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Breeding and Migration of the Black Stork

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Breeding and Migration of the Black Stork Breeding and migration of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), with special regard to a Central European population and the impact of hydro-meteorological factors and wetland status Doctoral (PhD) thesis Tamás Enikő Anna Supervisor: Dr. Szép Tibor University of Debrecen Doctoral Council of Natural Sciences Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School Debrecen, 2012. Breeding and migration of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), with special regard to a Central European population and the impact of hydro-meteorological factors and wetland status Doctoral (PhD) thesis Tamás Enikő Anna Supervisor: Dr. Szép Tibor University of Debrecen Doctoral Council of Natural Sciences Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School Debrecen, 2012. Ezen értekezést a Debreceni Egyetem Juhász-Nagy Pál Doktori Iskola Biodiverzitás Doktori Programjának keretében készítettem 2010-2011-ben, és ezennel benyújtom a Debreceni Egyetem természettudományi doktori (PhD) fokozatának elnyerése céljából. Debrecen, 2012. január Tamás Enikő Anna Tanúsítom, hogy Tamás Enikő Anna doktorjelölt 2010-2011-ben a fent megnevezett doktori program keretében irányításommal végezte munkáját. Az értekezésben foglalt eredményekhez a jelölt önálló alkotó tevékenységével meghatározóan hozzájárult. Az értekezés elfogadását javasolom. Debrecen, 2012. január Dr. Szép Tibor Breeding and migration of the Black Stork (Ciconia nigra), with special regard to a Central European population and the impact of hydro- meteorological factors and wetland status Értekezés a doktori (Ph.D.) fokozat megszerzése érdekében, a TERMÉSZETVÉDELMI BIOLÓGIA tudományágban Írta: TAMÁS ENIKŐ ANNA okleveles ÉPÍTŐMÉRNÖK Készült a Debreceni Egyetem JUHÁSZ-NAGY PÁL doktori iskolája (BIODIVERZITÁS programja) keretében Témavezető: Dr. SZÉP TIBOR A doktori szigorlati bizottság elnök: Dr. BARTA ZOLTÁN tagok: Dr. ISTVÁNOVICS VERA Dr. LENGYEL SZABOLCS A doktori szigorlat időpontja: 2011. október 18. Az értekezés bírálói Dr. BÁLDI ANDRÁS Dr. VÉGVÁRI ZSOLT A bírálóbizottság elnök: tagok: Az értekezés védésének időpontja: Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem definition ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Goals and aims of the study ............................................................. 2 1.3 Studied species ................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 Field characters ......................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Habitat ....................................................................................... 4 1.3.3 Distribution ................................................................................. 5 1.3.4 Population .................................................................................. 5 1.3.5 Movements ................................................................................ 6 1.3.6 Conservation status ................................................................... 6 1.3.7 Population and conservation status in Hungary ......................... 7 1.4 Study area ...................................................................................... 10 1.5 Overwiev of the scope of study ....................................................... 12 1.5.1 Nest site selection .................................................................... 12 1.5.2 Diet and feeding places of the Black Stork .............................. 15 1.5.3 Reproductive success .............................................................. 16 1.5.4 Survival rates and longevity ..................................................... 18 1.5.5 Dispersal .................................................................................. 19 1.5.6 Migration .................................................................................. 20 2 Materials and methods ........................................................................... 24 2.1 Nesting site selection ...................................................................... 24 2.2 Individual marking ........................................................................... 25 2.3 Diet.................................................................................................. 27 2.4 Reproductive success ..................................................................... 28 2.5 Survival rates and longevity ............................................................ 30 2.6 Dispersal ......................................................................................... 31 2.7 Migration ......................................................................................... 32 2.7.1 Migration counts ....................................................................... 32 2.7.2 Ringing data ............................................................................. 33 2.7.3 Satellite telemetry data ............................................................. 33 2.8 Statistical analyses, methods and models used .............................. 34 3 Results ................................................................................................... 36 3.1 Nesting site selection ...................................................................... 36 3.2 Diet and feeding places of the Black Stork ...................................... 39 3.3 Reproductive success ..................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Results of statistical modelling ................................................. 46 3.4 Survival rates and longevity ............................................................ 49 3.4.1 Results of survival modelling .................................................... 50 3.5 Dispersal ......................................................................................... 51 3.5.1 Natal dispersal ......................................................................... 51 3.5.2 Breeding dispersal ................................................................... 55 3.6 The migration of the Black Stork ..................................................... 56 3.6.1 Results of migration counts ...................................................... 56 3.6.2 Stopover places ....................................................................... 63 4 Discussion ............................................................................................. 68 4.1 Suggestions for conservation and management in the study area.. 81 5 New scientific results ............................................................................. 87 6 Summary ............................................................................................... 89 7 Összefoglaló .......................................................................................... 94 8 Acknowledgements ................................................................................ 99 9 Literature.............................................................................................. 100 10 Annexes ............................................................................................. 117 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem definition People have been altering the Earth‘s surface for thousands of years (Drower 1954, Cole 1976, Brookes 1988). Land use and cover changes, caused by increasing human habitation coupled with resource consumption and extensive landscape modification, adversely impact natural ecosystems at multiple spatial scales (Faulkner 2004). Habitat loss has induced increased extinction risks for rare and highly specialised species, and particularly to migratory birds (Senra & Alés 1992), as migratory birds and species with specific habitat requirements are considered to be the most sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances (Croonquist & Brooks 1991). Many publications can be found on the prominent effects of habitat loss on the populations of migratory birds, in their breeding grounds, wintering grounds and along migration routes alike (e.g. Batten et al. 1990, Collar & Stuart 1988, Bibby 1992, Newton 2004, 2006). In order to better understand the real status and conservation needs of these species, detailed knowledge on the breeding ecology, habitat and diet preference, dispersal and migration are needed. A single survey with habitat measurements can be used to predict occurrence according to habitat, but to investigate population processes, reproduction must be studied also as a priority (Bibby 1992). Problems may be diagnosed by studying breeding performance across time (Bibby 1992). In long-lived species, survival is also a key question, so it constitutes a preferential target for conservation measures (Lebreton 1978, Stearns 1992, Schaub et al. 2004). A complete 2 Breeding and migration of the Black Stork – TAMÁS Enikő Anna; 2011. understanding of population dynamics would require, among other factors, the analysis of dispersal (Pradel et al. 1997, Clobert et al. 2001). In conservation biology, some of the most important challenges are to assess the status and risk factors of migratory species, as well as to foster decision making in habitat management and restoration for optimal conservation actions (Lebreton & Clobert 1991, Caswell 2001). A current trend is that more industrialized countries are likely to conserve their already impacted, remaining habitats, while nations with less industrialization are now experiencing accelerated losses, and may continue to do so for the next several decades (Brinson & Malvárez 2002). Restoration
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