DOCSLIB.ORG

Alternative Fuel Tool Kit How to Implement: Electric Vehicles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alternative Fuel Tool Kit How to Implement: Electric Vehicles Alternative Fuel Tool Kit How To Implement: Electric Vehicles Contents Introduction to Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) ............................................................................................................. 2 Applications, Available Vehicles, Vendors in the NC Market ........................................................................................ 5 Infrastructure Options .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Barrier Busters ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Crunch the numbers: Vehicle cost calculators .............................................................................................................. 10 North Carolina PEV Case Study ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Trends: Looking Ahead ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE0006083. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 1 5/2014 Introduction to Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs)1 There are a wide variety of electric vehicles available in North Carolina. A A Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) plug in electric vehicle (PEV) is any vehicle that plugs into the electric is any vehicle that plugs into the power grid to receive energy for propulsion. There are two types of PEVs electric power grid to receive on the market today: energy for propulsion. A Battery-Electric Vehicle (BEV) is a vehicle that only utilizes electricity for propulsion, which is stored in an on-board battery. This type of vehicle has no additional source of energy other than electricity from the power grid and stand alone renwable energy, such as solar arrays. Two examples of this type of vehicle on the market in North Carolina are the Ford Focus EV and the Nissan Leaf. Also included in the all-electric vehicle category are neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which are four-wheeled all- electric vehicles that are limited to a top speed of 25 mph. NEVs are generally restricted to roads with a speed limit of 45 mph and under2 and are commonly used for maintenance or security at universities and other large campus-style facilities. A Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is similar to a hybrid electric vehicle (having both a gas engine and an electric motor), but is able to recharge its battery by plugging into the electric power grid. Because PEVs can charge using the grid, they typically have larger capacity battery packs than hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The PHEV batteries can provide 10-60 miles of additional driving distance depending on the battery size. The Chevrolet Volt (a series hybrid) and Ford Fusion Energi (a parallel hybrid) are two examples of PHEVs that are available in North Carolina. With a combustion engine as part of the PHEV architecture, some of the barriers Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Architecture: associated with battery-electric vehicles, such as range limitations, do not apply. Hybrid electric vehicles, both the standard and plug-in varieties, combine a traditional internal combustion Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) use both an electric motor engine (ICE) and an electric motor to increase a and and an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle, vehicle’s fuel efficiency. In a series hybrid, the wheels but do do not require an additional electric source and are are driven by the electric motor only and the ICE acts as a generator to charge the batteries. In a parallel not to be confused with PHEVs. The most popular HEV in hybrid, the ICE and electric motor are attached to the the United States is the Toyota Prius. HEVs were introduced transmission, and the wheels are driven by the in the U.S. market place in the late 1990’s. PEVs were electric motor, the ICE, or both simultaneously, introduced into the US market in 2010, but were not depending upon driving conditions. available in most parts of North Carolina until late 2011. Although PEVs have Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales only been available for purchase for a few years, the sales in the US are strong and steadily increasing. As of December 2013, there were over (2010-2013): 170,000 cumulative electric vehicle sales3 in the U.S., which is outpacing U.S. - 170,000 hybrid electric vehicle sales over their initial three year deployment time NC - 1,600 period. By 2022 Navigant Research estimates that there will be nearly 2.6 By 2022, estimates indicate 4 million PEVs in the U.S. NC DMV data for North Carolina from August there will be nearly 2.6 2013 showed over 1,600 PEVs registered in the state, an increase of over million PEVs in the U.S. 130% from the previous year. 1 Advanced Energy, “Community Planning Guide for Plug-in Electric Vehicles” (2011), 7, 9. 2 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle 3 Electric Drive Sales, http://www.electricdrive.org/index.php?ht=d/sp/i/20952/pid/20952 4 http://www.navigantresearch.com/newsroom/nearly-2-6-million-plug-in-electric-vehicles-will-be-sold-in-the-united-states-between-2013-and-2022 2 5/2014 Benefits of Plug-in Electric Vehicles There are many benefits to driving PEVs including lower cost, energy security, fewer emissions, and better performance. Lower Cost: PEVs have lower fuel and maintenance costs, which can be enough to offset higher vehicle purchase costs (purchase costs will be offset more quickly with higher annual miles). PEVs can run at a cost equivalent to $0.50 - $0.70 per gallon of gasoline.5 Additionally, electricity rates are fairly stable compared to the price of gasoline, allowing for more accurate long-term fleet budgeting and planning. The existing power grid has ample capacity to handle vehicle charging, especially during off- peak times. Energy Security: The United States transportation system is currently heavily dependent on oil, with around 45% of its petroleum being imported in 2011.6 PEVs utilize a domestically-produced fuel source, so replacing typical passenger vehicles with PEVs provides the U.S. with an opportunity to make a significant decrease in petroleum use, increasing energy security. Fewer Emissions: PEVs are a much cleaner vehicle choice. PEVs have significantly lower emissions than conventional vehicles7, and BEVs actually have zero tailpipe emissions. Lower emissions mean improved air quality, which contributes to improving the environment and public health. Emission Comparison* Conventional Gasoline Vehicle Battery-Electric Emission Category Upstream/Refinery Vehicle (T2B5) Total Vehicle (Total) CO2 (gram/mile) 65.3 343 408 153 SO2 (gram/mile) 0.075 0.004 0.08 0.18* (~0) NOx (gram/mile) 0.111 0.072 0.18 0.10 *SO2 emission increase in the electricity sector is theoretical, but hard caps in NC prevent any net increase in utility emissions. Upstream and vehicle emissions for conventional gas vehicles interpolated from NREL report, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41410.pdf p.21-23; Electricity emissions for NC grid from www.eia.gov; Analysis by Mike Waters, Duke Energy and Chris Werner, NCCETC. CO2 Content of Gasoline: The CO2 emissions in gram/mile expressed above can also be expressed in pounds. A gallon of gasoline, when burned, releases about 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere, not including upstream and refinery emissions from producing the gasoline. This translates to a conventional gasoline vehicle emitting a total of about 0.9 pounds of CO2 per mile travelled, nearly three times that of a BEV that is recharged using NC’s electrical grid. Fuel Economy: PEVs can offer a dramatic improvement in fuel economy compared to conventional vehicles. Miles per gallon (MPG) figures are provided by the U.S. EPA for all vehicles, regardless of the fuel the vehicles use. BEVs and PHEVs are rated in terms of MPGe, or “miles per gallon equivalent”, which reflects the number of miles the vehicle can travel on the energy equivalent to that contained in a gallon of gasoline. Figure 1. EPA fuel economy window sticker for a BEV 5 http://www.fueleconomy.gov 6 http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2013).pdf, Page 83 7 Union of Concerned Scientists, State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States, page 11. 3 5/2014 Better Performance: PEVs are designed to operate at a high level of performance, and will meet or exceed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vehicle Conversions, Retrofits, and Repowers ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE CONVERSIONS, RETROFITS, and REPOWERS
    What Fleets Need to Know About Alternative Fuel Vehicle Conversions, Retrofits, and Repowers ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE CONVERSIONS, RETROFITS, AND REPOWERS Acknowledgments This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 with Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, the Manager and Operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This work was made possible through funding provided by National Clean Cities Program Director and DOE Vehicle Technologies Office Deployment Manager Dennis Smith. This publication is part of a series. For other lessons learned from the Clean Cities American Recovery and Reinvestment (ARRA) projects, please refer to the following publications: • American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – Clean Cities Project Awards (DOE/GO-102016-4855 - August 2016) • Designing a Successful Transportation Project – Lessons Learned from the Clean Cities American Recovery and Reinvestment Projects (DOE/GO-102017-4955 - September 2017) Authors Kay Kelly and John Gonzales, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Disclaimer This document is not intended for use as a “how to” guide for individuals or organizations performing a conversion, repower, or retrofit. Instead, it is intended to be used as a guide and resource document for informational purposes only. VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE | cleancities.energy.gov 2 ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE CONVERSIONS, RETROFITS, AND REPOWERS Table of Contents Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicle Fleet Toolkit
    ELECTRICITY Electricity WHAT IS CHARGING? What is a PEV? A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is a How many stations are in the San vehicle in which there is an onboard Diego region? battery that is powered by energy Currently there are over 550 public delivered from the electricity grid. There are two types of electric charging stations in the San Diego region. Level 1 Charging vehicles: a battery electric vehicle Level 1 charging uses 120 volts AC. An PEV (BEV) and a plug-in hybrid electric How much does it cost to fuel my can be charged with just a standard wall vehicle (PHEV). BEVs run exclusively vehicle? outlet. on the power from their onboard battery. PHEVs have both an It generally costs less than half as onboard battery and an internal much to drive an electric vehicle as Level 2 Charging combustion engine that is used an internal combustion engine Level 2 charging uses 240 volts AC. This is when the car’s battery is depleted. the same type of voltage as an outlet used for a dryer or washing machine. There are upwards of 12,000 PEVs in 24-month average* the San Diego region (as of Summer Gasoline $3.35 2015). DC Fast Charging Electricity** $1.22 DC fast charging is a very quick level of charging. An PEV can be charged up to 80% Savings $2.13 within 30 minutes of charging. *June 2013-June 2015 **Gasoline gallon equivalent 1 ELECTRICITY What types of vehicles can use electricity? Electric vehicles come in all shapes and sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Fuels, Vehicles & Technologies Feasibility
    ALTERNATIVE FUELS, VEHICLES & TECHNOLOGIES FEASIBILITY REPORT Prepared by Eastern Pennsylvania Alliance for Clean Transportation (EP-ACT)With Technical Support provided by: Clean Fuels Ohio (CFO); & Pittsburgh Region Clean Cities (PRCC) Table of Contents Analysis Background: .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.0: Introduction – Fleet Feasibility Analysis: ............................................................................................... 3 2.0: Fleet Management Goals – Scope of Work & Criteria for Analysis: ...................................................... 4 Priority Review Criteria for Analysis: ........................................................................................................ 4 3.0: Key Performance Indicators – Existing Fleet Analysis ............................................................................ 5 4.0: Alternative Fuel Options – Summary Comparisons & Conclusions: ...................................................... 6 4.1: Detailed Propane Autogas Options Analysis: ......................................................................................... 7 Propane Station Estimate ......................................................................................................................... 8 (Station Capacity: 20,000 GGE/Year) ........................................................................................................ 8 5.0: Key Recommended Actions – Conclusion
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development
    Review A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development Fuad Un-Noor 1, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban 2,*, Lucian Mihet-Popa 3, Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah 1 and Eklas Hossain 4,* 1 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; [email protected] (F.U.-N.); [email protected] (M.N.M.) 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa 3 Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, Kobberslagerstredet 5, 1671 Kråkeroy-Fredrikstad, Norway; [email protected] 4 Department of Electrical Engineering & Renewable Energy, Oregon Tech, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (E.H.); Tel.: +27-79-219-9845 (S.P.); +1-541-885-1516 (E.H.) Academic Editor: Sergio Saponara Received: 8 May 2017; Accepted: 21 July 2017; Published: 17 August 2017 Abstract: Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy
    Review Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy Michael Handwerker 1,2,*, Jörg Wellnitz 1,2 and Hormoz Marzbani 2 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany; [email protected] 2 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency Citation: Handwerker, M.; Wellnitz, and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete J.; Marzbani, H. Comparison of with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale.
    [Show full text]
  • How Practical Are Alternative Fuel Vehicles?
    How Practical Are Alternative Fuel Vehicles? Many of us have likely considered an alternative fuel vehicle at some point in our lives. Balancing the positives and negatives is a tricky process and varies greatly based on our personal situations. However, many of the negatives that previously created hesitancy have changed in recent years. Below, we have outlined a few of the most commonly mentioned negatives regarding the two leading alternative fuel vehicle types: Flex Fuel vehicles and Electric/Hybrid vehicles. Then, you can decide for yourself whether one of these vehicle types are practical for you! Cost – How much does the vehicle cost to purchase and operate? Flex Fuel: Flex Fuel vehicles typically cost about the same as a gasoline vehicle.1 For fuel cost, E85 typically costs slightly less than gasoline, however, due to decreased efficiency has a slightly higher cost per mile than gasoline.2 Overall, a Flex Fuel vehicle is likely to be slightly more expensive than a gasoline counterpart. Electric/Hybrid: This situation varies quite a bit depending on where you live. Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles often cost considerably more than a conventional gasoline vehicle. For example, a plug-in hybrid will cost around $4000-$8000 more than a conventional model.3 However, there are federal rebates and local rebates that can refund thousands of dollars from the purchase price. Electric/Hybrid vehicles also tend to save money on fuel, with the possibility of saving thousands of dollars over the lifetime of the vehicle.4 Whether these rebates and fuel cost savings will eventually account for the higher purchase price can be estimated with comparison tools.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
    Review A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives Manh-Kien Tran 1,* , Asad Bhatti 2, Reid Vrolyk 1, Derek Wong 1 , Satyam Panchal 2 , Michael Fowler 1 and Roydon Fraser 2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (M.F.) 2 Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada; [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (R.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-880-6108 Abstract: Emissions from the transportation sector are significant contributors to climate change and health problems because of the common use of gasoline vehicles. Countries in the world are attempting to transition away from gasoline vehicles and to electric vehicles (EVs), in order to reduce emissions. However, there are several practical limitations with EVs, one of which is the “range anxiety” issue, due to the lack of charging infrastructure, the high cost of long-ranged EVs, and the limited range of affordable EVs. One potential solution to the range anxiety problem is the use of range extenders, to extend the driving range of EVs while optimizing the costs and performance of the vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of EV range extending technologies, including internal combustion engines, free-piston linear generators, fuel cells, micro Citation: Tran, M.-K.; Bhatti, A.; gas turbines, and zinc-air batteries, outlining their definitions, working mechanisms, and some recent Vrolyk, R.; Wong, D.; Panchal, S.; Fowler, M.; Fraser, R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies in China and United States
    Clark University Clark Digital Commons International Development, Community and Master’s Papers Environment (IDCE) 12-2016 The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States JIyi Lai [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers Part of the Environmental Studies Commons Recommended Citation Lai, JIyi, "The uturF e of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States" (2016). International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE). 163. https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers/163 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Master’s Papers at Clark Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE) by an authorized administrator of Clark Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai DECEMBER 2016 A Masters Paper Submitted to the faculty of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the department of IDCE And accepted on the recommendation of ! Christopher Van Atten, Chief Instructor ABSTRACT The Future of Transportation Alternative Fuel Vehicle Policies In China and United States Jiyi Lai The number of passenger cars in use worldwide has been steadily increasing. This has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants, and new efforts to develop alternative fuel vehicles to mitigate reliance on petroleum. Alternative fuel vehicles include a wide range of technologies powered by energy sources other than gasoline or diesel fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Current Status of Alternative Fuels and Vehicles
    1. INTRODUCTION Motor vehicles are the underlying source for two major global issues the United States (U.S.) faces: 1) the dependence on foreign oil from unstable political regions, and 2) the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a leading contributor of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that affect Earth’s climate. There are 200 million drivers traveling 10 trillion vehicle miles each year in the U.S. In the Denver region alone, vehicles are driven more than 70 million miles each day. Dependence on foreign oil: A matter of U.S. Security The U.S. uses about 14.5 million barrels of oil per day for transportation (which equates to 609 million gallons) and imports more than 60% of its petroleum, two-thirds of which is used to fuel vehicles in the form of gasoline and diesel. The demand for petroleum imports is increasing and with much of the worldwide petroleum resources located in politically volatile countries, the U.S. is vulnerable to supply disruptions. Climate Change While the U.S. contains only 5% of the world’s population, it is responsible for 25% of global GHG emissions. Transportation accounts for 28% of GHG emissions in the U.S., second to electric power Figure 1 (Figure 1). It is the 2006 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions fastest growing by sector (Million Metric Tons CO2 Equivalent) source of GHGs, Residential accounting for 47% of Commericial 5% the net increase in 6% total U.S. GHG Agriculture emissions since 1990. 8% Trends in Colorado are similar, with Electric Power electric power being 34% the lead source of Industry 19% CO2 emissions at 42%, followed by transportation at 31% Transportation (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicles: a Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues
    Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and Selected Policy Issues February 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46231 SUMMARY R46231 Electric Vehicles: A Primer on Technology and February 14, 2020 Selected Policy Issues Melissa N. Diaz The market for electrified light-duty vehicles (also called passenger vehicles; including passenger Analyst in Energy Policy cars, pickup trucks, SUVs, and minivans) has grown since the 1990s. During this decade, the first contemporary hybrid-electric vehicle debuted on the global market, followed by the introduction of other types of electric vehicles (EVs). By 2018, electric vehicles made up 4.2% of the 16.9 million new light-duty vehicles sold in the United States that year. Meanwhile, charging infrastructure grew in response to rising electric vehicle ownership, increasing from 3,394 charging stations in 2011 to 78,301 in 2019. However, many locations have sparse or no public charging infrastructure. Electric motors and traction battery packs—most commonly made up of lithium-ion battery cells—set EVs apart from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The battery pack provides power to the motor that drives the vehicle. At times, the motor acts as a generator, sending electricity back to the battery. The broad categories of EVs can be identified by whether they have an internal combustion engine (i.e., hybrid vehicles) and whether the battery pack can be charged by external electricity (i.e., plug-in electric vehicles). The numerous vehicle technologies further determine characteristics such as fuel economy rating, driving range, and greenhouse gas emissions. EVs can be separated into three broad categories: Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs): The internal combustion engine primarily powers the wheels.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025
    Tomorrow’s Vehicles An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025 Tomorrow’s Vehicles An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025 Executive Summary 2 Market Overview 4 Scope Methodology Findings 11 Gasoline and Ethanol Diesel and Biodeisel Electricity Hydrogen Natural Gas Propane Autogas Conclusion and Recommendations 19 About the Author 20 About the Fuels Institute 21 ©2017 Fuels Institute Disclaimer: The opinions and views expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the individuals on the Fuels Institute Board of Directors and the Fuels Institute Board of Advisors, or any contributing organization to the Fuels Institute. The Fuels Institute makes no warranty, express or implied, nor does it assume any legal liability or responsibility for the use of the report or any product, or process described in these materials. Tomorrow’s Vehicles: An Overview of Vehicle Sales and Fuel Consumption Through 2025 1 Executive Summary Low oil prices resulting from a sustained global oversupply are likely to rise, as production must eventually subside to balance demand. The balancing process will likely play out for some time as new vehicle fuel efficiency improvements and alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) make advancements to road transportation, oil’s largest market, limiting price gains from production constraints. Though low oil prices place downward pressure on alter- native fuels and fuel-efficient vehicles, growth of particular technologies in various vehicle segments will not likely abate. Both governments and consumers in major light duty and commercial vehicle markets have shown particular interest in electricity and natural gas, and automakers are responding accordingly.
    [Show full text]
  • Powering the U.S. Army of the Future Overall Objective
    Powering the U.S. Army of the Future Overall Objective A study to find out what are the emerging technology options in energy/ power to best suit the Army's operational requirements in 2035 and beyond. This entails bringing sufficient energy to the field and conserving its use while maintaining or enhancing the Army’s warfighting capabilities. Download the report at: http://nap.edu/26052 Duo-Fold Focus Approach Overall Study Objectives Source: Project Pele Overview, Mobile Nuclear Power for Future DoD Needs, March 2020, Office of the Secretary of the Defense; Strategic Capabilities Office Previous Studies Advocating Nuclear Power and Battery Electric Vehicles Employment of mobile nuclear power is consistent with the new geopolitical landscape and priorities outlined in the US National Security Strategy (NSS) and the 2018 National Defense Strategy focusing on China and Russia as the principal priorities for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)… This study finds that as a technical matter, nuclear power can reduce supply vulnerabilities and operating costs while providing a sustainable option for reducing petroleum demand and focusing fuel forward to support Combatant Commander (CCDR) priorities and maneuver in multi-domain operations (MDO). Study on the Use of Mobile Nuclear Plants Deputy Chief of Staff, G-4 October 26, 2018 “Powering the Army of 2035” In One Slide • There are many realistic opportunities to reduce fuel transported to the field by up to 1/3. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels will remain the main source of combined energy and power brought to the battlefield through 2035. • Electrification of ground combat vehicles is highly desirable, but it should take the form of hybrid electric vehicles (with internal combustion engines), not all battery electric vehicles.
    [Show full text]