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Nautical Tourism in the Boka Kotorska Bay

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Nautical Tourism in the Boka Kotorska Bay 26th Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2019” Conference proceedings NAUTICAL TOURISM IN THE BOKA KOTORSKA BAY Luka Mitrovic, M.Sc. Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology Podgorica, Montenegro e-mail: [email protected] Branislav Gloginja, M.Sc. Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology Podgorica, Montenegro e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the development of nautical tourism in Boka Kotorska Bay and the significance of hydrographic surveying. Boka Kotorska Bay (Boka Bay) represents a closed basin with specific hydrographic and dynamic characteristics. Since ancient time, the Boka Bay is recognized as the place where all kind of ships have shelter trough bad weather. In Montenegro, nautical tourism is a major branch of tourism, and it has an excellent potential for development. The development of nautical tourism has been increased in the last 10 years, especially after the opening of two new marinas and the increase in the number of cruise ships that visit port of Kotor. A hydrographic survey plays the most important role into safety of navigation. Exactly information about depth and bottom configuration is crucial to make a nautical chart, i.e. the hydrographic survey results. Key words: nautical tourism, Boka Kotorska Bay, cruise ship tourism, safety of navigation, hydrographic surveying Introduction The Adriatic Sea encompasses the area between Balkan peninsula and Apennine peninsula, at geographic latitude 39°45´ N and 45°45´ N, and geographic longitude 12°15´ E and 19°45´ E. The south border in the whole region represents the Otranto Strait and goes through the line joining Cape St. Maria di Leuca (Italy) – north coast of Corfu island (Greek) – mouth of Butrintit River (Albania). The longitudinal axis measured from the mouth of the river Butrintit (Albania) to the Porto di Lido (Italy) is 475 nautical miles and width-axis, perpendicular to the longitudinal, from the port Omiš (Croatia) to the port Vasto (Italy) is 117 nautical miles. The Adriatic Sea covers an area of 138.595 km2. Boka Kotorska Bay is situated in Montenegro and is a winding bay of the Adriatic Sea. The Bay, sometimes called Europe's southernmost fjord, is in fact a submerged river canyon of the Bokelj River, which used to run from the plateaus of mountain Orjen, 1894 m in height (DANILOVIĆ, 2006). Boka Kotorska is a deep and very jagged bay with four smaller bays: Herceg Novi, Tivat, Risan and Bay of Kotor (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Four bays of Boka Kotorska bay. Source: (The Boka Kotorska Bay Environment, 2016). The narrowest part of the bay is the Verige strait. It divides the Boka Kotorska bay into two parts, the inner and outer part. Risan and Kotor bays are the inner bays and Tivat and Herceg Novi bays are the outer bays. Boka Kotorska Bay has two significant ports, Port of Kotor and Marina Porto Montenegro 180 26th Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2019” Conference proceedings Tivat, and the new opened marina Porto Novi. Since ancient time the Boka Kotorska bay was a natural and great shelter of many rulers who contributed the establishing of settlements, harbors and shipyard. Furthermore, the underwater world of the Boka Kotorska Bay is the one of the very popular and mysterious places of the Adriatic. On the sea bottom and bellow seabed rest remains of ancient ships, some of which were built by the Romans. Today a shipping intensity in Boka Kotorska Bay is very intense (Fig. 2). Red colors indicate high shipping intensity and the blue color shows low intensity. Fig. 2. Marine traffic Boka Kotorska Bay. Source: (https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:18.6/centery:42.4/zoom:11). Material and methods Hydrographic survey Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defence, scientific research, and environmental protection (DEFINITION OF HYDROGRAPHY). Also, hydrography support other activity associated with the sea including nautical tourism, and surveing is a primary method to conduct hydrographic data. The history of hydrographic surveying dates long time ago, since the early days of sailing. Old traditional hydrographic surveys required to use of lead line and sounding pole. Lead lines was a ropes or lines with depth markings attached to lead weights. The lines was read mannualy and the process was labor – intensive. Modern survey use different equipment depending on the depth, survey area and hydrographic standards to be meet. Some of these equipment are multibeam echosounder, singlebeam echosounder, side scan sonar, LiDAR system, etc. Echosounders (multibeam, singlebeam) calculate the depth of the seabed by analyzing the time it takes for acoustic signal (sound waves) to travel from a survey boat to the seabed and back (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Echosounders measure time. Source: (https://dosits.org/people-and-sound/navigation/how-is-sound-used-to- measure-water-depth/). IHO (International Hydrographic Organisation) Standards for Hydrographic Surveys (Special publication S-44) published in February 2008 describes the orders of survey acceptable for hydrographic 181 26th Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2019” Conference proceedings offices to produce navigational products for ships to navigate safely across the surveyed areas. The four orders of survey are defined with respect to the water depth, expected shipping types and survey area. That is the minimum standards for hydrographic surveys. The most rigorous orders is Special Order. Its use for the area where the under-keel clearance is critical, such as berthing areas, harbors and shipping channels. The Order 1A is intended for areas shallower than 100 meters where the under-keel clearance is less critical than for Special Order. The Order 1B is intended for areas shallower than 100 meters where under-keel clearance is not considered to be an issue for the type of surface shipping expected to transit the area. The fourth order is Order 2, the least stringent order and is intended for areas deeper than 100 meters. For the Special Order and Order 1A the full sea floor search is required. Bathymetry Boka Kotorska Bay represents a closed basin with specific hydrographic and dynamic characteristics. It is characterized by relatively large depths inside the bays and communication straits between certain bays and the whole area with the open sea. The total surface area is 87.3 km2, total coast length is 105.7 km and the maximum depth is 60 m (STJEPČEVIĆ, ŽUNJIĆ, 1964). The average depth is 27.3 m. At its widest point the Bay is 7 km wide and at the narrowest point 0.3 km wide (MAGAŠ, 2002). The maximum depth is at the entrance of the Bay of Kotor, gradually decreases toward the interior, and generally ranges between 40 and 45 meters in most parts of the Boka Kotorska Bay (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Bathymetry chart Boka Kotorska Bay. Source: (Pilot of Montenegrin coast, 2013). Significant characteristics of all basins are the convergence of isobaths of greater depths gradually shallowing towards the coast. Isobaths of 20 meters, for example, follow the configuration of the coastline on the distance of 200 up to 300 meters, except in southeastern part of Tivat and the Northwestern part of the Bay of Herceg Novi. The Boka Kotorska Bay is characterized by complex hydrogeological relations that enable formation of a specific transitional zone between fresh and saline waters (DANILOVIĆ, 2006). Bay of Kotor is located at the far inner part of the Boka Kotorska Bay. It’s representative of a closed karstic bay and is connected with the Bay of Tivat by the Verige Strait (Fig. 5), which has a width of only 288 m. This area is characteristic of specific hydro-meteorological, climatic and oceanographic characteristics. In the regional vicinity, it is the area with the greatest amount of precipitation during the year in the Europe (Crkvice), which allows for a great inflow of freshwater. In the rainiest periods this water content has a huge suspension of sediments, which significantly influences the color and transparency of the sea; also the salinity, density and ecological processes in general. However, the highest inflow of freshwater is through numerous springs and groundwater flows, which are not active during the entire year. In the rainy period some of these springs are very active; among them Sopot and Ljuta, can reach peak discharges as large as 200m3/sec in a very short time. This bay is a primary collector of the freshwater supply coming from springs and karst structures along its border (BELLAFIORE et al., 2011). 182 26th Geographic Information Systems Conference and Exhibition “GIS ODYSSEY 2019” Conference proceedings Fig. 5. Verige Strait. Source: (Pilot of Montenegrin coast, 2013). Port of Kotor (Fig. 6) is the main port for the passenger ships. It’s located in the far south coast of the Bay of Kotor (Fig. 4). Fig. 6. Port of Kotor. Source: (http://starclippersblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/RC_kotor2.jpg). From the north and east parts the Bay is surrounded by rocky and steep slopes of high hills, without vegetation, and on some places, esspecialy at east part of the Bay, from the Ljuta cove to the Port of Kotor, over the narrow coastal plain belt stand almost vertical cliffs. Kotor is the old Mediterranean port, founded in the 1th century by Romans and surrounded by perfectly preserved city wall. Moreover old town and Bay of Kotor are protected by UNESCO, and it is listed with UNESCO World heritage sites.
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