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Unit 3 Type Your Te Type your text Unit 3 The Data Link Layer 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 1 Data Link Layer Design Issues • Services Provided to the Network Layer • Framing • Error Control • Flow Control 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 2 Functions of the Data Link Layer • Provide service interface to the network layer • Dealing with transmission errors • Regulating data flow • Slow receivers not swamped by fast senders 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 3 Functions of the Data Link Layer Relationship between packets and frames. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 4 Services Provided to Network Layer (a) Virtual communication. (b) Actual communication. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 5 Services Provided to Network Layer Placement of the data link protocol. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 6 Framing A character stream. (a) Without errors. (b) With one error. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 7 Framing (a) A frame delimited by flag bytes. (b) Four examples of byte sequences before and after stuffing. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 8 Framing Bit stuffing (a) The original data. (b) The data as they appear on the line. (c) The data as they are stored in receiver’s memory after destuffing. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 9 Error Detection and Correction • Error-Correcting Codes • Error-Detecting Codes 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 10 Error-Correcting Codes Use of a Hamming code to correct burst errors. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 11 Error-Detecting Codes Calculation of the polynomial code checksum. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 12 Elementary Data Link Protocols • An Unrestricted Simplex Protocol • A Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol • A Simplex Protocol for a Noisy Channel 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 13 Sliding Window Protocols • A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol • A Protocol Using Go Back N • A Protocol Using Selective Repeat 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 14 Sliding Window Protocols A sliding window of size 1, with a 3-bit sequence number. (a) Initially. (b) After the first frame has been sent. (c) After the first frame has been received. (d) After the first acknowledgement has been received. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 15 A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol Two scenarios for protocol 4. (a) Normal case. (b) Abnormal case. The notation is (seq, ack, packet number). An asterisk indicates where a network layer accepts a packet. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 16 A Protocol Using Go Back N Pipelining and error recovery. Effect on an error when (a) Receiver’s window size is 1. (b) Receiver’s window size is large. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 17 A Sliding Window Protocol Using Selective Repeat (a) Initial situation with a window size seven. (b) After seven frames sent and received, but not acknowledged. (c) Initial situation with a window size of four. (d) After four frames sent and received, but not acknowledged. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 18 Protocol Verification • Finite State Machined Models • Petri Net Models 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 19 Finite State Machined Models (a) State diagram for protocol 3. (b) Transmissions. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 20 Example Data Link Protocols • HDLC – High-Level Data Link Control • The Data Link Layer in the Internet 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 21 High-Level Data Link Control Frame format for bit-oriented protocols. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 22 High-Level Data Link Control Control field of (a) An information frame. (b) A supervisory frame. (c) An unnumbered frame. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 23 The Data Link Layer in the Internet A home personal computer acting as an internet host. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 24 PPP – Point to Point Protocol The PPP full frame format for unnumbered mode operation. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 25 PPP – Point to Point Protocol A simplified phase diagram for bring a line up and down. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 26 PPP – Point to Point Protocol The LCP frame types. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 27 Chapter 3 The Medium Access Control Sublayer 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 28 The Channel Allocation Problem • Static Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs • Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 29 Dynamic Channel Allocation in LANs and MANs 1. Station Model. 2. Single Channel Assumption. 3. Collision Assumption. 4. (a) Continuous Time. (b) Slotted Time. 5. (a) Carrier Sense. (b) No Carrier Sense. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 30 Multiple Access Protocols • ALOHA • Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols • Collision-Free Protocols • Limited-Contention Protocols • Wavelength Division Multiple Access Protocols • Wireless LAN Protocols 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 31 Pure ALOHA In pure ALOHA, frames are transmitted at completely arbitrary times. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 32 Pure ALOHA Vulnerable period for the shaded frame. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 33 Pure ALOHA Throughput versus offered traffic for ALOHA systems. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 34 Persistent and Nonpersistent CSMA Comparison of the channel utilization versus load for various random access protocols. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 35 CSMA with Collision Detection CSMA/CD can be in one of three states: contention, transmission, or idle. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 36 Collision-Free Protocols The basic bit-map protocol. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 37 Collision-Free Protocols The binary countdown protocol. A dash indicates silence. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 38 Limited-Contention Protocols Acquisition probability for a symmetric contention channel. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 39 Adaptive Tree Walk Protocol The tree for eight stations. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 40 Wavelength Division Multiple Access Protocols Wavelength division multiple access. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 41 Wireless LAN Protocols A wireless LAN. (a) A transmitting. (b) B transmitting. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 42 Wireless LAN Protocols The MACA protocol. (a) A sending an RTS to B. (b) B responding with a CTS to A. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 43 Ethernet • Ethernet Cabling • Manchester Encoding • The Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol • The Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm • Ethernet Performance • Switched Ethernet • Fast Ethernet • Gigabit Ethernet • IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control • Retrospective on Ethernet 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 44 Ethernet Cabling The most common kinds of Ethernet cabling. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 45 Ethernet Cabling Three kinds of Ethernet cabling. (a) 10Base5, (b) 10Base2, (c) 10Base-T. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 46 Ethernet Cabling Cable topologies. (a) Linear, (b) Spine, (c) Tree, (d) Segmented. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 47 Ethernet Cabling (4) (a) Binary encoding, (b) Manchester encoding, (c) Differential Manchester encoding. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 48 Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol Frame formats. (a) DIX Ethernet, (b) IEEE 802.3. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 49 Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol Collision detection can take as long as 2τ . 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 50 Ethernet Performance Efficiency of Ethernet at 10 Mbps with 512-bit slot times. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 51 Switched Ethernet A simple example of switched Ethernet. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 52 Fast Ethernet The original fast Ethernet cabling. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 53 Gigabit Ethernet (a) A two-station Ethernet. (b) A multistation Ethernet. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 54 Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet cabling. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 55 IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control (a) Position of LLC. (b) Protocol formats. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 56 Wireless LANs • The 802.11 Protocol Stack • The 802.11 Physical Layer • The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol • The 802.11 Frame Structure • Services 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 57 The 802.11 Protocol Stack Part of the 802.11 protocol stack. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 58 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (a) The hidden station problem. (b) The exposed station problem. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 59 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol The use of virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 60 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol A fragment burst. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 61 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol Interframe spacing in 802.11. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 62 The 802.11 Frame Structure The 802.11 data frame. 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 63 802.11 Services Distribution Services • Association • Disassociation • Reassociation • Distribution • Integration 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 64 802.11 Services Intracell Services • Authentication • Deauthentication • Privacy • Data Delivery 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 65 Broadband Wireless • Comparison of 802.11 and 802.16 • The 802.16 Protocol Stack • The 802.16 Physical Layer • The 802.16 MAC Sublayer Protocol • The 802.16 Frame Structure 1/4/2017 Mr Satyendra Mohan, JIT Barabanki 66 The 802.16 Protocol Stack The 802.16 Protocol Stack.
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