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POVERTY AND MORBIDITY- A STUDY OF TRIBAL COMMUNITIES IN KERALA Thesis submitted to Cochin University of Science and Technology for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Under the Faculty of Social Sciences by NALINAM. M (Reg.No.3669) Under the guidance of Prof. (Dr.) S. HARIKUMAR DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ECONOMICS COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KOCHI-682022 January 2019 Poverty and Morbidity- A Study of Tribal Communities in Kerala Ph.D. Thesis under the Faculty of Social Sciences by Nalinam.M Research Scholar Department of Applied Economics Cochin University of Science and Technology Kerala, India email: [email protected] Supervising Guide Prof. (Dr.) S.Harikumar Professor Department of Applied Economics Cochin University of Science and Technology Kerala, India email: [email protected] [email protected] Department of Applied Economics Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi-682022, Kerala, India January 2019 DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED ECONOMICS COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY KOCHI-682022, KERALA, S. INDIA Phone: 0484-2576030, 2862561 Email: [email protected] Dr. S.HARIKUMAR Professor This is to certify that the Ph.D thesis entitled “Poverty and Morbidity – A Study of Tribal Communities in Kerala” is a bonafide record of research work done by Smt.Nalinam. M (Reg:no:3669) under my supervision and guidance in the Department of Applied Economics in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Cochin University of Science and Technology. The thesis is an original piece of research and has not formed the basis for award of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship, or other similar title of any other University or Board and is worth submitting for the award of Doctor of Philosophy under the Faculty of Social Sciences of Cochin University of Science and Technology. All the relevant corrections and modifications suggested by the audience during the pre-synopsis seminar and recommended by the Doctoral committee have been incorporated in the thesis. Dr. S. Harikumar (Supervising Guide) Kochi 21-01-2019 I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Poverty and Morbidity – A Study of Tribal Communities in Kerala” submitted to the Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-22, for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the faculty of Social Sciences, is the record of bonafide research work done by me under the supervision and guidance of Dr.S.Harikumar, Professor, Department of Applied Economics, Kochi-22. I further declare that this thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or any other title of recognition. Nalinam.M Kochi 21-01-2019 The success accomplished in this work would not have been possible without the timely help rendered by many people whom I really feel obliged and grateful. First and foremost, I am grateful and deeply indebted to my supervising guide Dr.S.Hariumar, Professor, Department of Applied Economics, CUSAT for his scholarly guidance, constant inspiration, unstinted support and cooperation to me for the successful completion of my research work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all, who in one way or another made it possible for the accomplishment of this research. I gratefully thank Dr. P.Arunachalam, Head of the Department of Applied Economics and member of my Doctoral committee. I would like to place a record of my gratitude to Dr. D. Rajasenan, Dr. M. Meerabhai and Dr.K.P.Manoj for their support and encouragement in various ways in completing this work. Iam grateful to non- teaching staffs and also express my sincere thanks to librarians and staff members of the Department libraries of Applied Economics and Management studies and the University library, for all possible library facilities. I thanks all my friends, relatives, fellow researchers and all my well-wishers for the encouragement and support extended towards me. With a feeling of profound gratitude, I acknowledge the invaluable help and valuable suggestions given to me by Dr.T.G.Saji, Assistant professor, Post graduate Department of Commerce and Management studies, Government College, Thrissur. I am greatly indebted to Prof. N.K.Vijayan, former Assistant professor, Department of English, Maharajas College Ernakulam for his valuable assistance in correcting the linguistic inadequacies. I wish to register my thanks to Mrs. Merlin Antony, Dietician, Government hospital Ernakulam for her valuable guidance for this work. I am extremely thankful to all my well-wishers in the Cochin College, Kochi, especially P.Supriya, Professor and Former head of the department, Department of Economics, Dr.K.Sindhu, Associate Professor, Head of the department, Department of Economics, S.Renjith, Assistant Professor, Department of History and Dominic.T.Joseph, Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics for their encouragement and support for this work. I am also thankful to tribal development officers, tribal extension officers and tribal promoters in Wayanad, Idukki and Palakkad district for their co-operation and willingness to share information during the survey period. I am deeply indebted to my family for the support they have offered me throughout the Ph.D programme. I wish I could aptly express my gratitude to my parents K.Mohanankutty Panicker and K.R. Sathidevi for their prayers, motivation, care and support they offered me throughout the Ph.D programme. My special gratitude owe to my sister Navya.M for her loving care and motivation for my research. I owe my loving thanks to my husband Rajesh.S, our little one Adithi.R without their support, love, prayers and tolerance this work would not have been possible. I dedicate this work to my beloved grandparents, Late. Arian. Karunakaran Nair and Late Saraswathi Amma, Late C.R.Rajan Menon and Ammalu Amma for their encouragement in the past, and showering of blessings from Heavens in the present, I would not have achieved this task. Above all, I praise the Almighty God for the abundance blessings showered upon me to complete this humble work. Nalinam.M Chapter-1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 1-11 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….... 1 1.2 Importance of the study………………………………………………. 3 1.3 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………... 4 1.4 Objectives of the study………………………………………………...7 1.5 Hypothesis of the study……………………………………………….. 7 1.6 Methodology………………………………………………………….. 8 1.7 Analysis of the study………………………………………………….. 9 1.8 Limitation of the study………………………………………………... 9 1.9 Chapter scheme……………………………………………………….. 9 References…………………………………………………………….. 11 Chapter-2 Review of Literature…………………………………………... 12-56 2.1 Review of Literature………………………………………………… 12 2.1.1 Socio –Economic and Demographic Studies on Tribes……………... 13 2.1.2 Education related Studies on Tribes………………………………….16 2.1.3 Employment and Income related Studies on Tribes………………… 21 2.1.4 Study on land alienations among the Tribes………………………….24 2.1.5 Poverty related Studies on Tribes…………………………………….27 2.1.6 Health and Nutritional status related Studies on the Tribes………... 30 2.1.7 Research Gap……………………………………………………….. 39 References…………………………………………………………... 40 Chapter-3 Theoretical Frame Work……………………………………... 57-82 3.1 Sen Index of Poverty………………………………………………… 57 3.2 Human Poverty Index……………………………………………….. 58 3.3 Poverty Entitlement, Functioning, Being and Wellbeing…………….59 3.4 The Capability Approach and Poverty Analysis…………………….. 64 3.5 Sen’s Four “Limitations” of the Entitlement Approach……………...67 3.6 Multidimensional Poverty Index…………………………..................67 3.6.1 Superiority of MPI compared to Capability Approach…………….... 69 3.6.2 Importance of Multidimensional Poverty Index in the Study…………………………………………………………….. 71 3.6.3 Methodological weakness of MPI…………………………………...71 3.6.4 Limitations of the MPI……………………………………………… 72 3.7 Poverty and Health Status…………………………………………... 73 3.8 Poverty and Health Framework……………………………………...75 References……………………………………………………………79 Chapter-4 Tribal Economy: an Overview……………………………….. 83-159 4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 83 4.2 A Brief History of Tribes in Kerala…………………………………... 85 4.3 Primitive Tribal Groups in Kerala State…………………………… 94 4.4 Educational Status of Tribes in Kerala…………………………….. 95 4.5 Employment Status of Scheduled Tribe Population………………. 114 4.6 Land Alienation………………………………………………….... 118 4.7 Income Status of Tribes in Kerala……………………………….... 123 4.8 Infrastructure facilities of Tribal Households in Kerala................... 125 4.8.1 Housing Conditions……………………………………………….. 125 4.9 Poverty Status among Tribes in Kerala…………………………… 132 4.10 Health Status of Tribes in Kerala………………………………….. 135 4.11 The intensity of the Tribal problems in Attappadi………………… 150 4.11.1 Incidence and Intensity of Health and Nutritional Problems in Attappadi…………………………………………….. 151 4.11.2 Causes of Malnutrition Deaths…………………………………….. 152 References………………………………………………………….. 154 Chapter-5 Socio Economic Conditions of Tribals………………………. 160-185 5.1 Demographic Particulars…………………………………..................... 160 5.2 Social conditions of tribes………………………………....................... 175 5.3 Details of Land and Assets……………………………………………. 179 References……………………………………………………………... 185 Chapter-6 Poverty…………………………………………………………. 186-220 6.1 Introduction………………………………………………………. 186 6.1.1 Chronic illnesses………………………………………………….. 187 6.1.2 Acute illnesses……………………………………………………. 188 6.1.3 Scaling of Multidimensional Poverty Index…………................... 193 6.1.3.1
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