Alternative Fuel Tool Kit How To Implement: Electric Vehicles Contents Introduction to Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) ............................................................................................................. 2 Applications, Available Vehicles, Vendors in the NC Market ........................................................................................ 5 Infrastructure Options .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Barrier Busters ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Crunch the numbers: Vehicle cost calculators .............................................................................................................. 10 North Carolina PEV Case Study ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Trends: Looking Ahead ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE0006083. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 1 5/2014 Introduction to Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs)1 There are a wide variety of electric vehicles available in North Carolina. A A Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) plug in electric vehicle (PEV) is any vehicle that plugs into the electric is any vehicle that plugs into the power grid to receive energy for propulsion. There are two types of PEVs electric power grid to receive on the market today: energy for propulsion. A Battery-Electric Vehicle (BEV) is a vehicle that only utilizes electricity for propulsion, which is stored in an on-board battery. This type of vehicle has no additional source of energy other than electricity from the power grid and stand alone renwable energy, such as solar arrays. Two examples of this type of vehicle on the market in North Carolina are the Ford Focus EV and the Nissan Leaf. Also included in the all-electric vehicle category are neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), which are four-wheeled all- electric vehicles that are limited to a top speed of 25 mph. NEVs are generally restricted to roads with a speed limit of 45 mph and under2 and are commonly used for maintenance or security at universities and other large campus-style facilities. A Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is similar to a hybrid electric vehicle (having both a gas engine and an electric motor), but is able to recharge its battery by plugging into the electric power grid. Because PEVs can charge using the grid, they typically have larger capacity battery packs than hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The PHEV batteries can provide 10-60 miles of additional driving distance depending on the battery size. The Chevrolet Volt (a series hybrid) and Ford Fusion Energi (a parallel hybrid) are two examples of PHEVs that are available in North Carolina. With a combustion engine as part of the PHEV architecture, some of the barriers Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Architecture: associated with battery-electric vehicles, such as range limitations, do not apply. Hybrid electric vehicles, both the standard and plug-in varieties, combine a traditional internal combustion Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) use both an electric motor engine (ICE) and an electric motor to increase a and and an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle, vehicle’s fuel efficiency. In a series hybrid, the wheels but do do not require an additional electric source and are are driven by the electric motor only and the ICE acts as a generator to charge the batteries. In a parallel not to be confused with PHEVs. The most popular HEV in hybrid, the ICE and electric motor are attached to the the United States is the Toyota Prius. HEVs were introduced transmission, and the wheels are driven by the in the U.S. market place in the late 1990’s. PEVs were electric motor, the ICE, or both simultaneously, introduced into the US market in 2010, but were not depending upon driving conditions. available in most parts of North Carolina until late 2011. Although PEVs have Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales only been available for purchase for a few years, the sales in the US are strong and steadily increasing. As of December 2013, there were over (2010-2013): 170,000 cumulative electric vehicle sales3 in the U.S., which is outpacing U.S. - 170,000 hybrid electric vehicle sales over their initial three year deployment time NC - 1,600 period. By 2022 Navigant Research estimates that there will be nearly 2.6 By 2022, estimates indicate 4 million PEVs in the U.S. NC DMV data for North Carolina from August there will be nearly 2.6 2013 showed over 1,600 PEVs registered in the state, an increase of over million PEVs in the U.S. 130% from the previous year. 1 Advanced Energy, “Community Planning Guide for Plug-in Electric Vehicles” (2011), 7, 9. 2 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle 3 Electric Drive Sales, http://www.electricdrive.org/index.php?ht=d/sp/i/20952/pid/20952 4 http://www.navigantresearch.com/newsroom/nearly-2-6-million-plug-in-electric-vehicles-will-be-sold-in-the-united-states-between-2013-and-2022 2 5/2014 Benefits of Plug-in Electric Vehicles There are many benefits to driving PEVs including lower cost, energy security, fewer emissions, and better performance. Lower Cost: PEVs have lower fuel and maintenance costs, which can be enough to offset higher vehicle purchase costs (purchase costs will be offset more quickly with higher annual miles). PEVs can run at a cost equivalent to $0.50 - $0.70 per gallon of gasoline.5 Additionally, electricity rates are fairly stable compared to the price of gasoline, allowing for more accurate long-term fleet budgeting and planning. The existing power grid has ample capacity to handle vehicle charging, especially during off- peak times. Energy Security: The United States transportation system is currently heavily dependent on oil, with around 45% of its petroleum being imported in 2011.6 PEVs utilize a domestically-produced fuel source, so replacing typical passenger vehicles with PEVs provides the U.S. with an opportunity to make a significant decrease in petroleum use, increasing energy security. Fewer Emissions: PEVs are a much cleaner vehicle choice. PEVs have significantly lower emissions than conventional vehicles7, and BEVs actually have zero tailpipe emissions. Lower emissions mean improved air quality, which contributes to improving the environment and public health. Emission Comparison* Conventional Gasoline Vehicle Battery-Electric Emission Category Upstream/Refinery Vehicle (T2B5) Total Vehicle (Total) CO2 (gram/mile) 65.3 343 408 153 SO2 (gram/mile) 0.075 0.004 0.08 0.18* (~0) NOx (gram/mile) 0.111 0.072 0.18 0.10 *SO2 emission increase in the electricity sector is theoretical, but hard caps in NC prevent any net increase in utility emissions. Upstream and vehicle emissions for conventional gas vehicles interpolated from NREL report, http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/41410.pdf p.21-23; Electricity emissions for NC grid from www.eia.gov; Analysis by Mike Waters, Duke Energy and Chris Werner, NCCETC. CO2 Content of Gasoline: The CO2 emissions in gram/mile expressed above can also be expressed in pounds. A gallon of gasoline, when burned, releases about 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere, not including upstream and refinery emissions from producing the gasoline. This translates to a conventional gasoline vehicle emitting a total of about 0.9 pounds of CO2 per mile travelled, nearly three times that of a BEV that is recharged using NC’s electrical grid. Fuel Economy: PEVs can offer a dramatic improvement in fuel economy compared to conventional vehicles. Miles per gallon (MPG) figures are provided by the U.S. EPA for all vehicles, regardless of the fuel the vehicles use. BEVs and PHEVs are rated in terms of MPGe, or “miles per gallon equivalent”, which reflects the number of miles the vehicle can travel on the energy equivalent to that contained in a gallon of gasoline. Figure 1. EPA fuel economy window sticker for a BEV 5 http://www.fueleconomy.gov 6 http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2013).pdf, Page 83 7 Union of Concerned Scientists, State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States, page 11. 3 5/2014 Better Performance: PEVs are designed to operate at a high level of performance, and will meet or exceed