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Proquest Dissertations u Ottawa L'Universitd canadienne Canada's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES u Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'University eanadienne Canada's university Jonathan Cloutier M.A. (histoire) Departement d'histoire FTCUlJErE^ «La conciliation au lieu de la coercition» : La politique de desaveu du gouvernement de Wilfrid Laurier (1896-1911) TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Peter Bischoff MecteuT(DTR^ CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR Michel Bock Jan Grabowski Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies « LA CONCILIATION AU LIEU DE LA COERCITION » : LA POLITIQUE DE DESAVEU DU GOUVERNEMENT DE WILFRID LAURIER (1896-1911) Par Jonathan Cloutier These presentee a la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales a titre d'exigence partielle en vue de l'obtention de la maitrise en histoire Univcrsite d'Ottawa ©Jonathan Cloutier, Ottawa, Canada, 2010 Library and Archives BibliothSque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'6dition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votra inference ISBN: 978-0-494-69039-0 Our We Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-69039-0 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie priv£e, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont et£ enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada ii RESUME « LA CONCILIATION AU LIEU DE LA COERCITION » : LA POLITIQUE DE DESAVEU DU GOUVERNEMENT DE WILFRID LAURIER Jonathan Cloutier Superviseur: Universite d'Ottawa, 2010 Peter C. Bischoff L'AANB de 1867 confie le pouvoir de desavouer les lois provinciales au Dominion. Des lors, le gouvernement federal peut annuler n'importe quel acte provincial. II s'agit done d'un pouvoir qui permet au Dominion de transgresser les divisions legislatives enumerees dans l'AANB et par consequent, de s'ingerer dans les affaires des provinces mena?ant ainsi leur autonomie. Bien que ce pouvoir particulier ait suscite l'interet des chercheurs, les etudes a son sujet l'abordent essentiellement sous Tangle de la Confederation et de la lutte pour les droits provinciaux. Cette these porte plutot sur la politique de desaveu du gouvernement de Wilfrid Laurier. Plus particulierement, elle cherche a comprendre comment un gouvernement mene par un provincialiste inlassable, qui craint publiquement le pouvoir de desaveu, a pu opposer son veto a 30 lois provinciales et a 7 ordonnances territoriales. Cette recherche argumente que, sous Laurier, le Dominion utilise le desaveu de maniere tres limitee, afin de ne pas s'ingerer dans les affaires des provinces. Ce desir de non-intervention et une interpretation de l'AANB qui laisse une plus grande place aux provinces, permettent aux liberaux de Laurier de respecter davantage les competences provinciales. De cette maniere, la legislation des provinces qui concerne uniquement leurs competences, e'est-a-dire les lois intra vires, demeure alors en vigueur en depit de la disapprobation du Dominion. iii Ail cours de son mandat, le gouvernement de Laurier a malgre tout du se resoudre a exercer le pouvoir de desaveu. Deux types de lois occasionnent son utilisation: celles qui contreviennent a la politique du Dominion et celles qui sont considerees ultra vires. La premiere categorie vise en grande partie les lois anti-asiatiques de la Colombie-Britannique desavouees etant donne qu'elles contreviennent au traite anglo-japonais. Quant aux lois ultra vires, elles subissent parfois le raeme destin puisqu'elles touchent aux competences du Dominion. Ainsi, le gouvernement de Laurier n'utilise pas le desaveu pour empieter sur les competences des provinces, mais pour proteger les siennes de ce dont il per?oit etre des transgressions provinciales. Le gouvernement de Laurier reussit done a respecter l'autonomie des provinces malgre le fait que son interpretation de l'AANB exige parfois d'exercer son veto. iv REMERCIEMENTS Plusieurs personnes ont contribue au couronnement de cette recherche et je tiens a les remercier. D'abord, un merci sincere a mon directeur de these, Peter Bischoff qui, des notre premiere discussion, s'est investi dans ce projet. Non seulement ai-je profite de sa disponibilite et de son encouragement, mais sa perspicacite, son enthousiasme pour le projet et ses conseils n'ont qu'enrichi cette these. Merci au Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH) et a l'Universite d'Ottawa pour leur appui financier au cours de cette recherche. Je tiens egalement a remercier l'equipe de Bibliotheque et Archives Canada pour l'aide lors du depistage de la documentation. A mes professeurs de l'Universite d'Ottawa, de l'Universite Laurentienne et de l'Universite de Hearst, je vous suis reconnaissant. J'en suis arrive ici grace aux defis que vous m'avez lances au cours de mes etudes. Enfin, je remercie ma famille qui m'a encourage tout au long de ce long trajet. Rares etaient les journees ou je n'entendais pas : « Comment va la these »? Merci a mes amis de m'avoir distrait de temps a autre. Finalement, a Zoe - pour ta comprehension et ta patience - si tu savais comment ta simple presence m'a donne la force a continuer. J'espere pouvoir te revaloir ce sentiment au cours de tes etudes. V TABLE DES MATIERES RESUME ii LISTE DES TABLEAUX vii LISTE DES GRAPHIQUES viii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPITRE 1 L 'EVOLUTION DU POUVOIR DE DESAVEU DE 1864 A 1896 12 1.1 La conception du desaveu 13 1.2 L'unanimite au federal 22 1.3 L'abus et le ressac 29 Conclusion 39 CHAPITRE 2 LE RESPECT DES PROVINCES A L'ORDRE DU JOUR 41 2.1 Les ministres de la Justice liberaux 41 2.2 La communication avec les provinces 49 2.3 La disparition de l'injustice 55 Conclusion 71 CHAPITRE 3 BAPTEME DU FEU : LA COLOMBIE-BRITANNIQUE ET LES LOIS ANTI-ASIATIQUES 73 3.1 Les precurseurs du conflit avec le gouvernement de Laurier 73 3.2 La genese du conflit entre le Dominion et la province 79 3.3 La Colombie-Britannique, terre d'hostilite 87 3.4 Plus 9a change, plus c'est la meme chose 93 Conclusion 99 CHAPITRE 4 LA PROTECTION DES INTERETS DU DOMINION 100 4.1 La primaute de la politique du Dominion 100 4.2 La transgression des frontieres legislatives 110 4.3 Qu'en est-il des territoires canadiens? 125 Conclusion 136 CONCLUSION 137 ANNEXE 1 BIBLIOGRAPHIE Vll LISTE DES TABLEAUX 1. Tableau 3.1 Les lois anti-asiatiques desavouees ou reservees (1867-1911) 77 2. Tableau 4.1 Les lois, autres qu'anti-asiatiques, desavouees puisque opposees a une politique federate (1896-1911) 101 3. Tableau 4.2 Les lois ultra vires desavouees (1896-1911) 115 4. Tableau 4.3 Les ordonnances territoriales desavouees (1896-1911) 128 viii LISTES DE GRAPHIQUES 1. Graphique 1.1 Cas de desaveu par annee (1867-1895) 34 2. Graphique 4.1 Types de lois desavouees par le gouvernement de Laurier 101 LISTE DES SIGLES AANB Acte de l'Amerique du Nord Britannique BAC Bibliotheque et Archives Canada CJCP Comite judiciaire du Conseil prive CPR Canadian Pacific Railway DALPC Debats de l'Assemblee legislative de la Province du Canada DALPNB Debats de l'Assemblee legislative de la Province du Nouveau-Brunswick DCCC Debats de la Chambre des communes du Canada DSPC Documents de la session du Parlement du Canada INTRODUCTION En 1867, le Dominion herite du pouvoir de desavouer les lois provinciales de la Grande- Bretagne qui, auparavant, l'exer9ait a l'egard des lois de ses colonies. Dorenavant, il revient au gouvernement du Canada de s'occuper de la supervision de la legislation provinciale. Au total, le Dominion exerce le desaveu, ce pouvoir controverse qui permet au gouvernement federal d'annuler des lois provinciales, a 112 reprises. Employe pour la derniere fois en 1943 a l'egard d'une loi albertaine intitulee « An Act to Prohibit the Sale of Lands to any Enemy Aliens and Hutterites for the Duration of the War », le veto federal demeure un sujet de discussion au sein du Cabinet au cours des annees 1950. Bien qu'il reste a cette epoque un outil auquel songe le gouvernement federal, ce dernier n'y a jamais recours.
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