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Agrometeorological Aspects of Extreme Weather Events (Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi) 1St – 21St May 2013

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Agrometeorological Aspects of Extreme Weather Events (Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi) 1St – 21St May 2013 SERB School on Agrometeorological Aspects of Extreme Weather Events (Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi) 1st – 21st May 2013 Course Director Dr. V.U.M. Rao Organized at All India Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Santoshnagar, Hyderabad – 500 059 i Citation : Rao, V.U.M., Rao, A.V.M.S., Vijaya Kumar, P., Bapuji Rao, B. and Sastry, P.S.N. 2013. Agrometeorological Aspects of Extreme Weather Events, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, 303 pp. © CRIDA, April, 2013 ISBN: 978-93-80883-19-9 Editors: V.U.M. Rao A.V.M. S. Rao P. Vijaya Kumar B. Bapuji Rao P.S.N. Sastry Published by Dr. B. Venkateswarlu Director Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Santoshnagar, Hyderabad – 500 059 Phone : 91 – 040- 24530177, 24530161 (O) , 24532262 (R) Fax : 91 – 040- 24531802, 24535336 Web : http://www.crida.in E-mail : [email protected] Secretarial Assistance : Ms.D.Harini and P.Pani Cover Page : A. Mallesh Yadav ii Printed at: Sree Ramana Process Pvt. Ltd., S.D. Road, Secunderabad - 3. Ph: 040-27811750 PREFACE Occurrence of weather aberrations and extreme weather events and their impact on agriculture is a major concern today. However, it is possible to adapt to or mitigate the adverse effects of such events if advance forecast is possible. For instance, an advance information on the delay in the start of rainy season is helpful in the distribution of seeds of short duration varieties or a change in the cropping pattern itself. Once the crop is sown, a forecast on the mid-season drought will aid in adoption of cultural practices to minimize its ill effects. Thus, forecasts with a reasonable window enable farmers to organize and carry out appropriate cultural practices to cope with aberrant weather. Pre-season and mid-season forecasts and their effective dissemina- tion are already proved beneficial under Indian conditions. Measures like pre-season agronomic correc- tions, control operations against pest and diseases, supplementary irrigation, re-scheduling crop har- vests are few examples that proved beneficial to farmers. However, a localized weather forecast will be more useful to farmers. Current research efforts under the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) are mainly aimed at making Indian agriculture resilient to climatic change/variability. This also includes manage- ment of extreme weather events and ways to minimize the losses from weather extremes. The All India Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology (AICRPAM) demonstrated the utility of weather forecasting for agriculture at a localized scale and its fast dissemination using ICTs through their model and novel project at Bijapur in Karnataka. In the light of the benefits observed in this centre, there is a dire need to up-scale this approach covering the entire country. Realizing the importance of adapting Indian agriculture to extreme weather conditions, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Gov- ernment of India has decided to organize the SERB School on “Agrometeorological aspects of extreme weather events” at CRIDA. I believe this school will sharpen the skills of participants in managing agriculture in their respective zones in the event of extreme weather. The lecture schedules for the SERB School are well planned and the faculty is drawn from various research institutes and disciplines working in the field of Meteorology, Agrometeorology and related disciplines. It is heartening to note the heavy response for participation in this SERB School from scientists of different Universities/Institution across the country. The efforts made by the reviewers and editors in compiling and editing the lecture notes and bringing them in the form of a book are commend- able. I believe that this publication will be of great use to provide information regarding the practices and procedures to be followed in managing the extreme weather conditions. (B. Venkateswarlu) Director, CRIDA iii Acknowledgements It is a great privilege for us to express our profound sense of gratitude to Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi for its continued support for several trainings and generous funding to conduct this SERB School on “Agrometeorological Aspects of Extreme Weather Events” during 1st to 21st May, 2013. The encouragement and guidance received from Dr. B. Venkateswarlu, Director, CRIDA is acknowledged with thanks. We express our sincere thanks to all the resource persons from different parts of the country and also the scientists from CRIDA for their efforts in providing the lecture notes on dot. We are also thankful to Shri. Rajkumar Dhakar, Shri. Sarath Chandran M. A., for their technical help. We are also thankful to Shri. I.R. Khandgonda and Ms. Harini, Shri. Mallesh Yadav for their secretarial assistance. Authors iv CONTENTS Page No Chapter - I BASIC CONCEPTS AND DATA BASE ANALYSIS 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF AGROMETEOROLOGY B.V. Ramana Rao ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2 CROP-WEATHER RELATIONSHIP STUDIES P. Vijaya Kumar.............................................................................................................................................. 7 3 DATABASE MANAGEMENT OF EXTREME AGROMETEOROLOGICAL EVENTS A.V.M. Subba Rao ....................................................................................................................................... 12 4 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AGRO-CLIMATIC ANALYSIS - 1 P.S.N. Sastry ................................................................................................................................................. 16 5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AGROCLIMATIC ANALYSIS - II P.S.N. Sastry ................................................................................................................................................. 22 6 MODELING CROP WATER USE IN DRYLANDS - CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS B. Bapuji Rao ............................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter - II THE INDIAN MONSOON AND WEATHER EVENTS 7 MONSOON CONCEPT AND ITS FEATURES V.U.M.Rao.................................................................................................................................................... 43 8 TROPICAL CYCLONES AND STORM SURGES: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT A.V.R. Krishna Rao...................................................................................................................................... 51 9 CYCLONE WARNING SYSTEMS AND DISSEMINATION FOR EFFECTIVE REMEDIAL MEASURES A.V.R. Krishna Rao..................................................................................................................................... 56 10 INDIAN TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING SYSTEM T. Srinivasa Kumar....................................................................................................................................... 61 Chapter - III DROUGHT EVENTS 11 DROUGHT - IT’S CAUSES, CONCEPTS, INDICES AND IMPACT ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION B.V. Ramana Rao ......................................................................................................................................... 69 12 DROUGHT DETECTION, MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING G.G.S.N Rao.................................................................................................................................................. 74 13 DROUGHT MANAGEMENT IN PLANTATION CROPS GSLHV Prasada Rao.................................................................................................................................... 83 14 APPROACHES TO IMPROVE DROUGHT ADAPTATION OF CROPS Udayakumar, M. ........................................................................................................................................... 88 15 CROP HEALTH MONITORING USING REMOTE SENSING Shibendu Shankar Ray ................................................................................................................................. 95 16 CHARACTERISTICS OF WET AND DRY SPELLS AND THEIR EXTREMES ACROSS INDIA Nityanand Singh ......................................................................................................................................... 100 v Chapter - IV EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS 17 EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS - DEFINITION, CATEGORIZATION AND APPROACH OF ANALYSIS Arvind Kumar Srivastava .......................................................................................................................... 109 18 THUNDERSTORMS, HAILSTORMS AND CLOUDBURSTS Someshwar Das .......................................................................................................................................... 112 19 CLOUD BURST AND HAILSTORMS- IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES Rajendra Prasad .......................................................................................................................................... 121 20 STRONG WINDS AND DUST STORMS - DAMAGES AND COUNTER MEASURES A.S. Rao ..................................................................................................................................................... 128 21 HEAT AND COLD WAVES AND THEIR EFFECT ON AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS Y.S.Ramakrishna .......................................................................................................................................
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