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Benthic Invertebrate Communities and Their Responses to Selected Environmental Factors in the Kanawha River Basin, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina

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Benthic Invertebrate Communities and Their Responses to Selected Environmental Factors in the Kanawha River Basin, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Benthic Invertebrate Communities and Their Responses to Selected Environmental Factors in the Kanawha River Basin, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina By Douglas B. Chambers and Terence Messinger Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4021 National Water-Quality Assessment Program Charleston, West Virginia 2001 U.S. Department of the Interior BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 11 Dunbar Street Box 25286 Charleston, WV 25301 Denver, CO 80225-0286 Information regarding the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is available on the Internet via the World Wide Web. You may connect to the NAWQA Home Page at: http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/nawqa_home.html/. Cover photo: Heptageniidae Mayfly nymph. Photo by Howell Daly, printed with permission of the North American Benthological Society. Foreword The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is committed aquifer while providing an understanding of how and to serve the Nation with accurate and timely scientific why water quality varies regionally and nationally. The information that helps enhance and protect the overall consistent, multi-scale approach helps to determine if quality of life, and facilitates effective management of certain types of water-quality issues are isolated or per- water, biological, energy, and mineral resources. Infor- vasive, and allows direct comparisons of how human mation on the quality of the Nation’s water resources is activities and natural processes affect water quality and of critical interest to the USGS because it is so integrally ecological health in the Nation’s diverse geographic and linked to the long-term availability of water that is clean environmental settings. Comprehensive assessments on and safe for drinking and recreation and that is suitable pesticides, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, trace for industry, irrigation, and habitat for fish and wildlife. metals, and aquatic ecology are developed at the national Escalating population growth and increasing demands scale through comparative analysis of the Study-Unit for the multiple water uses make water availability, now findings. measured in terms of quantity and quality, even more The USGS places high value on the communica- critical to the long-term sustainability of our communi- tion and dissemination of credible, timely, and relevant ties and ecosystems. science so that the most recent and available knowledge The USGS implemented the National Water-Qual- about water resources can be applied in management and ity Assessment (NAWQA) Program to support national, policy decisions. We hope this NAWQA publication will regional, and local information needs and decisions provide you the needed insights and information to meet related to water-quality management and policy. Shaped your needs, and thereby foster increased awareness and by and coordinated with ongoing efforts of other Federal, involvement in the protection and restoration of our State, and local agencies, the NAWQA Program is Nation’s waters. designed to answer: What is the condition of our The NAWQA Program recognizes that a national Nation’s streams and ground water? How are the condi- assessment by a single program cannot address all water- tions changing over time? How do natural features and resource issues of interest. External coordination at all human activities affect the quality of streams and ground levels is critical for a fully integrated understanding of water, and where are those effects most pronounced? By watersheds and for cost-effective management, regula- combining information on water chemistry, physical tion, and conservation of our Nation’s water resources. characteristics, stream habitat, and aquatic life, the The Program, therefore, depends extensively on the NAWQA Program aims to provide science-based advice, cooperation, and information from other Federal, insights for current and emerging water issues. State, interstate, Tribal, and local agencies, non-govern- NAWQA results can contribute to informed decisions ment organizations, industry, academia, and other stake- that result in practical and effective water-resource man- holder groups. The assistance and suggestions of all are agement and strategies that protect and restore water greatly appreciated. quality. Since 1991, the NAWQA Program has imple- mented interdisciplinary assessments in more than 50 of the Nation’s most important river basins and aquifers, referred to as Study Units. Collectively, these Study Units account for more than 60 percent of the overall Robert M. Hirsch water use and population served by public water supply, Associate Director for Water and are representative of the Nation’s major hydrologic landscapes, priority ecological resources, and agricul- tural, urban, and natural sources of contamination. Each assessment is guided by a nationally consis- tent study design and methods of sampling and analysis. The assessments thereby build local knowledge about water-quality issues and trends in a particular stream or Foreword V CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Description of the Kanawha River Basin................................................................................................................................................ 2 Purpose and Scope................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Study Design ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Fixed-Site Network Design and Sampling............................................................................................................................................... 6 Coal-Mining Synoptic Survey Design and Sampling ............................................................................................................................... 11 Invertebrate Sample Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Land-Use Data........................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Seasonal Variability in the Data Set........................................................................................................................................... 13 Benthic Invertebrate Communities.................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Comparison of Samples Collected as Part of the Fixed-Site Network ..................................................................................................... 16 Comparison of Communities in Kanawha River Coal-Mining Region........................................................................................................ 29 Effects of Selected Environmental Factors ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Environmental Influences upon Communities at Fixed Sites.................................................................................................................... 34 Environmental Influences upon Communities in the Coal-Mining Region of the Kanawha River Basin ................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Similarities among Benthic Invertebrate Communities in the Coal-Mining Region of the Kanawha River Basin...................................................................................................................................................... 36 Comparison of Benthic Invertebrate Group Attributes in the Coal-Mining Region of the Kanawha River Basin...................................................................................................................................................... 39 Environmental Gradients Affecting Benthic Invertebrate Communities in the Coal-Mining Region of the Kanawha River Basin ....................................................................................................................... 47 Summary and Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................................................
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