Visualizing the Fort
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Visualizing the Fort AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF 3D MODELLING FOR THE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF A FORT OF THE DEFENCE LINE OF AMSTERDAM Emma Egberts 11956771 MA Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, University of Amsterdam Specialization: Historic Interiors Supervisor: M. N. (Merel) van Schrojenstein Lantman, MA Date: 21-08-2020 Word count: 17.777 Summary In this thesis, the use of 3D modelling technology for the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage has been investigated. This has been done specifically by studying the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the modelling program Blender for the case study of Fort benoorden Spaarndam. This is a military fort dating from the beginning of the 20th century and is part of the Defence Line of Amsterdam. In this fort, multiple wall paintings and decorative painting schemes have been found under layers of white overpaint. The decorations in room 23 have been investigated through architectural paint research, showing that five different decorative paint schemes have been present over time. These paintings are being threatened by two factors: the bad climate conditions in the fort, resulting in deterioration of the paint layers and the, still unknown, plans for the future function of the fort. It has been found that 3D modelling technology can create useful opportunities to deal with these problems, by documenting the current state of the fort, visualizing and reconstructing the historic phases and by disseminating these to a public in an immersive or interactive way. For the use of 3d modelling for conservation and restoration of historic interiors, Blender has advantages and disadvantages compared to other 3D modelling techniques. The disadvantages are that it is not directly based on recordings of reality, resulting in a less accurate model, or a model that can not be seen as an exact documentation of reality. The use of laser scanners or structured light scanners are a better option for this, for example to study the surface of a painting in high detail or to survey the condition of a building over time. These techniques are still relatively expensive and require the need of a skilled professional. Photogrammetry is, compared to laser scanning, a more affordable alternative, making use of photography, but does not record surface texture. The advantages of Blender however are its relatively easy use and the fact that it is available on the internet for free, making it a great option for projects with limited financial options and people with little experience in digital modelling. Next to this, it gives the modeler complete control, which is useful for creating a model that shows exactly what you want to show, making additions or reconstructing things that do not exist anymore. Abstract In this thesis, the use of 3D modelling technology for the conservation and restoration of historic interiors has been investigated. This has been done specifically by studying the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the modelling program Blender for the case study of Fort benoorden Spaarndam, compared to other modelling technologies. Abstract (Dutch) In deze scriptie is het gebruik van 3D-technologie voor conservering en restauratie van historische binnenruimten onderzocht. Hierbij is specifiek gekeken naar de voor- en nadelen van het modeleer programma Blender voor de case study van Fort benoorden Spaarndam in vergelijking met andere 3D-modelleer technieken. 1 Inhoud Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Abstract (Dutch) ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1: Fort benoorden Spaarndam .................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Metadata ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Fort benoorden Spaarndam .......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Defence Line of Amsterdam .......................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Decorations ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Condition, conservation and restoration issues .......................................................................... 13 1.6 Other forts with wall paintings .................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Future fort ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 New functions for forts within the Defence Line ........................................................................ 23 2.2 Involved parties ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Preservation of the wall paintings ............................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3: Architectural paint research in room 23 ............................................................................. 26 3.1 Introduction room 23 .................................................................................................................. 26 3.2 Research techniques ................................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Results of sample analysis ........................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Results of stratigraphies .............................................................................................................. 33 3.5 Dating of the layers .................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter 4: 3D modelling technology ..................................................................................................... 40 4.1 Laser-scanning ............................................................................................................................. 40 4.2 Structured Light Scanning............................................................................................................ 41 4.3 Photogrammetry ....................................................................................................................... 42 4.4 3D modelling programs ............................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 5: Modelling process in Blender .............................................................................................. 44 ............................................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapter 6: Possibilities 3D models ........................................................................................................ 47 6.1 Documentation ............................................................................................................................ 48 Visualization ...................................................................................................................................... 55 Dissemination .................................................................................................................................... 59 Chapter 7: Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 62 7.1 Limitations of 3D models ............................................................................................................. 62 7.2 Principles and guidelines ............................................................................................................. 64 2 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 65 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 66 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 67 Appendix 1. Room 23 Appendix 2. Overview decorations room 23 Appendix 3. Overview Stratigraphies Appendix 4. Samples locations Appendix 5. Sample Analysis 3 Introduction 3D modelling technology has been used within the field of cultural heritage for multiple decades and is becoming more and more popular. However, professionals working the area of conservation and restoration of historic interiors have been more hesitant to use this technology, possibly because it is often thought to be expensive, difficult or not adding enough value. However, different techniques to create