) centimeter cm Alaska Administrative fork length FL deciliter dL Code AAC mideye to fork MEF gram g all commonly accepted mideye to tail fork METF hectare ha abbreviations e.g., Mr., Mrs., standard length SL kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. total length TL kilometer km all commonly accepted liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., Mathematics, statistics meter m R.N., etc. all standard mathematical milliliter mL at @ signs, symbols and millimeter mm compass directions: abbreviations east E alternate hypothesis HA Weights and measures (English) north N base of natural logarithm e cubic feet per second ft3/s south S catch per unit effort CPUE foot ft west W coefficient of variation CV gallon gal copyright common test statistics (F, t, 2, etc.) inch in corporate suffixes: confidence interval CI mile mi Company Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Climate Change Impacts in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas with Strategies for Future Research
    ARCTIC OCEAN SYNTHESIS: ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN THE CHUKCHI AND BEAUFORT SEAS WITH STRATEGIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH RUSS HOPCROFT, BODIL BLUHM, ROLF GRADINGER (EDITORS) INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA, FAIRBANKS DECEMBER 2008 1 Arctic Ocean Synthesis: Analysis of Climate Change Impacts in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas with Strategies for Future Research Ian McDonald/ TAMU TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................3 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 6 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY.......................................................................................................... 18 SEA ICE.......................................................................................................................................... 24 PHYTOPLANKTON (PRIMARY PRODUCTION) .................................................................................. 33 MICROBES...................................................................................................................................... 38 ZOOPLANKTON .............................................................................................................................. 45 BENTHOS ....................................................................................................................................... 56 FISH ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fineness of Gold from Alaska Placers
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director Bulletin 910-C FINENESS OF GOLD FROM ALASKA PLACERS BY PHILIP S. SMITH Mineral resources of Alaska, 1937 (Pages 147-272) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1941 For gale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ....... Price 30 ceati CONTENTS Page Abstract ________________-______ ___ __ .. 147 Introduction __.. _ _ _ _ . 147 Definitions ________________________________-_____ 148 Sources of information___________._ ________ _ _____ 151 Arrangement of information._____ ___ _ _ 153 General summary___ _____ _ _ _ '.________ 154; Differences in fineness______________________-_____- 162 Metals other than gold in bullion from Alaska placers________ 164 Descriptions of regions in relation to fineness of placer gold 165' Southeastern Alaska region__________________________ 166- Juneau district ____________________ 16f Porcupine district_________________________^__ 168 Yakataga district_____._______________________ 168 Copper River region_______________________-_______ 169 Cliistochinn district____________________..________ 169 Slate Creek area__________________________ 170 Middle Fork area___________________________ 170 Rainy Creek area___.,___________-__-_____ 170 Niuina district_________________________________ 171 Nelchimi district ______________________________ 172 Cook Inlet-Snsitna region _____.._____________________ 172 Kenai district _ _________ _______ ________ 173 Sunrise and Hope areas______________________
    [Show full text]