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Mounds in the Drifting of Centuries

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Mounds in the Drifting of Centuries Réka Balázs and Rozália Kustár Mounds in the Drifting of Centuries Mounds, Hills, Fortresses in the Danube-Tisza Interfluve 1 Réka Balázs and Rozália Kustár Mounds, Hills, Fortresses in the Danube-Tisza Interfluve 2015. 2 3 Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................... 7 A landscape with a myriad of features ....................................................................... 10 I. Danube Plain ............................................................................................. 10 II. Flatland between the Danube and Tisza rivers (Sand plateau) ........ 12 III. The Bácska flatland ............................................................................... 12 IV. The lower Tisza region ......................................................................... 13 Landscape and people - People and landscape ........................................................ 14 Cumanian barrow? ...................................................................................................... 16 Published by: Kiskunság National Park Directorate Hillfort? - Questions of identification ....................................................................... 19 Publisher: Sándor Ugró Director The issues of legal protection ...................................................................................... 20 Réka Balázs and Rozália Kustár The means of forward-thinking protection .............................................................. 23 Design, preparation for printing: Ferenc Szűcs ‘It’s unimaginable that was created by nature’ .......................................................... 25 Telling names ................................................................................................................ 28 Lectors: Dr. András Iványosi Szabó Who is the master on the boundary? ........................................................................ 30 Dr. Albert Tóth The flora and fauna of the mounds ............................................................................ 33 Gábor Wilhelm Treasures in the depths of the mounds ...................................................................... 35 Supported by: The research methods of mounds and hillforts ....................................................... 36 Katona József Museum Kecskemét Kiskunság National Park Foundation Oltó-halom (Curdling Mound) at Dunatetétlen ...................................................... 39 Sarmatian mounds in the Danube-Tisza interfluve ................................................ 41 ISBN 978-615-5598-02-9 Real ‘cumanian barrows’ ........................................................................................... 43 The dwelling hills of the first tillers – Kovács-halom (Fajsz) ................................. 44 Made by F-reklám Printing House – Responsible executive: Ferenc Szűcs Hillforts, Fortifications in the Danube-Tisza interfluve ......................................... 46 Hillforts in the Bronze age ......................................................................... 47 On the cover page: Oltó-halom (Curdling Mound) (Dunatetétlen) Érsekhalma-Hildpuszta ............................................................................... 48 Photo: Zoltán Oroszi Forts and road-posts of the Roman age .................................................... 52 Sarmatian ramparts ...................................................................................... 53 Translated from the Hungarian by Ferenc Pálszabó, Csilla Kelemen and Krisztina Ferenczi Centres from the Arpadian age and the Middle ages ............................ 55 Fortresses in the Turkish occupation ........................................................ 56 Hillforts populated over several periods ................................................................... 58 Solt-Tételhegy (Tétel Hill) ........................................................................... 58 Homokmégy – Halomi hegy (Halomi Hill)............................................... 59 Tiszaalpár - Várdomb (Hillfort) ................................................................. 60 Ramparts also used in modern times ........................................................ 62 In conclusion ................................................................................................................. 63 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 63 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 64 4 5 Preface ‘...And may the hill stand, sign of things past, The mounds, dwelling hills and hillforts May danger befall it gently as well...’ are the monuments of cultures through thousands of years. They provide information (János Arany: On the mound of Tetétlen) about the connection of the disappearing man The Danube-Tisza Interfluve preserves of the past ages to nature and the landscape, several natural and cultural values. It is a giving evidence of former hydrographical and diverse lowland habitat with many different ecological conditions, and preserve the features, dotted with the former floodplains, cultural values, legacy and a part of bygone marshes, swamps, sand dunes blown by the days. They carry several cultural wind and with saline plains and lakes. In the historical, ethnographic, archaeological, past few thousand years the dimensions of geomorphological, landscape and botanical natural habitats, cultivated areas under arable values. farming and human settlements have significantly transformed and changed in space Historic legends, folklore and beliefs are and time. connected to them. Their slopes are the When we started to survey the forts, mounds habitat of valuable plant communities and in this region, their diversity was the most they are along former wetlands and roads, conspicuous for us. They are such parts hiding ancient settlements and medieval of the landscape that in some places can churches... hardly be noticed even by the specialist, elsewhere they markedly stand out of the This time our research is restricted to the surface, yet they preserve lots of secrets of Danube-Tisza Interfluve, the area between human history and land development. the two rivers, which belongs to the Generally, they are the outstanding examples operational area of the Kiskunság National of the cooperation between man and Park Directorate (hereinafter KNPD). This is nature, based on traditional and nature happening because it is a barely researched friendly agriculture, and therefore, it area with varied conditions and which poses immediately becomes obvious how little lots of questions. The mapping of the forts we know about them. We do feel the and mounds, constructed by man is not an importance of their preservation in our easy task, because through time lots of them accelerated world but as the novice who is disappeared and ‘transformed’ together with trying to dance the first time, we are only their environments. Systematic research has milling around, trying to find the right only seldom been carried out in the area. direction and rhythm... The demand for their complex excavation The areas which provided a good view and assessment from an archaeological, land to great distances, such as the flood and nature conservation point of view is just free high-lying banks, ‘remnant hills’ beginning to appear these days. To avoid on the flood plains, alluvial cones, had their further destruction, it is absolutely been important and central sites of settlements necessary to take practical steps. In order to take since the Prehistoric Age. People on specific measures, however, we need precise the Great Plain also named these objects and reliable data and a database. as mounds or hills if they were more In the region, the recording and cataloguing extensive and as forts if they attributed of the mounds, hillforts and the remains of some functions to them. The people who are former settlements have been going on dealing with the issue are looking for for years as a part of nature conservation artificial ditches and ramparts, and on some activities, but nothing has been published yet of them they presume to find the fading traces related to the subject. As a result of ten years of hillforts. The multi-layered dwelling hills, of collection, there has been considerable the ‘tell’ settlements, evolved on the flood free Photo: Árpás-halom (mound) (Orgovány) - Réka Balázs progress as a lot of data and information have ridges and elevations. been collected. Therefore we feel it is necessary 6 Preface Preface 7 to create this long-needed awareness-raising publication. The purpose of our publication is educational. Its aim is complex. The general presentation of the mounds and hillforts in the operational area of the Kiskunság National Park, the introduction of those mounds and hillforts which were registered and listed in the Nature Conservation Act of 1996 Act LIII, (hereinafter NCA) till 31 May 2015 fulfilling the accepted definition of tumulus (Cumanian Barrow, kunhalom) and hillforts, the description of some mounds and hillforts which have outstanding cultural history and natural importance, highlighting some of the results and questions of their research, and the formulation of proposals for their preservation in the future and their restoration to near natural conditions, and the elimination of the factors which contribute
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