A Tale on , Hatcheries, Pathogens and Probiotics

Juan L. BARJA & Susana PRADO

Departamento de Microbiología CIBUS-Facultad de Biología / Instituto de Acuicultura Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Grupo de Referencia Competitivo GALICIA

Bangor Bivalve aquaculture in Galicia

Ría de Muros-Noia • Exceptional environment

Ría de Arousa Ría de Pontevedra “Rías” Ría de Vigo Quality of seawater (upwelling)

• Coast lenght (1.498 km )

• Important sector of the economy

Castro de Baroña I B.C. – I A.D.

Muralla Romana de Lugo (Roman Walls of Lugo) 3rd Century

“Concheiros” from “cuncha” = shell Accumulation of shells

Materials: pieces of shells Native species Hatchery Natural recruitment Traditional species Ruditapes decussatus Mytilus galloprovincialis

Ostrea edulis Blue Venerupis corrugata Cerastoderma edule Flat oyster

Pullet carpet shell New cultured species Solen marginatus magnus Introduced species

Razor Sword razor Ruditapes philippinarum Donax trunculus Manila clam Ensis siliqua gigas Pacific cupped oyster Common razor Wedge shell clam edulis

Global production 1980-2014 (values > 100 Tn) Source: FAO - FishStat J (updated July 2016) Ostrea edulis

Overexploitation of natural populations

Natural beds exhausted

Importation

Problems of adaptation Low quality Introduction of pathogens refringens

Herpesvirus OsHV-1 Bateas floating rafts HATCHERY

BROODSTOCK Seawater

LARVAL Phytoplancton CULTURE SPAT Larval pathologies in bivalves

no host-specificity massive sudden mortalities

treatment

worldwide distribution non-pathogenic for humans Larval pathologies Bacteria Vibriosis

Opportunistic pathogens

CONTROL

Hatchery: a whole – interrelated compartiments Virus

Herpes OsHV-1 Improved protocols – microbiological quality Updated management practices

* Flat oyster: internal fertilization Chemotherapy Antibiotics in hatchery

Lack Legal of Toxicity Resistances High cost regulation effectiveness

Dose Seawater

Propagation Transfer Lost to to of environment human effectiveness pathogens New approaches: application of recent knowledge to the control of vibriosis in hatchery Natural infection flat oyster larvae Probiosis

Induced infection flat oyster larvae

Quorum quenching Thanks