Antarc Tic 11 OFTHE IIUNITED U STATES

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antarc tic 11 OFTHE IIUNITED U STATES

December 1985 National Science Foundation Volume XX—Number 4

How Weddell seals defy In this issue... the bends How Weddell seals defy the bends ...... 1 Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) by humans, pressure within the lungs Sea-ice microorganism aids can dive to depths greater than 500 meters increases, and more gas is dissolved in the biotechnological research ...... 3 and remain submerged for more than an bodys fluids. As a diver ascends, inert Optics of snow and sky...... 3 hour. They can ascend rapidly without gases, like nitrogen, must be eliminated, William J . Merrell appointed experiencing decompression sickness or or nitrogen bubbles form in the blood and Assistant Director for AAEO.... 6 nitrogen narcosis, two hazards commonly body tissues, which have become super- New staff at DPP ...... 6 faced by human divers. During deep dives saturated with nitrogen. This painful Surface balance in ice drainage systems of Antarctica ...... 6 Ohio State University acquires Byrd papers ...... 14 Geology of the northern Chilean Weddell seals rest on the sea ice near Ross Island. Consummate divers, Weddell seals are Canals: Hero cruise 84-6 ...... 16 able to dive meters or more and remain submerged for more than hour. Until recently, 500 1 U.S. criminal jurisdiction available data only suggested how these seals survive such great depths over long time periods, but with the aid of computers, scientists, supported by the National Science Founda- extended to Antarctica ...... 18 tion, have begun to unravel this mystery. Sailing directions for Antarctica updated ...... 18 NSF photo by Ann Hawthorne. Antarctic research proposal deadline ...... 18 Sea ice atlas available...... 19 Translations available...... 20 Foundation awards of funds for antarctic projects, 1 July to 30 September 1985 ...... 20 I Weather at U.S. stations ...... 23 S

and sometimes fatal condition is decompression sickness which is known as the "bends." Nitrogen narcosis occurs when gaseous nitrogen in the blood is under the high pressure like that experienced at depths greater than 30 meters; under these conditions dissolved nitrogen has a nar- cotic effect on the diver.

Until recently biologists had only indi- rect evidence of how Weddell seals can dive to great depths and ascend rapidly without encountering either of these conditions. Anatomical studies and laboratory experiments in which Weddell seals underwent simulated dives suggested that at a certain depth the small air sacs (alveoli), which line the lungs and through which kilograms, and transported them to a site physical changes that occurred as seals gases are exchanged, collapse. This mech- on the 3-meter-thick sea ice of McMurdo dived. They programmed the computer to anism would protect the seal from the Sound. The selected site was 6 kilometers pump blood samples for 90 seconds at buildup of nitrogen in its system during from the nearest natural crack in the ice. selected depths during descent or ascent compression. Two 1-meter-diameter holes were drilled or after a specified length of time. Forty- in the ice. Over one of the holes a small seven samples were collected during dives In the 9 August 1985 issue of Science observation hut with a hole in its floor by the four seals to depths as great as 230 Warren Zapol of Massachusetts General was erected; the other hole provided the meters. Hospital in Boston and researchers from seals with an entrance to and exit from the United States, West Germany, Aus- the water. This arrangement ensured that tralia, and New Zealand reported the results the seals would return to the experiment Results of a 1983 investigation that provide the site to breathe after each dive since they The values of blood nitrogen tension first direct observations in support of this had nowhere else to breathe. from 29 samples showed that by the time theory. By using a specially designed com- the seals had reached 50 to 70 meters the puter-controlled system, they were able to After each seal had been anesthetized, amount of nitrogen in their blood had make in situ measurements, follow blood the researchers placed a catheter in a fore- peaked. As the dive progressed, blood nitro- nitrogen tension, and record other physi- flipper artery and advanced it to the aorta gen tension decreased. After analyzing cal changes as Weddell seals dived beneath for blood sampling. To monitor the seals sequential blood samples, the biologists McMurdo Sound sea ice. heart rate, they attached electrocardiogram combined these data with data on heart (ECG) leads to seals flipper and then con- rate, dive velocity, and depth. This analy- Description of the experiment nected the leads to an 8-bit microcomputer sis confirmed that the maximum concen- Dr. Zapol and his colleagues chose four backpack system. The microcomputer, tration of nitrogen occurred at approxi- male seals, weighing between 350 and 450 which was glued along with blood sam- mately 30 meters. pling equipment to the seals dorsal fur, also controlled a pressure-resistant sub- These results provide direct evidence that mersible peristalic pump to draw blood a Weddell seal protects itself from decom- through the catheter. In the observation pression sickness and nitrogen narcosis hut, a larger computer recorded heart rate, by limiting the lungs uptake of nitrogen diving depth, swimming velocity, and aortic and redistributing nitrogen to other parts blood temperature transmitted from the of the body. Nitrogen uptake stops when instrument pack while the seal rested on the gas-exchanging aveoli collapse at ap- the surface. proximately 28 meters; the blood nitrogen tension is further reduced by redis- With the backpack computer Zapols tributing the nitrogen to other organs and research team could observe directly the tissues. Blood samples taken between 200

Editor Winifred Reuning Antarctic Journal of the United States, established in 1966, reports This photograph shows a Weddell seal with the 8-bit microcomputer used by Dr Zapols on U.S. activities in Antarctica and research team to monitor changes in the seals body during deep dives. related activities elsewhere, and on NSF photo courtesy of Warren ZapøI. trends in the U.S. Antarctic Research Program. It is published quarterly (March, June, September, and De- cember) with a fifth annual review issue by the Division of Polar Pro- grams, National Science Foun- dation, Washington, D.C. 20550. 4r Telephone: 202/357-7817. 5$

The Antarctic Journal is sold by the copy or on subscription through the U.S. Government Printing Office. Re- quests for prices of individual issues and subscriptions, address changes, and information about other subscription matters should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C. 20402.

The Director of the National Science Foundation has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business required by law of this agency. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget through 31 March 1986.

Antarctic Journal Sea-ice microorganism aids biotechnological research

Since 1980 Cornelius Sullivan and a team that catalytically are efficient to 0°C or ,/fr / of biologists from the University of South- that are able to be inactivated at moderate ern California (USC) have studied micro- temperatures. Dr. Sullivan suggests that algae and bacteria that grow in antarctic these bacteria, which have not been exam- sea ice. In August 1985 Dr. Sullivan and ined previously for antibiotic production, two USC microbiologist, Hiroaki Shizuya "may also be important sources of new and Hiromi Kobori, announced that they antibiotics." had isolated a new type of enzyme that Because the USC biologists found that may be useful in gene synthesis and clon- these bacteria often carry an extrachromo- ing from one of the antarctic microorgan- somal element called plasmids, they sug- isms. Dr. Sullivan, who is director for gest that plasmids are ubiquitous in natu- marine biology research at USC, and his ral microbial populations in the pristine associates describe the new enzyme as "50 marine ecosystem of Antarctica. times more potent" in its action than commonly used enzymes. Enzymes—proteins formed in plants, animals, and bacteria—act as catalysts in starting or speeding specific chemical reac- NSF photo courtesy of Warren Zapol. tions. In gene synthesis and cloning, an References A Weddell seal comes up for air at one of the enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (APase), is isolated breathing holes drilled for this experi- used to remove certain groups of phos- Kottmeier, S.T., A.M. Muscat, L.L. Craft, ment. The electrocardiogram lead with the phate from RNA (ribonucleic acid) and J.E. Kastendiek, and C.W. Sullivan. computer backpack in the background are 1984. Ecology of sea-ice microbial com- visible in this photograph. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA car- ries genetic information used to construct munities in McMurdo Sound, Antarc- living cells; RNA controls protein produc- tica, in 1983. Antarctic Journal of the tion in cells. Currently, an APase isolated United States, 19(5), 129-131. from the bacterium Escherichia coli (E.coli) is used in laboratories conducting genetic md 230 meters indicate that the amount engineering experiments. The disadvan- )f nitrogen in the seals blood never reaches tage of E.coli APase is that it is extremely evels high enough to produce nitrogen heat-resistant. Because simple heat treat- arcosis. ment cannot be used to inactivate E.coli APase, laboratories must use more elabo- They also found that hemoglobin con- rate procedures. mt increased during the first 17 minutes f a dive. The higher hemoglobin concen- Through their research in McMurdo ration increases the solubility of nitrogen Sound and the Weddell Sea, USC biolo- the blood by 8 to 10 percent and con- gists found that a group of bacteria in the ibutes to the decreased blood nitrogen sea ice grows rapidly in the permanently nsion during the dive. If tissues like mus- cold environment. In this environment sea- Optics of the snow les and blubber, which have a 4.5-time water temperatures average -1.81°C, salin- eater capacity to dissolve inert gases, are ity is up to 5 times normal seawater, and and sky lied with blood during a dive, they also light typically measures less than 1 per- Air, clouds, and surfaces alter the way e available for nitrogen redistribution, cent of incident light (Kottmeier et al., we see light through combinations of four hich would lower the blood nitrogen ten- 1984). According to Dr. Sullivan, the ability basic mechanisms: reflection, refraction, n further. of the bacterium to grow rapidly in antarctic [I diffraction, and scattering. The best known waters "suggests that the metabolism of of these optical phenomena is the rain- When the seal reaches the surface, blood the bacteria is remarkably adapted to the bow. Although rain and rainbows are rare ntrogen tension is low and enables the environment and that bacterial machinery is in Antarctica, colors are produced in the se I to surface without experiencing decom- very efficient at sub-zero temperatures for polar atmosphere. Though not familiar to p ession sickness during rapid decompres- synthesis of macromolecules such as DNA, most people, such optical phenomena as si n. Although blood samples that were RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids." le t at normal pressure did release bub- halos, coronas, glories, iridescent clouds, bl s, the biologists believe that this gas The low temperatures at which the sea- fog bows, blue snow, and green ice are re ains in solution long enough for the ice bacteria grow suggested to Drs. Sul- among the most beautiful and prominent se 1 to eliminate the gas by exhaling. livan, Shizuya, and Kobori that certain in nature. adaptations of these bacteria might be use- Because of its geographic location and any of the mechanisms that allow ful to man. From the bacteria they iso- environment, Antarctica provides ideal con- W ddell seals to dive to great depths and lated and purified a new type of APase. ditions for viewing these phenomena of ra idly return to the surface are still Not only is this enzyme 50 times more the sky and snow. From mid-October unkknown. However, by using computer potent than E.coli APase, but also it can through mid-February, most of Antarc- technology Dr. Zapol and his colleagues be deactivated easily by heating. have extended scientific understanding of tica receives continuous sunlight. Low, how Weddell seals reduce the risk of Besides the APase, the antarctic bacte- near-constant sun angles enhance many decompression sickness and nitrogen nar- ria may provide sources for identifying optical effects, as well as their visibility. cosis. additional new types of useful enzymes When the Sun is close to the horizon, the

December 1985 sky near the sun can be scanned more Light scattering also causes the more clouds when persistent winds suspend easily than when the Sun is near its zenith. subtle coloring seen in light reflected from snow crystals several meters above the sur- "bubbly" ice in frozen waterfalls and ice- face. These "cloudless" halos are most fre- The flat ice shelves and polar plateau bergs, but in this case trapped air bubbles quently seen on the antarctic plateau where have wide unobstructed vistas that opti- in the ice scatter the light. The effect is at times vast halo complexes, including mize viewing. The cold, dry climate helps seen most easily when bright, white snow more than a half dozen halo phenomena, form optical phenomena and improve view- sharply contrasts with the pale bluish-green can occur. ing. Even during the austral summer, snow ice. and ice rarely melt except along the coasts; consequently, clouds that form over the The reflected color of ice can be used to Coronas. Coronas are colored areas of continent are predominantly composed of estimate the strength and age of ice. For light, usually no more than a few degrees ice crystals or supercooled water droplets. example, first-year ice formed in the Ross in radius, and are arranged concentrically These ice crystals on the surface and in Sea is white because it is full of bubbles in alternating bands of blue or green and the sky create optical effects. that give it the same sparkling appearance red around the Sun or Moon. They are, as snow. There are so many bubbles that perhaps, less well understood than halos, light travels only a short distance before it with which they are often confused. is scattered out of the ice. Little light absorp- Surface optics tion occurs. During the summer, the ice Coronas are not caused by refraction in Firnspiegel. Under the right conditions, surface melts; later new ice layers com- ice crystals, like the colors in halo phen- snow and ice can take on unexpected col- press the remaining air bubbles. Any light omena, but rather by diffraction of light ors. Firnspiegel, a German word meaning that enters this ice travels a longer dis- around the small water droplets, typically "ice mirror," is a dazzling, colorful phe- tance within the ice before it emerges. This less than 50 micrometers in diameter, that nomenon that is seen sometimes on freshly reflected light appears blue-green or blue. form the cloud. Diffraction results from fallen snow or hoarfrost when the air tem- Thus blue ice, with fewer air bubbles, tends the differential bending of the constituent perature is below freezing (0°C) and the to be older and stronger than white ice. wavelengths of white light. It is explained Sun is less than about 20° above the hor- by the wave theory of light. When light izon. Some unusual radiative properties passes by small waterdrops in a cloud, of snow may produce the uirnspiegel. Sun- circular waves that originate on either side light that is not reflected by the snow sur- of the droplets combine with the original face passes through the surface layer and Sky optics light wave and cause light to travel out at is absorbed below. At a depth of a few Halos. Halos, which can rival rainbows an angle to the original direction. Con- centimeters, the snow may warm enough in beauty, are visible in polar and non sequently, the droplets deflect the light in to melt, while at the surface heat loss to polar regions. Few people have observed such a way that light is reinforced in some the sky by infrared radiation keeps the halos and their related phenomena because places and eliminated in others. The more temperature of the snow below freezing. many of these displays are brightest when uniform the size of the droplets, the purer Infrared radiation from within the snow found near the Sun. However, many of the colors of the corona. Smaller diffract- tends to be passed from crystal to crystal the most common and prominent halo phe- ing droplets create larger rings or sets of and does not escape the snowpack except nomena are far enough from the Sun that colors. A corona is faintly visible in almos at the surface. With the proper combina- they can be seen easily. every type of cloud but is strongest i tion of sunlight, temperature, and melt- altocumulus or cirrocumulus clouds. Halos are most often formed in veils of ing, a fragile layer of ice forms at the sur- cirrus, cirro-stratus, or cirro-cumulus face. Composed of individual crystals, clouds. They are caused by refraction and which act as tiny prisms, this firnspiegel Iridescent clouds. Occassionally cloud scintillates with color. reflection of light through the faces of the countless hexagonal ice crystals that com- display beautiful tints and colors. Whe4i pose these clouds. The most important detached areas of a corona are seen afr types of crystals for halo formation are bands, spots, and strips of colors, the phd- long pencil crystals and flat plate crystals. nomenon is known as iridescence. Witi Blue snow and green ice. Snow is more sunglasses one may observe iridescer4t than just a uniformly white surface. Holes When the crystals are very small (diamet- clouds near the solar disk; however, fr - in snow reveal a deep blue; crevasses in ers less than about 20 micrometers), they quently, iridescent clouds can be direct glaciers and tunnels in snow also appear are almost always randomly oriented, but observed at considerable distances fro to be blue. In frozen waterfalls or icebergs large hexagonal plate crystals are oriented the Sun. They are most often sighted abo a subtle bluish-green tinge is often visible with their faces nearly horizontal, while 5 0 to 200 (seldom more than 300) aw y but frequently overlooked. Both color large hexagonal pencil or column crystals from the Sun. For those that are close o effects are created by the way snow grains are oriented with their long axis horizon- the Sun, an angular distance of about (agglomerated snowflakes or ice crystals) tal. Each of these crystal groups can pro- is critical to the iridescence—a cloud w 11 or ice-trapped air bubbles scatter and absorb duce its own class of halo. Sometimes the look ordinary until it reaches this positi n light. crystals assume preferred orientations where a coronal ring would be bright if due to their aerodynamic properties. The the cloud cover were complete. Sudden y, Pure ice absorbs more red light than regularity of the shapes of these crystals the cloud transforms into blue, green, r blue light, but the ice must be many meters causes the symmetry of the light phenom- pink. thick before transmitted light appears ena. Many ice clouds show no halo phe- noticeably blue. At much shallower depths, nomena because the crystals are of the At greater angular distances, the size of snow produces the same effect because of wrong shape to refract the light in the the droplets in various parts of the clotds multiple scattering. The ice grains that make same way as a prism does. is more important. Droplets, for example, up snow scatter most of the incoming light. are smaller on the edges of a cloud whre This scattering increases the distance that Members of the halo family include they are evaporating, so the colors are disri- the light travels as it bounces from grain colorful and graceful circles, arcs, pillars, buted not in arcs but in horizontal bards to grain before it reaches a certain depth, and spots, which can appear in many places or spots that seem to follow the contours generally deeper than about 0.5 meters. in the sky. (See Greenlers description of of the clouds. The best clouds for observ- This longer path allows more absorption halos in the Antarctic Journal, Vol. XII, ing iridescence are altocumulus, altostratus, to occur and produces the bluish color. No. 4.) Halos can exist in the absence of and lenticular clouds that are lens-shaped

Antarctic Journal wave clouds often seen above mountain droplets that produce fog bows are super- Fraser, Alistair, B. 1975 "Meteorological ranges. cooled and remain liquid at temperatures Optics." In The Atmosphere by R. A. well below freezing (0°C). A fog bow, Anthes et al. (eds). Columbus, Ohio: Glories and fog bows. Glories are com- which is also produced by diffraction, has Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company. mon in high-latitude regions where the the appearance of a wide white band that low sun angle allows a person to easily may be tinged with red or orange along its come between the Sun and a fog or cloud outer edge. Greenler, Robert. 1977. "Optical Effects bank. They are most easily seen when one Resulting From Airborne Ice Crystals," is riding on the shadow side of an air- Although Antarctica is a white conti- Antarctic Journal of the U.S., Vol. XII plane above the clouds. The clouds below nent, the variety of optical phenomena that (4). provide the necessary water droplets. can be observed at the surface and in the sky add color to the environment. It does, A glory ring is caused by diffraction, but however, take a little time to become famil- Greenler, Robert. 1980. Rainbows, Halos unlike the corona a glory is created by a iar with these phenomena and to learn and Glories. Cambridge University ring of light that seems to emanate from where to look and what to look for. Press. the edges of the waterdrop. Some of the light emerges from the droplet and is Minnaert, M. reflected towards the Sun. The light return- —James Foster, Hydrological Sciences 1954. The Nature of Light and Color in the Open Air. Translated ing to the Sun from the different drops Branch, Laboratory for Terrestrial Phys- by H. M. Kremer-Priest, revised by K. interferes with the incoming light to cre- ics, National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ate circular zones of darkness and bright- ministration, Goddard Space Flight Cen- E. Brian Jay. Reprint, New York, New ness. Two requirements must be met to ter, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771. York: Dover Publications. see a glory. One must look away from the Sun, and many small water droplets must Schaaf, Fred. 1983. Wonders of the be present in the area where the glory is Sky. New York, New York: Dover to appear. Publication. References Although rainbows are rarely seen in the Antarctic, fog bows are fairly com- Bohren, Carl. 1983. "Simple Experiments Schlatter, Thomas. 1984. Weather Quer- mon near coasts and on ice shelves. As in Atmospheric Physics - More About ies, Firnspiegel: An Ice Mirrow", with glories and coronas, the small cloud Colors," Weatherwise, Vol. 36 (6). Weatherwise, Vol. 37 (6).

ns protrude through the east antarctic ice sheet near the Beardmore Glacier. NSF photo by Ann Hawthorne.

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MEN "11

Dekember 1985 William J. Merrell appointed New staff at DPP Assistant Director for AAEO John Lynch has joined the Division of Polar Programs staff as program manager In October 1985 the Senate confirmed ence Foundation. He was research pro- for the polar upper atmosphere and mete- the appointment of William J. Merrell, Jr., gram management systems officer for the orology programs. He succeeds Benson as Assistant Director of the National Sci- Office for the International Decade of Fogle, who resigned in June 1985. Before ence Foundations (NSF) Directorate for Ocean Exploration (IDOE) from 1972 to coming to the National Science Founda- Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and 1973 and was executive officer for IDOE tion, Dr. Lynch was a space plasma phys- Ocean Sciences (AAEO). Dr. Merrell, who from 1974 to 1977. ics program scientist at the headquarters was nominated by President Reagan in Sep- of the National Atmospheric and Space tember 1985, has been a professor of oceano- A graduate of Sam Houston State Col- Administration. Previously, he was a staff graphy at Texas A&M University (TAMU) lege, Dr. Merrell earned his bachelor degree scientist in space physics at Los Alamos and Director of the universitys Division in physics and mathematics in 1965 and National Laboratory. Dr. Lynch also has of Atmospheric and Marine Sciences dur- his masters degree in 1967. He was awarded been a research scientist in the space physics ing 1985. He succeeds Francis S. Johnson, a Ph.D degree in oceanography in 1971 group of the University of Wisconsin. He who has taken a position at the University by Texas A&M University. He also has received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in of Texas at Dallas. published many papers on oceanography and is a member of several professional physics from the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Merrells scientific interests include and scientific organizations. ocean research management, the dynam- To coordinate the responsibilities as- ics of internal waves, and mesoscale and Dr. Merrell is one of seven NSF Assis- signed to the Foundation under the Arctic large-scale circulation patterns. Before tant Directors, who with the Foundations Research and Policy Act, Jerry Brown has becoming director of the atmospheric and Deputy Director, assist the Director and joined DPP as the head of the Arctic marine sciences division at TAMU, he was the 24-member National Science Board in Research and Policy staff. Throughout his Associate Dean of TAMUs College of Ceo- maintaining U.S. strength in scientific career Dr. Brown has focused on arctic sciences and principal investigator of the research, improving science, mathematics research. Immediately before joining Ocean Drilling Program (1983-1985). The and engineering education, and aiding in DPP, he was at the U.S. Armys Cold Ocean Drilling Program, which receives disseminating scientific information. Regions Research and Engineering Labora- funding from the National Science Foun- tory, where he studied soils, permafrost, dation, is an international effort to explore By Presidential directive, the National and the arctic environment. In the 1970s the structure and history of the earth Science Foundation manages and budgets he directed and coordinated two major beneath ocean basins. While at Texas for U.S. activities in Antarctica. The Divi- Foundation-sponsored studies of arctic tun- A&M, he also was Director of the univer- sion of Polar Programs, which is part of dra. Besides serving on the National Acad- sitys Earth Resources Institute of the Col- the Directorate for Astronomical, Atmos- emy of Sciences Polar Research Board lege of Geosciences (1983-1984) and has pheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences, has been (PRB), he has chaired the PRB Committee served as manager and administrator in tasked by the Director to carry out these on Permafrost. At DPP Dr. Brown will many oceanography-related projects. duties. It awards grants for research in assist in coordinating federal arctic research Antarctica and procures logistics and sup- and in implementing arctic science policy Previously, Dr. Merrell held various port from the Navy, the Coast Guard, other as recommended by the U.S. Arctic Re- management positions at the National Sci- government agencies, and the private sector. search Commission.

Surface balance in ice drainage systems of Antarctica

Data regarding the surface mass bal- shelves (BoC, EoF, and HoK, respectiv- into a larger number of simpler sys ance of the antarctic ice sheet (figure 1) ely) that are shown in figure 2 drain most along one or more of the following: are important for many geophysical and of the deep interior and are contiguous glaciological studies. Such data help scien- along segments of the major interior divides • other segments of the main conti tists understand the dynamics and history (aoc and jo). The other three (CE, FJ, and tal divides (aa, cc, gj); of the entire ice sheet, as well as the differ- KB) represent most of the periphery of • divides defining systems of conver - ences between inland and coastal ice drain- the continent and are more coastal in ing flow (e.g. GH) or diverging flow (e. age systems. This report updates the map character. CC); of the mass balance rate on the antarctic ice sheet and provides a new delineation Because these six systems are physio- • flow lines in ice shelves that are exte - of ice drainage systems (table 1, figure 2) graphically complex, we subdivided them sions of outlet glacier boundaries (B , B based on the latest surface elevation com- E) or that mark where major ice rises divi e pilation for Antarctica (Drewry, 1983a). ice flow (E", J"); The divides in the maps were placed according to Drewrys topographic com- • flow lines that define areas with Antarctica has six major drainage sys- pilation, which shows 100-meter contour ferent surface-slope orientations rela tems. The three that issue through the intervals; some may seem displaced on the to the incoming lower-troposphere f] Amery, Ross, and Filchner-Ronne ice simplified map of figure 2. an important characteristic for meted

Antarctic Jou FIM@UL I.11. On most ice streams, there is uncertainty as to where the "grounding lines" sepa-

MAUD rate the floating ice shelves from the (more or less) grounded ice streams. The loca- YAMAT0f MIZUHO MTS. tions we have adopted are shown by dashed PLATEAU lines in figure 2. These correspond to those shown on the GEBCO map of Antarctica o (Canadian Hydrographic Service, 1980). The dotted lines depict possible bound- EAST C c,LcuN:RciI 2^AMER V aries of the ice streams, as Drewry (1983a)

LAMBERT 01. suggested in his compilation. Fortunately, the ice streams and the ice shelves into which they feed invariably lie in the same drainage system, so the exact position of WEST \b the grounding line does not affect calculations of the overall mass balance of those ANIC\ICA systems.

To update a compilation of surface INTERNATIONAL ANTARCTI\CA,^ mass balance rates prepared in 1968 by ROSS I.111. GLACIOLOGICAL Bull (1971), we have incorporated newer PROJECT data for the sites shown in table 3. We AREA JV used this updated compilation, which

AL includes measurements at some 1,500 locations, to draw a contour map of surface mass balance (figure 3) and to estimate 0 500ko, -, the total and mean surface balance rates for each drainage system (table 4).

Figure 1. Antarctica, showing features and stations mentioned in the text. Cross sections a, Besides giving additional data, our map c, and dare illustrated in figures 4 and 5. differs from most earlier ones because of the way we have treated conflicting data sets. In each region where the reported measurements were incompatible, we found one data set to be more reliable than the logical studies of the surface mass balance sion reduces the total area under consider- other(s). Rather than averaging these re- (A, A, A", D, D, D", F, I, I, J, and K). ation to 13,706,000 square kilometers. sults, we used only the best data.

Several secondary criteria also were considered. For example, I"i separates two topographically distinct systems while Figure 2. Surface elevation 0.5-kilometer contour intervals (modified from Drewry, 1983a) and retaining the integrity of the Larsen Ice drainage divides. Intersections of divides with the coast are marked by capital letters; intersections Shelf drainage system. in the interior are marked by lower case letters. A K The work map from which figure 2 was produced is a polar stereographic projection (scale: 1:10,000,000 at parallel 71°S). In calculating areas, we accounted for the slight change in scale with latitude that characterizes this projection. The total area was adjusted proportionally to agree closely with the latest value calculated for the area of Antarctica-13,918,000 square kilometers (Drewry, 1983b). Our total-13,908,000 square kilometers—does not match this value exactly because of roundoff error. In our compilation "conterminous grounded ice" includes exposed rock surrounded by or adjacent to inland ice; "ice shelves" include glacier tongues, ice rises, ice-linked islands, and rock exposed in those features.

In this paper we have omitted system IJ (202,000 square kilometers), which comprises the narrow, mountainous peninsula of Graham Land (II" and II"), and the similarly mountainous eastern portion of Palmer Land (I"J) because the extremely rugged topography makes averages of surface mass balance meaningless. This exclu-

Decdmber 1985 7 Table 1. We encountered some problems in pre- Coastal terminal points of drainage system boundaries (capital letters) paring figure 3 for small-scale reproduc- and intersection points of flow boundaries on ice shelves with the tion. In some places the balance rate gradi- ents are too steep to show all the isopleths grounding lines (second lines under A, B, B", E, E, (for example, inland from Syowa Station). E", I", J, and J"). In other places (particularly on steep slopes near the outer edge of the grounded ice sheet) local "reversals" in the regional trend Latitude of the surface balance rate occur on too Point 0S Longitude Location small a scale to be shown.

A 70.1 003.50E Front of Fimbul Ice Shelf For labeling we carried many isopleths 70.9 004.0 Grounding line, Fimbul Ice Shelf A 68.6 034 Riiser-Larsen Peninsula in coastal areas "to sea" although they A" 67.0 048.5 Dingle Dome should be closed over the land; this also produces some inaccuracies. For example, B 68.5 070 Northwest corner of Amery Ice Shelf B 68.7 071 Front of Amery Ice Shelf the pattern shown on the eastward slopes 73.4 066 Northeast edge of Mt. Rubin of the Law Dome does not fully use the B" 68.9 072 Front of Amery Ice Shelf data available for the area (Budd, 1970; 73.6 068.5 Near southern end of Mawson Budd and Young, 1979). Other isopleths Escarpment are extended across a cape or an embay- ment to show a pattern (for example, in C 69.8 073.5 Northeast corner of Amery Ice Shelf Co 66.1 105 Eastern end of grounding line of the Cape Norvegia area). Still other iso- Shackleton Ice Shelf pleths simply indicate the balance rate attributed by interpolation or extrapola- D 66.1 134 Point west of Dibble Glacier basin tion to an area for computation purposes. D 69.2 158 Williamson Head An example of this is in the Transantarc- D" 74.9 164 Cape Russell tic Mountains area where the very large E 77.5 169 Cape Crozier areal variability of accumulation (Giovin- 78.3 165.7 Eastern slope of Mt. Discovery etto, 1963; Bull and Carnein, 1970) and E 78.2 179.5 Barrier, Ross Ice Shelf many net ablation areas (Calkin, 1964; Rob- 85.6 132°W Ford Nunataks inson, 1984) cannot be shown. E" 78.6 164.5 Front of Ross Ice Shelf (Bay of Whales) 80.6 144 Grounding line, Ross Ice Shelf We positioned most of the isopleths by (between ice streams D and E) interpolation or extrapolation based on sur- F 77.9 158 Northeast corner of Ross Ice Shelf face elevation, surface slope, and regional F 75.9 146 Unnamed cape, northwest end of assumptions of such atmospheric variables Ford Ranges as condensation levels, direction of incom- G 73.9 114 Cape Herlacher ing lower-troposphere flow, and intensity and direction of surface air drainage (Rubin H 73.7 103.5 Canisteo Peninsula and Giovinetto, 1962; Schwerdtfeger, H 73.3 081 Wirth Peninsula 1970). We also considered the distance from 68.8 067.5 Cape north of Wordie Ice Shelf the coast and/or seasonal pack-ice outer I 63.4 056.9 Northeast coast of Trinity Peninsula boundaries, as well as the frequency and I" 69.5 061.5 Front of Larsen Ice Shelf extent of polynyas (Zwally et al., 1983). 69.6 062.4 West coast of Ste fansson Strait For some regions, we quantitatively corre- lated surface balance and other variables 74.8 061.5 Northwest corner of Filchner-Ronne that may be valid locally (for examples Ice Shelf J, 75.9 056.0 Front of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf see Lorius, 1962; Robin 1977) but did not 79.5 076.5 Northwest slope of Skytrain Ice Rise attempt to apply any more general rela- 77.8 046 Approximate mid-point along north coast tionships (Choriton and Lister, 1970; Mus- of Berkner Island zynski and Birchfield, 1985) either to draw 82.0 051.7 Northwest slope of Dufek Massif isopleths or to check the validity of their K 77.8 035 Northeast corner of Filchner-Ronne Ice pattern. Shelf K 70.9 010 Western end of grounding line of Ekstrom The surface mass balance rates shown Ice Shelf in figure 3 depart significantly from those on published surface balance charts (Bull, Source: Maps of Antarctica by American Geographical Society (1:5,000,000; 1970) and Scott 1971; Kotlyakov et al., Robin, Polar Research Institute (1:600,000; 1983). 1974; 1983). This is evident in the small rates indicated for vast areas in the interior, the large values indicated for many coastal areas, and the reduced rate found in some narrow zones near the ice margin. These differen- The surface balance isopleth pattern surface balance rates by more than a few ces, as well as some of the problems with shown in figure 3 is likely to change as percent in most of the systems listed in contouring discussed above, are consid- additional data become available. However, table 4. There also may be values from ered in a paper to be published elsewhere we believe that the changes will not be smaller subsystems or basins that are not (Giovinetto and Bull, in press). large enough to alter the total and mean representative of the listed systems within which they lie (for examples, see Shimizu Some of these features are illustrated in et al., 1978; Morgan and Jacka, 1981; Mor- figures 4 and 5. "Typical" distributions A line drawn on a map through points gan et al., 1982; Potter et al., 1984; Lind- of surface mass balance rates are obtained having the same numeric value. strom and Hughes, 1985). in cross-sections of the main inland ice of

Antarctic Journal both East and West Antarctica, including relatively minor ice shelves (figure 4). "Atypical" distributions are obtained along longitudinal sections of drainage systems of the major ice shelves (figure 5). In the Amery Ice Shelf system, high rates of defla- 4,. tion and sublimation in the Lambert Basin (McIntyre, 1985) and on the ice shelf proper (Budd et al., 1967, 1982) result in very low rates of surface balance in areas close to the grounding line. In the Ross Ice Shelf system at large distances from the coast, a low surface that lies below the lifting condensation level of advected air (Rubin and Giovinetto, 1962) is present. This also results in low rates of surface balance close to the grounding line, in this case because accumulation rates are low. The isopleth pattern in figure 3 suggests that close to the grounding line in the western part of the cilchner-Ronne Ice Shelf system the situation may be similar. We used the following procedures to calculate the areal sums of the surface balance rate from the contour map: • In areas bounded by two isopleths of different value, the mean value was as- signed to the whole area. 0 Figure 3. Map of surface mass balance rates in 100 kilograms per square meter per year.

Figure 4. Profiles a and b: surface elevation and surface mass balance rate across the main inland ice portions of both East and West Antarctica. The location of the profiles is shown in figure 1. F:a

82 30 S / 02 3 FrrbuI is Sed oo MIS Dumont d Urotlie Beglnlolq of Intersection of 90 00F 66 40S profile c profile th 0 Sookrrr 139 50 E

0 72 30S— #.Jones MIS MI Wooliard Mrrny Beginning of II.Ie,,,I000r 93 30 W Abbot IS M to the east88 SOS of 66 3S profile of 180 00 profile a Hock MIS 10 the west 0 soOk 93 00E

December 1985 9

• To extrapolate beyond an isopleth, Table 2. one-quarter of the contour interval was Areas of drainage systems. added or subtracted, as appropriate.

• In areas bounded by a single isopleth Conterminous Ice shelves, Total or two of the same value, the boundary Grounded ice Ice rises, and islands ice sheet (in 1,000 square (in 1,000 square (in 1,000 square value was decreased (or increased) by 40 System kilometers) kilometers) kilometers) percent of the contour interval. AN 613 92 705 South of Amery Ice Shelf (Budd et al., AA" 411 3 414 1967, 1982) and in Queen Maud Land (Pic- A"B 222 3 225 ciotto et al., 1970, 1971), some areas are Total AB 1,246 delineated, respectively, by isopleths of zero 98 1,344 and 20 kilograms per square meter per year. BB 227 22 249 These areas are specifically shown because BB" 870 31 901 they represent well-documented regional B"C 183 22 205 features that are characterized by a discon- Total BC tinuous distribution of snow accumula- 1,280 75 1,355

tion. In calculating the surface balance rates CC, 725 82 807 for the corresponding drainage systems, CD 1,144 15 1,159 we did not specifically consider the zone in Queen Maud Land because the value Total CD 1,869 97 1,966 there is not significantly different from DD 726 10 736 the average (30 kilograms per square meter DD" 121 27 148 per year) used for the entire region within D"E 265 19 284 the isopleth of 50 kilograms per square meter per year. However, the zone south Total DE 1,112 56 1,168 of the Amery Ice Shelf, where the balance EE 1,615 218 rate is generally a few tens of kilograms 1,833 EE" 497 315 812 per square meter per year (positive or negat- E"F 163 50 213 ive), was integrated separately with a mean of zero. Total EF 2,275 583 2,858 FF Parallel to the grounding line and the 55 24 79 FG 142 ice terminus where the surface slope ap- 66 208 proximates or exceeds 1 percent (gener- Total FG 197 90 287 ally a zone between 50 and 100 kilometers wide), year-round surface air drainage, win- GH 411 20 431 ter long-wave and sensible heat fluxes, HH 82 51 133 and summer insolation combine to create HI 113 121 234 numerous "patches." In these areas, dis- continuous and intermittent deflation and Total HI 195 172 367 sublimation occur, as well as relatively less JJ, 249 124 frequent but widespread melting and evap- 373 891 288 1,179 oration. These sporadic phenomena are not J"K 1,668 136 1,804 discussed here; a sampling of the type and scale of processes that must be considered Total JK 2,808 548 3,356 have been discussed by others including KK Budd (1967), Weller (1968), Okuhira and 250 82 332 KA 184 58 Narita (1978), Watanabe (1978), and Fujii 242 and Kusunoki (1982). The result is a reduc- Total KA 434 140 574 tion of the balance rates in these areas. Adjustments for this can be achieved (Giov- Total, all systems 11,827 1,879 13,706 inetto, 1964); they are applied here with minor modifications—principally updat- ing the estimate of the areas affected (table 4 1 columns 2-4). —Mario B. Giovinetto, Department of Antarctica, 1968-71. Japanese Antarc- The estimates of the overall mean bal- Geography, University of Calgary, Calg- tic Research Expedition Report (Gla- ance rates for the conterminous grounded ary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4, and Charles ciology) (T. Ishida, ed.), 17: 38-47. ice (124 kilograms per square meter per R. Bentley, Geophysical and Polar Research Barkov, N.J. 1974. Akkumuliatsiia snega year), the ice shelf areas (263 kilograms Center, University of Wisconsin, Madi- na profile Mirnyi-Vostok v 1970-1973 per square meter per year), and the whole son, Wisconsin 53706. gg. (Snow accumulation on the Mirnyy- ice sheet (143 kilograms per square meter Vostok profile, 1970-1973.) Akadesila per year) are within previous error esti- nauk SSSR. Institut geografii. mates (Giovinetto, 1964; Bull, 1971). Pre- Mater- ialy gliatsiologicheskikh isslevodanii. liminary composite error estimates are Khronika obsuzhdeniia 24: 255-257. approximately plus or minus 10 percent. References Bishop, J. F., and J. L. W. Walton. 1981. This contribution is number 441 of the Ageta, Y., and 0. Watanabe. 1972. Net Bottom melting under George VI Ice Geophysical and Polar Research Center, accumulation of snow by stake mea- Shelf, Antarctica. Journal of Glacio- University of Wisconsin at Madison. surements in Mizuho Plateau, East logy, 27(97): 429-447.

10 Antarctic Jou1nal Table 3. Hydrographic Organization and the Recent data used to update surface mass balance rates. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Com- mission (UNESCO).

Location of measurements Reference Chorlton, J. C., and H. Lister. 1970. Snow accumulation over Antarctica. In Inter- Fimbui Ice Shelf Neethling, 1970 national Symposium on Antarctic Gla- southern Queen Maud Land Picciotto et al, 1971 ciological Exploration. (A. J. Cow, et al., eds.), lASH Publ. 86: 254-263. Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf Gjessing and WoId, 1982 Clausen, H. B., W. Dansgaard, J. 0. Niel- Ageta and Watanabe, 1972 Yamato Mountains-Mizuho Plateau sector sen, and J. W. Clough. 1979. Surface Yamada and Watanabe, 1978 accumulation on the Ross Ice Shelf. Takahashi, 1984 Nakawo et al, 1984 Antarctic Journal of the U.S., XIV(5): 68-72. eastern Enderby Land Morgan and Jacka, 1981 Drewry, D. J. 1983a. The surface of the Amery Ice Shelf Budd et al, 1982 Antarctic ice sheet. In Antarctica: Gla- Lambert Glacier basin McIntyre, 1985 ciological and Geophysical Folio (D. J. Drewry, ed.), Scott Polar Research International Antarctic Glaciological Project area Raynaud et al, 1979 Institute, University of Cambridge, Young et al, 1982 Sheet 2. east-central East Antarctica Vinogradov and Lorius, 1972 Barkov, 1974 Drewry, D. J. 1983b. Antarctic ice sheet Lorius, 1975 thickness and volume. In Antarctica: Bolzan et al, 1979 Glaciological and Geophysical Folio Palais et al 1982 (D.J. Drewry, ed.), Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Law Dome and Wilkes Land Budd, 1970 Budd and Young 1979 Sheet 4.

Ross Ice Shelf Clausen et al, 1979 Fujii, Y. and K. Kusunoki. 1982. The role Thomas et al, 1980 and 1984 of sublimation and condensation in the Warburton and Young, 1981 formation of ice sheet surface at Miz- Grootes and Stuiver, 1983 uho Station, Antarctica. Journal of Geo- physical Research, 87(C6): 4293-4300. western Palmer Land Bishop and Walton, 1981 Peel and Clausen, 1982 Ciovinetto, M. B. 1963. Glaciological stud- Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf-north-central ies on the McMurdo-South Pole trav- and northwestern portions Kohnen, 1982 erse, 1960-1961. Ohio State University Reinwarth et al, 1982 Research Foundation, Institute of Polar Reinwarth and Graf, 1985 Studies Research Report, 7: 39 pp.

Giovinetto, M. B. 1964. The drainage systems of Antarctica: Accumulation. In Antarctic snow and ice studies (M. Mel- lor, ed.), American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series, 2: 127-155. ^olzan, J. F., J. M. Palais, and I. M. Whil- Budd, W. F., M. J. Corry, and T. H. Jacka. tans. 1979. Glaciology of Dome C area. 1982. Results from the Amery Ice Shelf Giovinetto, M. B., and C. Bull. In press. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., XIV(5): project. Annals of Glaciology, 3: 36-41. Summary and analysis of surface bal- 100-101. Bull, C. 1971. Snow accumulation in Ant- ance compilations for Antarctica, 1960- 85. Ohio State University Research 1967. Ablation from an antarctica. In Research in the Antarctic Iudd, W. F. Foundation, Institute of Polar Studies, arctic ice surface. In Physics of Snow (L. Quam, ed.), American Association Columbus. and Ice (H. Oura, ed.), Institute of Low for the Advancement of Science, Wash- ington, D.C., 367-421. Temperature Science, Hokkaido, 1: Gjessing, Y., and B. Wold. 1982. Abso- 431-446. Bull, C., and C. R. Carnein. 1970. The lute movements, mass balance, and snow mass balance of a cold glacier: Me- temperatures of the Riiser-Larsenisen Budd, W. F. 1970. The Wilkes Ice Cap serve Glacier, South Victoria Land, Ant- (abstract). Annals of Glaciology, 3: 346. project. In International Symposium on arctica. In International Symposium on Antarctic Glaciological Exploration. (A.J. Antarctic Glaciological Exploration. Grootes, P. M., and M. Stuiver. 1983. Ross Gow, et al., eds.), lASH Publ. 86: (A. J. Gow, et al., eds.), lASH Publ. Ice Shelf and Dome C: Oxygen-isotope 414-428. 86:. 429-446. analysis. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., XVII(5): 76-78. Budd, W. F., and N. W. Young. 1979. Calkin, P. E. 1964. Geomorphology and Results from the IAGP flowline study glacial geology of the Victoria Valley Kohnen, H. 1982. Glaciological investiga- inland of Casey, Wilkes Land, Antarc- system, southern Victoria Land, Antarc- tions in the frontal zone of the Filchner tica. Journal of Glaciology, 24(90): tica. Ohio State University Research and Ronne Ice Shelves. Annals of Gla- 89-101. Foundation, Institute of Polar Studies ciology, 3: 160-165. Research Report, 10: 66 pp. Budd, W. F., I. Landon Smith, and E. Wish- Kotlyakov, V. M., N. I. Barkov, I. A. Los- art. 1967. The Amery Ice Shelf. In Phys- Canadian Hydrographic Service. 1980. eva, and B. N. Petrov, 1974. Novaia ics of Snow and Ice, (H. Oura, ed.), General bathymetric chart of the oceans: karta pitaniia lednikovogo pokrova Institute of Low Temperature Science, Antarctic Sheet. Published in Ottawa Antarktidy. (New map of the accumu- Hokkaido, 1: 447-467. under the authority of the International lation on the Antarctic Ice Sheet). Mater.

D cember 1985 11 4 0 eau, East Antarctica, 1969-1975, (T. Ish- a, I.) ida, ed.), Memoires, National Institute ,3. of Polar Research, Tokyo, Special Issue No. 7: 140-153. 2 D 0 2 Palais, J. M., I. M. Whillans, and C. Bull. 1• 1 1952. Snow stratigraphic studies at Dome C, East Antarctica: An investigation of depositional and diagenetic 4 processes. Annals of Glaciology, 3:, 3 239-242.

2 Peel, D. A., and H. B. Clausen. 1982. Oxygen-isotope and total beta-radio- Uj O L I activity measurements on 10 m ice cores 0 Mellor GI. from the Antarctic Peninsula. Journal Amery Profile a Mt Rubin Mt.Stinear 685OS of Glaciology, 28(98): 43-55. 81 40S Lambert GI. 30 40E 300km (to the west) Picciotto, E., W. de Breuck, and C. Crozaz. 1970. Snow accumulation along the South Pole-Dronning Maud Land traverse. In International Symposium on Antarctic Glaciological Exploration. (A.J. d Gow,etal., eds.), lASH Publ. 86:18-22.

Picciotto, E., C. Crozaz, and W. de Breuck. 1971. Accumulation on the South Pole- Queen Maud Land traverse, 1964-1968. In Antarctic Snow and Ice Studies II 4 4 (A. P. Crary, ed.), American Geophysical 3 Union, Antarctic Research Series, 16: CE2 257-315. .2cu

a) Potter, J. R., J. G. Paren, and J. Loynes. C r! 1984. Glaciological and oceanographic calculations of the mass balance and Profile b Mt.Chapman 78 1 Ice Stream C ROSS I S 17 900E oxygen-isotope ratio of a melting ice 82 00 S Mt.Seelig Steershead 9730W shelf. Journal of Glaciology, 30(105): 0 300km 161-170. Figure 5. Profiles c and d: surface elevation and surface mass balance rate across parts of the Ross and Amery ice shelves drainage systems. The location of the profiles is shown Raynaud, D., C. Lorius, W. F. Budd, and in figure 1. N. W. Young. 1979. Ice flow along an IAGP flow line and interpretation of data from an ice core in Terre Adelie, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 24(90):103-115. Reinwarth, 0., and W. Graf. Glyatsiol. Issled. Khronika Obsanden- Morgan, V. I., T. H. Jacka, C. J. Aker- 1985. Neuere Untersuchungen zur Akkumulation iya 24: 248-255. man, and A. L. Clarke. 1982. Outlet auf dem Filchner/Ronne-Schelfeis. In glacier and mass-budget studies in Lindstrom, D., and T. J. Hughes. 1985. Enderby, Kemp, and MacRobertson Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Pro gramm Downdraw of the Pine Island Bay drain- (H. Kohnen, ed.), Alfred-Wegene Lands, Antarctica. age basins of the west antarctic ice Annals of Glaciol- ogy, 3: 204-210. Institute for Polar Research, Bremer sheet. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., haven, 2: 7-17. XIX(5): 56-58. Muszynski, I., and G. E. Birchfield. 1985. The dependence of antarctic accumula- Reinwarth, 0., W. Rauert, W. Stichlerl, Lorius, C. 1962. Contribution to the knowl- tion rates on surface temperature and and H. Moser. 1982. Preliminary investiL edge of the antarctic ice sheet: A syn- elevation. Tellus, 37A(2): 204-208. gations on accumulation at the Filchner/ thesis of glaciological measurements in Ronne Ice Shelves and Atka Bay. Annals Terre Adélie. Journal of Glaciology, Nakawo, M., H. Narita, and T. Isobe. 1984. of Glaciology, 3: 274-278. 4(31): 79-92. Glaciological research program in east Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica, Part Robin, G. de Q. 1977. Ice cores and cli- Lorius, C. 1975. Glaciological studies at 2, 1983. Japanese Antarctic Research matic change. Philosophical Transac- Dome C. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., Expedition (Glaciology ll),96: 80. tions, Royal Society of London, B., 280: X(4): 159. 143-168. Neethling, D. C. 1970. Snow accumula- McIntyre, N. F. 1985. A reassessment of tion on the Fimbul Ice Shelf, western Robin, C. de Q. 1983. General glaciology. the mass balance of the Lambert Gla- Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. In In The Climatic Record in Polar Ice cier drainage basin, Antarctica. Jour- International Symposium on Antarctic Sheets (C. de Q. Robin, ed.), Cambridge nal of Glaciology, 31(107): 34-38. Glaciological Exploration (A. J. Cow, University Press: 94-97. et al., eds.), lASH Publ. 86: 390-404. Morgan, V. I., and T. H. Jacka. 1981. Mass Robinson, P. H. 1984. Ice dynamics and balance studies in East Antarctica. In Okuhira, F., and H. Narita. 1978. A study thermal regime of Taylor Glacier, south Sea Level, Ice, and Climatic Change (I. of formation of a surface snow layer. Victoria Land, Antarctica. Journal pf Allison, ed.), IAHS Pubi. 131: 253-269. In Glaciological Studies in Mizuho Plat- Glaciology, 30 (105): 153-160.

12 Antarctic Jour al

Table 4. Antarctic Research Expedition (Gla- Surface mass balance rates. ciologylO),94: 15-61.

Adjustments Conterminous Ice shelves Thomas, R. H., D. R. MacAyeal, C. R. Deflation Ablation Grounded ice ice rises, Total ice sheet Bentley, and J . L. Clapp. 1980. The creep and islands of ice, geothermal heat flow, and Roo- System Area2 Mass Mean Total Mean Total Mean Total sevelt Island. Journal of Glaciology, 25(91):47-60. AA 26 6.6 - 132 81.1 500 46.0 180 127.1 AA" 33 4.1 2.3 95 39.2 250 0.8 97 40.0 A"B 47 3.5 3.4 122 27.1 250 0.8 124 27.9 Thomas, R. H., D. R. MacAyeal, and D. H. Eilers. 1984. Glaciological studies Total AB 118 147.4 486 47.6 145 195.0 on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, 1973- 1313 25 1.9 - 80 18.1 157 3.5 87 21.6 78. American Geophysical Union, Ant- BB" - - - 28 24.4 84 2.6 30 27.0 arctic Research Series, 42: 21-43. BC 16 1.6 - 67 12.3 254 5.6 87 17.9

Total BC 43 54.8 156 11.7 49 66.5 Vinogradov, 0. N., and C. Lorius. 1972. Evaluation of the results of snow accu- CC 63 12.6 2.1 179 129.6 600 49.2 222 178.8 mulation measurements along the Mirny CD 61 13.7 4.1 152 174.4 550 8.3 158 182.7 Observatory-Vostok Station profile on the basis of Soviet-French investiga- Total CD 163 304.0 593 57.5 184 361.5 1964 and 1969. Soviet Antarc- tions in 141 103.6 83: DD 49 8.7 1.6 138 100.1 350 3.5 tic Expedition Information Bulletin, 40.9 DO" 18 3.2 0.9 260 31.4 350 9.5 276 237-240. D"E 8 .8 - 74 19.6 200 3.8 82 23.4

Total DE 136 151.1 300 16.8 144 167.9 Warburton, J. A., and L. G. Young. 1981. Estimating rates of snow accumulation EE 25 2.5 - 55 89.6 179 39.0 70 128.6 in Antarctica by chemical methods. jour- EE" - - - 136 67.6 106 33.4 124 101.0 nal ofGlaciology, 27(96): 347-357. E"F - - - 155 25.3 148 7.4 154 32.7

Total EF 80 182.5 137 79.8 92 262.3 Watanabe, 0. 1978. Stratigraphic studies

FF 233 12.8 300 7.2 253 20.0 of snow cover in Mizuho Plateau. In

FG 47 8.3 - 211 30.0 400 26.4 271 56.4 Glaciological Studies in Mizuho Plat- eau, East Antarctica, 1969-1975 (T. Ish- Total FG 217 42.8 373 33.6 266 76.4 ida, ed.), Memoirs, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Special Issue GH 19 4.7 - 394 162.2 500 10.0 400 172.2

HH 19 9.6 - 798 65.4 1000 51.0 875 116.4 No. 7: 154-181.

HI 38 11.5 - 441 49.8 400 48.4 420 98.2 Weller, G. 1968. The annual heat energy 6al HI 591 115.2 578 99.4 585 214.6 transfer above and inside antarctic blue

JJ 30 3.8 - 298 74.1 170 21.1 255 95.2 ice. In IUGG General Assembly of Bern,

JJ" 23 2.3 - 95 85.0 143 41.2 107 126.2 Commission of Snow and Ice, Reports J"K 26 1.9 - 48 79.8 168 22.9 57 102.7 and Discussions (W. Ward, ed.), lASH Publ. 79: 417-428. otal JK 85 238.9 155 85.2 97 324.1

KK 47 7.1 - 174 43.4 400 32.8 230 76.2 Yamada, T., and 0. Watanabe. 1978. Esti- KA 49 8.7 - 140 25.7 350 20.3 190 46.0 mation of mass input in the Shiraze

KA 159 69.1 379 53.1 213 122.2 and the Soya drainage basins in Miz- uho Plateau. In Glaciological Studies 14.4 124 1,468.0 263 494.7 143 1,962.7 Dtal, all systems - 117.1 in Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, 1 1012, kilograms per year 1969-1975 (T. Ishida, ed.), Memoirs, 21 ,000 square kilometers National Institute of Polar Research, kilograms per square meter per year Tokyo, Special Issue No. 7: 182-197.

Young, N. W., M. Pourchet, V. M. Kot- lyakov, P. A. Korolev, and M. B. Dyug- Rubin, M. J., and M. B. Giovinetto. 1962. 1978. Glaciological aspects and mass erov. 1982. Accumulation distribution Snow accumulation in central West Ant- budget of the ice sheet in Mizuho Plat- in the IAGP area, Antarctica: 909°- arctica as related to atmospheric and eau. In Glaciological Studies in Miz- 150°E. Annals of Glaciology, 3: 333- topographic factors. Journal of Geo- uho Plateau, East Antarctica, 1969-1975. 338. physicalResearch, 67(13): 5163-5170. (T. Ishida, ed.), Memoirs, National Insti- tute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Special Zwally, H. J., J . C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, Schwerdtfeger, W. 1970. The Climate of Issue No. 7: 264-274. W. J. Campbell, F. D. Carsey, and P. the Antarctic. In World Survey of Cli- matology. (S. Orvig, ed.). Amsterdam: Takahashi, S. 1984. Net accumulation of Gloersen. 1983. Antarctic sea ice, 1973- The Netherlands: Elsevier. 253-355. snow by stake method in 1982. In Gla- 76: Satellite passive-microwave obser- ciological Research Program in East vations. NASA, Scientific and Techn- Shimizu, H., 0. Watanabe, S. Kobayashi, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica, Part ical Information Branch, Washington, T. Yamada, R. Naruse, and Y. Ageta. 1, 1982-1983 (F. Nishio, ed.), Japanese D.C., 206 pp.

December 1985 13 tica since the 1920s may be gained by researching these papers.

History of the collection When Admiral Byrd died in 1957, Mrs. Byrd retained his expedition records and personal papers at the family home on Brimmer Street in Boston, Massachusetts. She intended to continue his work in some manner and to create a memorial in Bos- ton to his accomplishments. Ownership of the family home eventually was trans- ferred to the Byrd Foundation, and a suit- able memorial was discussed with the Admirals friends. These plans were not fulfilled, however. When Mrs. Byrd died in 1974, possession of the papers was vested in the State Street Bank and Trust Com- pany, the executor of her estate.

During the last 11 years, material was added to the Brimmer Street collection, including expedition files and other mate- Post card photograph of Arthur Walden, who rial that had been kept at Admiral Byrds was responsible for the dogs during the Byrd office in the Boston Navy Yard. In 1983 Antarctic Expedition (1928-1930). additional papers were discovered in the William C. Pappas photograph courtesy of the Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University. basement of a friends home in Newton, a Boston suburb; these also were added to Formal portrait of Rear Admiral Richard E. the collection. These three groups of papers Byrd, USN (Ret.), taken by William C. Pap- Antarctica in which Byrd participated—the and files comprise the material purchased pas in 1942. Byrd is wearing a formal Navy U.S. Antarctic Service Expedition (1939- uniform; his decorations include the Medal by the Ohio State University. 1941), Operation Highjump (1946-1947) and the beginning of the International Geo- of Honor, Navy Cross, and the Distinguished The papers contain material from Byrds Flying Cross. physical Year expeditions long career in the Navy and from his two (1954-1957). arctic and five antarctic expeditions. Al- Personal material in the collection in- though they are especially rich in files from cludes records of Byrds Navy service, the personally financed and directed expe- including his service in the Navy before ditions, they also contain material from his first independent polar expedition. His the government-sponsored expeditions to World War I service as commander of U.S. Ohio State University acquires Byrd papers Post card photograph from the Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1928-1930) with three expeditio In July 1985 the Institute of Polar members manhauling a sledge in Antarctica. Studies of the Ohio State University acquired the personal and professional papers of Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, USN (ret.). The collection, which fills more than 35 file cabinets, contains the records of Byrds seven arctic and antarctic expeditions between 1925 and 1957, as well as manuscripts and financial records. The university purchased the collection from the estate of Byrds widow, Marie Ames Byrd, for $155,000. Admiral Byrd intro- duced to antarctic research such modern methods of exploration as airplanes, heli- copters, aerial photograph, and long-range radio communications. Although he has been credited with establishing the foundations of modern U.S. antarctic program, he ran most of his expeditions as an individual rather than a representative of the U.S. government, and records of the early expeditions in other collections are sparse. The collection acquired by Ohio State will enable historians to better evaluate Byrd and his contributions to our national history in Antarctica and to the modern U.S.A. Antarctic Program. Additionally, new insights as to national interests in Antarc-

14 Antarctic Jourial daughter and the daughter of Edsal Ford, who was one of his two primary financial backers. The flight occurred on 9 May, and Byrd claimed success. He was wel- comed home by cheering crowds and high honors. The foreign press, especially in Scandi- navia and Italy, raised questions as to whether or not Byrd had reached the North Pole. After Byrds death, in 1957 these questions surfaced again. Even now, almost 30 years later, the question has not yet been fully resolved. Since this collection contains significant material from the 1926 arctic expedition, a fresh examination of the entire event may be possible.

Material from Byrds antarctic expeditions comprises a large segment of the collection. Many files deal with fund raising for the expeditions, procuring sup- plies and equipment, selecting personnel, and conducting operations, as well as the r publicity that established Byrds status as this countrys most active polar explorer. Ship and radio logs give a daily picture of Post card photograph of the radio antenna towers at Little America during the winter of 1929. expedition activities. Hundreds of photo- The scene was lighted with photographic flares. graphs and many charts, along with letters written by Byrd and his wife, enhance the value of the collection.

Naval Air Forces in Canada is reflected in ary airplane was a Fokker tn-motor named In 1955 Bryd was designated U.S. Ant- some detail, as is his World War II service after Josephine Ford, Henry Fords grand- arctic Projects Officer by President Dwight as a special assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations.

Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, USN (Ret.), speaking at the departure ceremonies for the USS The collection provides a detailed account Atka in November 1954. Atka sailed from Boston to search for potential sites for coastal bases of his activities in the polar regions. Byrd in Antarctica for the International Geophysical Year research program. Commander Glen began polar work in 1923 when he was Jacobsen, Atkas captain, is to Byrds left. asked to develop navigation plans for the Photograph courtesy of the Institute of Polar Studies. flight of the Navy dirigible Shenandoah from Alaska to Spitsbergen via the North Pole. Although President Calvin Coolidge cancelled this flight because of the national economy, the experience led Byrd to his first trip to the polar regions. In 1925 he commanded a Naval Flying Unit attached to the Donald B. MacMillan expedition to Etah, Greenland. Encoded radio communications between Byrd and the Navy epartment concerning difficulties with acMillan are included in the collection. uring this expedition, Byrd and his en- isted Navy pilot, Floyd Bennett, made sev- ral flights and were the first to fly over nd photograph the interior of northern reenland. They also explored Canadas llsmere Island from the air, an event that aused the Canadian government some on(ern.

The major portion of the collection covers e 1926 North Pole flight expedition and is first two antarctic expeditions (1928- 1 30 and 1933-1935). In 1926 Byrd took Iave from the Navy. After raising funds f om private benefactors, he sailed for Spits- b rgen where he planned to base his two airplanes, fly to the North Pole, and con- d ct other exploratory flights. His prim-

15 December 1985 D. Eisenhower when the antarctic portion the memorials centerpiece. Temporarily Because of its extreme southern loca- of the International Geophysical Year was the papers is housed in the Ohio State tion, the southwest coast of the South developing. The papers contain material University Libraries. Cataloging is expected America should have been affected by related to this office and augment records to take at least a year, but once the collec- southern hemisphere climatic and oceanic held by the National Archives and Records tion is inventoried and cataloged, the doc- changes earlier than other southern con- Administration in Washington, D.C. uments will be available for research. tinents. By studying the biogeographic histories of faunas and floras from this The future of the collection region, we hope to develop a precise chro- Ohio State University plans to estab- —Peter J. Anderson, Institute of Polar nology for antarctic glacial history and its lish a memorial to Byrd at the Institute of Studies, Ohio State University, Colum- effects on climate and ocean patterns in Polar Studies. The new collection will be bus, Ohio 43210. the Southern Hemisphere.

We know from our work on Seymour Island (near the eastern coast of the Ant- arctic Peninsula) that the high southern latitudes were important to the development of shallow- and deep-marine com- munities in the middle and low latitudes of the Pacific basin. Data obtained in the Chilean Canal region, when compared with Geology of the northern the Seymour Island data, will help us to Chilean Canals: Hero cruise 84-6 determine the timing and extent of the northward migration of antarctic marine Editors note: Hero cruises in Chiles 200-nautical-mile zone were conducted with the faunas during the Late Cenozoic as well assistance and permission of the Chilean government. In June 1983 representatives of as the role that cooler ocean water has had the U.S. and Chilean governments signed an agreement that outlines a cooperative plan in the development of modern marine fau- for research conducted aboard the Hero. To fulfill one requirement of this agreement, nas in the Pacific basin. NSF publishes the final reports of these cruises in the Antarctic Journal. Hero was the National Science Foundations antarctic research ship from 1968 through 1984. During Preliminary observations from the 1984 the austral winters, when ice prevented work in the far south, Hero operated in the cruise Subantarctic and along the southern coasts of South America. Huafo island. We collected data from the Plio- Pleistocene sequence along the southeast coast of the island from Estero Tres Calles to Caleta Samuel. A compari- son of Darwins field notes and the collec- Between 27 August and 22 September Preliminary analysis of these collections tions he made with our observations clearly 1984, U.S. and Chilean geologists used indicated that deposits ranged in age from indicates that Darwin collected his sam- the research ship Hero to study the geol- Early Miocene to Pleistocene (about 20 mil- ples from this part of Huafo Island. ogy of the islands along the northern half lion to 5 million years old). The presence of the Chilean Canals. By using a small of a number of subtropical taxa in the Because of calm sea conditions during ship like Hero we were able to reach other- fauna suggested that the marine environ- the afternoon of 28 August, we were able wise inaccessible islands. Our objective was ment along this part of South America to land several times along the south coast to study in greater detail areas that had was warmer during the early Neogene than Huafo Island between Playas Buenas to been surveyed during a 1983 reconnias- today. Because of these findings, a more Punta Sur. A small collection of fossils sance investigation. Specifically, we col- extensive investigation was planned for from fine deep-water siltstone facies was lected samples in areas that contained the 1984 austral winter. With data from obtained from Playas Buenas. Between diverse and abundant assemblages, vis- both cruises we hope to gain new insights Punta Sur and Playas Buenas we discov- ited those areas that were not reached dur- into the climatic and oceanic histories of ered a thick sequence, possibly several 1,000 ing the 1983 cruise, and determined the the southeastern Pacific and to increase feet thick; we believe that we were the stratigraphic relationships of deposits. our understanding of the tectonic history first geologists to visit this sequence. of the southern Andes. During the 1983 Hero cruise U.S. and Although we found no megafossils, we Chilean geologists surveyed the islands collected microfossils samples at severa along the Chonos Archipelago south to Geology of the northern Chilean Canals sites. During the early part of the Cenozoic a the Peninsula Tres Montes region (DeVries, As we began our transit to Ipun Island shallow seaway existed between 45 0 S and Stott, and Zinsmeister, 1984). The cruise we stopped briefly at Punta Norte. Th 50°S—across the present-day Andes. This objectives were to determine the nature sequence at Punta Norte consisted of wel seaway allowed fauna to move between and extent of the Cenozoic deposits, which bedded, fine-grained deep-water sand the southeastern Pacific and the southern occur along this part of the Chilean Can- stones. Microfossils samples were collectec Atlantic oceans. Sometime between the late als, and to obtain a representative collec- here. As in the case of the south coast o Oligocene and the middle Miocene, this tion of fossils from these deposits. Because Huafo Island, there are no published report segment of the Andes underwent tectonic this area is difficult to reach, geologists on the geology of Punta Norte. know very little about the geologic record changes and was lifted above sea level. of this part of the Chilean coast and South Changes in marine faunas from deposits Our last stop on Huafo Island was America. Before this cruise, the only avail- in the Chilean Canal region record the clos- Punta Weather. The sequence at the poi able paleontologic data were collected by ing of the seaway and the isolation of south- consisted of a massive bedded conglome Charles Darwin during the voyage of HMS western Atlantic shallow-water shelf areas ate with large angular blocks. Althoug Beagle in the 1830s. from the southeastern Pacific Ocean. The we have no paleontologic evidence, th record of changes in marine fauna between conglomerate appears to be considerabl, Results from the 1983 cruise clearly indi- Patagonia and the Chilean Canals provide older than any of the other sedimenta cated that deposits in this region were more data on the beginning of tectonic activity deposits at the southeast end of the islan extensive than we had thought and that and the early Neogene uplift of this seg- We found no fossil material, and the coar many of them were richly fossiliferous. ment of the Andes. nature of the sediments limited our abili

16 Antarctic Journal to obtain any age data based on microfos- have tentatively dated these deposits as Participating in the cruise were sils. Additional field work at Punta Weather early Miocene. • William J. Zinsmeister (chief scien- may enable us to determine where within The sediments along the south coast of tist), Purdue University the conglomeratic sequence fossiliferous Seno Hoppner consisted of dark to medium material might be found. • Lowell Stott, Institute of Polar Stud- brown sandstone with thin resistant debris ies, Ohio State University flows that averaged 30 to 70 centimeters Stokes, Lemo, and in pun islands. Large thick. Many of the large angular clasts in • Jennifer Chambers, Institute of Polar collections of fossils were made from a these flows were as wide as the flow. The Studies, Ohio State University number of sites visited during the 1983 discovery of several gastropods, which cruise on the east coast of Stokes and Lemo commonly occur in late Pliocene and Pleis- • Vladimir Covacevich, Servicio Nac- islands. On Ipun Island we discovered sev- tocene deposits in central Chile, indicates ional de Geologia y Mineria, Chile eral new sites. On the west side of the that these sediments along the southern island we found an exceptionally well • Daniel Frassinetti, Museo Nacional coast of Seno Hoppner Island are consid- exposed sequence, but the cruise schedule de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile erably younger than the deposits of Crosslet prevented us from making a detailed sur- and Hereford islands. The absence of drop- • Philip Granchi, Purdue University vey. Near the northeast tip of Ipun Island, stones or any other glacial deposits sug- we found a thick sequence of glacial marine Hero cruise 84-6 was supported by gests that these rocks were deposited dur- sediments. These sediments consisted of National Science Foundation grant DPP ing an interglacial period. fine-grained gray siltstones with a num- 82-13985 to William Zinsmeister. ber of large dropstones. Dropstones are We investigated a thick fossiliferous rocks that an iceberg transported to sea. sequence along the coasts of Seno San Pablo When the iceberg melts, the stones drop and Seno Newman islands. Because of a to the ocean bottom and are incorporated regional strike that is almost perpendicu- —William J. Zinsmeister, Departiuient in the sediments. These stones are impor- lar to the coast, we were able to collect a of Geosciences, Purdue University, West tant for the recognition of glacial depos- nearly complete section through this sequ- Lafayette, Indiana 47907. its. We also observed the contact of the ence. The presence of certain fossils indi- glacial marine sediments with the underly- cates that the Seno San Pablo and Seno ing Tertiary siltstones on the beach at low Newman sequence is no younger than tide. Miocene. Based on a very preliminary com- parison of the faunas from this area with Guamblin Island. During the 1983 cru- those from Crosslet and Hereford islands, Reference ise, hazardous sea conditions prevented we believe that the fauna from Seno San us from landing on Guamblin Island. Dur- Pablo and Seno Newman islands are slightly DeVries, Thomas J., Lowell Stott, and Wil- ing the 1984 cruise relatively calm seas younger. Although the deposits in the two liam J. Zinsmeister. 1984. Neogene enabled us to land on the east coast of the areas appear to be of different ages, the fossiliferous deposits in southern Chile. island for half a day. Although Chilean faunal variation may reflect slightly dif- Antarctic Journal of the U.S. 19(2), geologic maps show only Tertiary depos- ferent facies and not age. 12-13. its on Guamblin Island, the sequence along the coast where we landed consisted of Quaternary glacial marine sediments. The lithology varied from massive silty sand- Hero, the National Science Foundations research ship, supported science in the Antarctic stone to silty sandstones with numerous Peninsula region from 1968 to 1984. In the photograph below the ship is anchored near the dropstones. A number of horizons within Peninsula in early 1970s. this sequence contained well preserved mol- NSF photo by William Curtsinger. luscs. Preliminary analysis of these fossils indicate that they are probably of late Pleis- tocene age. Along the east coast of Guam- blin we found clear evidence of recent uplift. Many outcrops were covered with Recent shells and barnicles, many still in the living position. The occurrence of these Recent shells suggest Guamblin region is tectonically active with uplift currently tak- • ng place.

Peninsula Tres Montes. We spent most f our time during the 1984 cruise in the eninsula Tres Montes region. During the revious season, only 5 days were devoted to this large area. Because we had more time, during the 1984 expedition we visited nearly all the exposures of Tertiary sediments along the coasts of the numerous islands in the region. Smith, Crosslet, and Hereford islands were particularly pro- ductive. The Tertiary sequence exposed on these islands gradually changes in south- easterly direction from a coarse basal sandy facies, which rest on the metamorphic basement, to medium- to fine-grained sandstones with abundant marine fossils. We

Eecember 1985 17 U.S. criminal jurisdiction needed by mariners planning cruises in the southern ocean between 60 0 S and the extended to Antarctica coast of Antarctica. Chapter 1 provides The U.S. Special Maritime Jurisdiction information on the physical and environmental characteristics of the region, marine has been extended to include Antarctica life, ocean resources, and the history of and the Moon. Under this provision, which exploration, as well as the complete texts amends the United States Code, major of the Antarctic Treaty and the U.S. Ant- crimes committed outside the jurisdiction arctic Conservation Act of 1978. of any nation "by or against a national of the United States" now are within the spe- In Chapter 2 the ocean basin environ- cial maritime and territorial jurisdiction of ment is described. In addition to the gen- the United States. These crimes include eral oceanography of the southern ocean, assault, maiming, murder, and rape. this chapter provides information on sea ice conditions, tides, and other environ- The provision adds the following para- graph to Section 7 of title 18, United States mental conditions in the Ross, Weddell, Code: Amundsen, and Bellingshausen seas and the region from 00 and 160°E. Other fea- "(7) any place outside the jurisdiction tures described in this chapter are the ant- of any nation with respect to any act by arctic magnetic field and its variations, opti- or against a National of the United States." cal phenomena, dew point, temperature, and precipitation. This assertion is based on two principles of international law—the "nationality prin- Chapter 3 provides polar navigational ciple" and the "passive nationality princi- and operational information, including ple." The "nationality principle" permits detailed descriptions of types of sea ice, the United States to assert jurisdiction based suggested equipment, manuvering in sea U.S. Navy photo (90194-78) by Dave Thompson. on the nationality of the person who com- ice, survival techniques, and aircraft opera- University of Maine geologists Carol Lepage mits the offense; the "passive nationality tions. A table lists approximate distances collects ice samples from dirty ice on the principle" determines jurisdiction based in nautical miles between locations in Ant- Ross Ice Shelf about 40 miles east of McMurdo on the nationality of the injured person. arctica and selected ports in other parts of Station. From these samples geologists hope to learn what organisms are in the ice and the world. President Reagan signed the provision how old these are. into law in October 1984 as part of exten- Part two describes coastal and port sive amendments to the U.S. criminal code approaches and supplements the latest that was passed by Congress. revised print of the largest scale chart available from the DMA Hydrographic/To- pographic Center. It is divided into geo- Antarctic research graphic areas called sectors, the limits of proposal deadline which are outlined in a small chart at the beginning of each sector description. For U.S. scientists who wish to conduct re- each sector the following is provided: search in Antarctica during the 1987-1988 austral summer or the 1988 winter or to • chart information study antarctic data during fiscal 1987 must submit their proposals by 1 June 1986. • coastal winds, currents, and ice (graph- Proposals, which are to be submitted to ically depicted) the National Science Foundations Cen- • dangers tral Processing Section by the scientists employing organization, must include a • coastal features project description that is no longer than • anchorages (listed in an appendix by 15 single-spaced pages and must be pre- sector) pared according to the instructions pro- Sailing directions for vided in a preparation kit available from Antarctica updated • scientific research stations the Division of Polar Programs. At the end of part two an index-gazetteer The antarctic proposal preparation ki The Topographic Center of the Defense lists alphabetically navigation features and includes the NSF booklet Grants for Sci Mapping Agency (DMA) has updated its place names and includes approximate posi- entific and Engineering Research ( NS publication Sailing directions (planning tion, sector, and page numbers as a refer- 83-57), describes opportunities and activ guide and enroute) for Antarctica (pub- ence to chart information. Geographic ities, and provides necessary forms an lication 200). The revised publication names are taken from Geographic Names instructions. Copies are available from th includes all material received by the cen- of the Antarctic and Undersea Features, Polar Information Program, Division o ter up to 29 June 1985. Sailing directions, both of which list names approved by the Polar Programs, National Science Founda- which describe harbors, coasts, and waters U.S. Board on Geographic Names. A two- tion, Washington, D.C. 20550. Questions around the world, provide information that part appendix provides a route chart and about specific research programs should cannot be shown graphically on nautical atlases of meteorologic data and sea ice. be directed to the disciplinary program charts and is not readily available else- manager at the Division of Polar Programs. where. Between new editions, DMA Sailing directions (planning and en- amends the information in its weekly "Not- route) for Antarctica (DMA stock num- Scientists are reminded that projects ice to Mariners." ber SDPUB200) is available through the requiring large amounts of equipment in Defense Mapping Agency Office of Dis- Antarctica may not be fielded until 1 year This edition of antarctic sailing direc- tribution Services, Washington, D.C. later thin the 1987-1988 austral summer, tions is divided into two parts. The three 20031-0020. A prepayment of $13 is reso that equipment may be transported by chapters of part one focus on information quired when ordering. ship rather than by airplane.

18 Antarctic journal Sea ice atlas channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), which have provided a nearly continuous available source of data since January 1973. Dur- ing the austral summer, visible and infra- Until 1972 reliable sea ice information red imagery provides about 65 percent of for Antarctica was based on sparse obser- the data and passive microwave about 35 vations made from a few shore stations percent, but during the winter 65 percent and ships and was augmented by limited of the data comes from passive microwave aerial reconnaissance data. Since 1973 all- imagery and 35 percent from visible and weather passive microwave satellite imag- infrared. ery has made possible the routine mapping of the extent of antarctic sea ice. To produce weekly sea ice charts the National Climatic Data Center converts With these data the U.S. Navy/National analog data to digital values at predeter- V Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrata- mined grid points. The digital data are ion (NOAA) Joint Ice Center (JIC) ana- stored in a standard format (called SIC- lyze weekly the extent of antarctic sea ice RID or "sea ice grid"), which has been r and construct digital representations of sea proposed by the World Meteorological ice charts. In May 1985, the National Cli- Organization. These grid points are identi- matic Data Center in Asheville, North fied by earth coordinates and have a reso- Carolina, published Sea ice climatic atlas: lution of 15 nautical miles or better. volume 1, Antarctic under the auspices of r the Commander, Naval Oceanography Sea ice climatic atlas: volume 1, Antarctic Command. The 131-page atlas contains contains groups of maps composited semi- sea ice summaries derived from 521 weekly monthly and centered on the first and fif- JIC sea ice analyses produced between 1973 teenth day of each month. The maps are U S Air Force photo. and 1982. divided into five categories: An iceberg frozen in the sea ice in McMurdo Sound. For their weekly analyses JIC synthe- • maximum, mean, and minimum ice sizes four groups of data—shore station edges reports, ship reports, aerial reconnaissance, • probability of occurrence of any ice and satellite imagery and data. Satellite data, which comprise more than 98 per- • mean ice concentration cent of the data used in these analyses, • mean ice concentration when ice is fall into three categories—visible imagery, as well as the southwest Indian Ocean, present thermal infrared imagery, and passive southeast Indian Ocean, Ross Sea, south- microwave imagery and data. The visi- • maximum, mean, and minimum extent east Pacific Ocean, and Weddell Sea. le and infrared imagery is acquired by of 5/10ths or more ice. OAAs Polar Orbiting Satellites and The Sea ice climatic atlas: volume 1, efense Meteorological Satellite Program The atlas also provides tables on weekly Antarctica (NAVAIR 50-1C-540) is avail- DMSP) satellites. Passive microwave imag- total coverage and extent, graphs describ- able through the Commanding Officer, ry is received from the NIMBUS-5 Elec- ing the time series of weekly total cover- Naval Polar Oceanography Center, 4301 rically Scanning Microwave Radiometer age extent, and statistics on semi-monthly Suitland Road, Washington, D.C. 20390- ESMR) and NIMBUS-7 Scanning Multi- coverage and extent for the southern ocean 5180, telephone 301/763-5972.

P\ancake ice, small newly-formed pieces of sea ice that are generally circular with raised edges, floats in the Ross Sea. NSF photo by Russ Kinne.

December 1985 19 Translations available sents future plans. Because the volume United States. Scientists are encouraged commemorates the Institutes 60th anni- to suggest titles of significant works for Three publications have been trans- versary, the papers cover a range of sub- translation. Suggestions in letter form lated from Russian for the National Sci- jects. These include problems of polar should contain full bibliographic informa- ence Foundation and may be purchased oceanography, hydrochemical studies in tion on the titles, evaluation of the works from the National Technical Information the Arctic Ocean, general distribution and scientific importance, and a description of Service (NTIS). variability of ice throughout the world and the anticipated audience in and benefit to its impact on climate, air-sea interaction the United States. A copy of the book in the Arctic basin and North Atlantic should be sent if possible. The letter should Ice shelves of Antarctica Ocean, physics of ice and the oceans, long- be sent to the Polar Information Program, Ice shelves occupy vast areas surround- range meteorological forecasts, the devel- Division of Polar Programs, National Sci- ing Antarctica. When scientists began opment and operation of pollution stud- ence Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550. studying the continent, their attention was ies, and applications of polar research. Usually more than a year is required for drawn to these unique ice formations. In translation and publication. the 262-page ice shelves of Antarctica (IT Both volumes of Problems of the Arctic 75-52081), the author N.J. Barkov exam- and the Antarctic and ice shelves of Ant- When ordering books from NTIS (5822 ines information on ice shelves published arctica will be of interest to meteorolog- Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia since 1968. He describes the special envi- ists, oceanographers, hydrologists, and oth- 22151; telephone 703/487-4835), cite the ronmental conditions that create and main- ers studying the polar regions. TT number. Because prices change period- tain ice shelves, as well as ice-shelf move- ically, please contact NTIS for current ment, morphology, surging, thermal regime The National Science Foundation ar- information before ordering. A list of other structure, and contribution to glacial devel- ranges for these and other translations from books translated and published in this pro- Amerind, a New Delhi contractor paid opment. Special attention is given to float- gram is available from the Polar Informa- ing ice shelves. Barkov defines ice shelves using excess Indian currencies held by the tion Program. as floating glaciers that are recharged by the influx of continental ice, accumulation from atmospheric precipitation, and the addition of seawater that freezes to the bottom of the ice shelf. Besides consider- ing work by foreign and other Soviet inves- tigators, the author uses data obtained during his 1960-1961 investigations of the West, Shackleton, Lazarev, and Novolaz- arevskii ice shelves while he was a glaciol- Foundation awards of funds for antarctic ogist with the Fifth Soviet Antarctic Expedition. projects, 1 July to 30 September 1985 Following is a list of National Science from more than one Foundation program Foundation antarctic awards made from 1 the antarctic program funds are listed first Problems of the Arctic and the Antarctic July to 30 September 1985. Each item con- and the total amount of the award is liste The 159-page Volume 56 of Problems tains the name of the principal investiga- in parentheses. Award numbers for award of the Arctic and the Antarctic (TT 82- tor or project manager, his or her institu- initiated by the Division of Polar Program 00-102), edited by A.F. Treshnikov, is tion, a shortened title of the project, the contain the prefix DPP, and those initi divided into three sections. The first sec- award number, and the amount awarded. ated by the Division of Ocean Science tion focuses on sea ice studies, particu- If an investigator received a joint award contain the prefix OCE. larly those concerned with regulation conditions, thermal displacement, deforma- tion and stress, hummocking, morphology, and techniques for measuring thickness. In the second section authors discuss hydrometeorological forecasts, subsur- Biology and medicine face currents, water density fields, and the (AMERIEZ): Distribution of free-livi g protozoa. DPP 84-20184. $120,000. vertical structure of the atmosphere over Detrich, H. William. University of Missis- the Norwegian and Greenland seas dur- sippi Medical Center, Jackson, Missis- Hunt, George L. University of Californa, ing the winter. The final section reviews a sippi. Assembly and stability of microtu- Irvine, California. Distribution f monograph on the glaciation of Franz Josef bules from fish at low temperatures. pelagic birds and their prey in the Sc - Land. Also included in the volume are DPP 83-17724. $10,058. tia Sea. DPP 83-18464. $76,724. papers on sea birds of the Georges Bank Frost, Bruce W. University of Washing- and sociology of workers at polar and high- Nelson, David M. Oregon State Univr- latitude hydrometeorological stations. ton, Seattle, Washington. Marine ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone: sity, Corvallis, Oregon. Marine ecoss- Acoustic assessment of nekton and tem research at the ice-edge zone: Col- laborative research on nutrient dynamics The articles published in Volume 57 of micronekton. DPP 84-20215. $103,643. and phytoplankton productivity. DPP Problems of the Arctic and the Antarctic Fryxell, Greta A. Texas A&M University, 84-20204. $96,022. (TT 8 2-00-104) originally were presented College Station, Texas. Marine ecosys- at the 18 March 1980 scientific council of tem research at the ice-edge zone: Micro- Palmisano, Anna C. University of South- the Lenin Arctic and Antarctic Scientific- algae of the sea ice and water column. ern California, Los Angeles, Califor- Research Institute. In the opening article DPP 84-18850. $50,977. nia. Physiological ecology of sea ice A.F. Treshnikov, who also edited this vol- algae. DPP 84-15215. $66,201. ume, describes the activities of the Insti- Garrison, David L. University of Califor- tute since its inception, highlights signifi- nia, Santa Cruz, California. Marine eco- Parmelee, David F. University of Minne- cant results of scientific studies, and pre- system research at the ice-edge zone sota, St. Paul, Minnesota. Continuation

20 Antarctic Journal

Earth sciences Ocean sciences

Askin, Rosemary A. Colorado School of Anderson, John B. Rice University, Hous- Mines, Golden, Colorado. Cretaceous ton, Texas. Marine geology of the Ant- and Tertiary palynology of the James arctic Peninsula continental margin. Ross Island basin and western Ross Sea. DPP 83-15555. $68,929. DPP 83-14186. $49,697. Ciesielski, Paul F. University of Florida, Faure, Gunter. Ohio State University, Col- Gainesville, Florida. Paleoceanography umbus, Ohio. Petrogenesis of the Kirk- and paleoclimatology of the southern patrick Basalt Group, northern Victo- ocean: Stratigraphy. DPP 83-16679. ria Land. DPP 83-18957. $37,101. $41,216. French, Bevan. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, Gordon, Arnold L. Lamont-Doherty Geol- D.C. Support for the meteorite work- ogy Observatory of Columbia Univer- ing group. DPP 84-12353. $39,918. sity, Palisades, New York. Physical oceanography for the 1986 winter Wed- Knopoff, Leon. University of California, dell Gyre expedition. DPP 85-02386. Los Angeles. Ultra-long period seismic $254,916. and gravity observations at the South Pole. DPP 83-14945. $22,000 ($85,500). Gordon, Louis I. Oregon State Univer- sity, Corvallis, Oregon. Nutrient and LeMasurier, Wesley E. University of Col- oxygen chemistry during the 1986 win- orado, Denver, Colorado. Volcanic geol- ter Weddell Gyre expedition. DPP 85- ogy of Marie Byrd Land and its rela- 01717. $59,947. tionships to glacial and tectonic history in West Antarctica. DPP 80-20836. NSF photo by Ann Hawthorne. Husby, David M. Pacific Environmental $55,260. Group, Monterey, California. Marine University of Illinois biologist Arthur DeVries ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone: and a research assistant collect samples of Taylor, Thomas N. Ohio State Univer- antarctic fish with a special basket on the sity, Columbus, Ohio. Anatomically Regional oceanography. DPP 85-13098. sea ice near McMurdo Station. preserved plants from the Permian and $12,560. Triassic. DPP 82-13749. $75,000. Martinson, Douglas G. Lamont-Doherty Zinsmeister, William J. Purdue Univer- Geology Observatory of Columbia Uni- sity, West Lafayette, Indiana. Paleonto- versity, Palisades, New York. Polarstern logic investigation of the Cretaceous/ 1986 winter Weddell Gyre expedition: Tertiary boundary on Seymour Island. Upper ocean structure. DPP 85-01976. of bird banding at Palmer Station. DPP DPP 84-16783. $99,220. 82-13688. $13,654. $243,996. uetin, Langdon B. University of Califor- nia, Santa Barbara, California. Repro- duction, feeding and swimming ener- getics, and egg and larval physiology of Eupliausia superba. DPP 82-18356. During survival training two participants walk through a crevassed area on Ross Island. $132,518. NSF photo by Ann Hawthorne. Simmons, George M. Virginia Polytech- nic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia. Oxy- gen levels in a lake. DPP 84-16340. $49,500. Smith, Walker 0. University of Tennes- see, Knoxville, Tennessee. Marine ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone: Collaborative research on nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton productivity. DPP 84-20213. $53,999. Sullivan, Cornelius W. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Cali- fornia. Marine ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone: Sea ice microbial dynamics. DPP 84-44783. $117,985. Targett, Timothy E. University of Dela- ware, Lewes, Delaware. Age and growth of fishes. DPP 85-41275. $14,276.

Torres, Joseph J. University of South Flor- I ida, Tampa, Florida. Marine ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone: Abun- dance, distribution, and energy utiliza- RIF tion of micronekton and zooplankton. DPP 84-20562. $123,915.

De ember 1985 21 Muench, Robin D. Scientific Application Hughes, Terence J . University of Maine, Moller, Donald A. Woods Hole Oceano- International Corporation, Bellevue, Orono, Maine. Modeling downslope graphic Institution, Woods Hole, Mas- Washington. Marine ecosystem research creep of frozen ground on Deception sachusetts. Shipboard scientific support at the ice-edge zone: Physical oceano- Island. DPP 83-12696. $33,571. equipment—oceanographic wire rope. graphy. DPP 84-20646. $25,368. OCES5-19021. $29,770. ($699,955). Weiss, Ray F. University of California, Mayewski, Paul A. University of New University of California - Scripps Insti- Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire. Nelson, Marilyn. Blue Pencil Group Inc., tution, San Diego, California. Winter- Characterization of climatic events for Reston, Virginia. Editorial services for time chlorofluoromethane and surface- the last 2,000 years through the retrieval the 1985 annual review issue of the water trace gas measurements in the of ice cores from the Transantarctic Antarctic Journal of the United States. Weddell Gyre. DPP 85-05631. $175,935. Mountains. DPP 84-11018. $70,000. DPP 82-17792. $15,930.

Scribner, Orville E. National Oceanic and Shoemaker, Brian H. Department of De- Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Mosley-Thompson, Ellen. Ohio State Uni- fense, Washington, D.C. Logistics Maryland. Argos data collection and versity, Columbus, Ohio. Glaciological support of the U.S. Antarctic Program. location system. OCE 83-41973. $4,750 and climatological analysis of the past DPP 85-42693. $3,328,000. ($31,000). 2,000 years from ice cores. DPP 84- 10328. $99,982. Spilhaus, A. F. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. Publication Nishiizumi, Kunihido. University of Cal- of the Antarctic Research Series. DPP ifornia, San Diego, California. Study 80-19997. $2,590 ($3,590). of ice using radionuclides produced by cosmic rays. DPP 84-09526. $31,544. Srite, David A. Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. Logistics support of Nebb, Peter-Noel. Ohio State University, U.S. the Antarctic Program. DPP 76- Columbus, Ohio. Stratigraphy, paleon- 10886. $708,000. tology, and sedimentology of the Sir- ius Formation, Beardmore Glacier region. DPP 84-20622. $97,872.

Whillans, Ian M. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Ice dynamics on the Marie Byrd Land slope. DPP 81-17235. $116,590.

Service, support and other

Anderson, Peter J . Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Chronology of the United States in Antarctica, 1949-1984. DPP 83-18596. $27,054. . 4 NSF photo by Russ Kinne. David Sutton, an employee of the National Barbee, William D. University of Wash- Science Foundations contractor Antarctic Serv- ington, Seattle, Washington. Support ices Inc., investigates ice caves at the Erebus for the University-National Oceano- Glacier Tongue near McMurdo Station in graphic Laboratory System (UNOLS) December 1981. Office. OCE85-00868. $3,000 ($20,400).

Becker, Robert A. ITT/Antarctic Services Inc., Paramus, New Jersey. Specialized Glaciology support of the U.S. Antarctic Program. DPP 80-03801. $4,200,700. Bindschadler, Robert A. National Aero- nautics and Space Flight Center, Green- belt, Maryland. West antarctic glaciol- Hushen, W. Timothy. National Academy ogy. DPP 5-14543. $96,000. of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Polar Research Board. DPP 82-07098. $137,000 Bockheim, James C. University of ($217,000). Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Late Cenozoic glacial history and soil development. DPP 83-19477. $42,258. Kelmelis, John. Geological Survey, Reston, NSF photo by Russ Kinne. Virginia. Memorandum of understand- Research assistants Scott OGrady and Wayne Denton, George H. University of Maine, ing between the U.S. Geological Sur- Van Voorhies stand on an ice outcrop at the Orono, Maine. Late Cenozoic glacial vey and the National Science Founda- Dailey Islands. They are preparing to set out history and soil development. DPP tion regarding mapping and related stakes to measure ice ablation as part of a 83-18808. $156,011. activities. DPP 85-12516. $300,000. University of Illinois biology project.

22 Antarctic Jo1rnal

Weather at U.S. stations

0 OD August 1985 (ii September 1985 October 1985

Feature McMurdo Palmer South Pole McMurdo Palmer South Pole McMurdo Palmer South Pole Average temperature (°C) --26.1 - 5.9 -57.8 -24.2 - 1.4 -61.2 -17.9 - 0.7 -57.5 Temperature maximum (°C) -11 . 1 4.1 -36.9 -10.0 5.5 -44.4 - 3.0 7.6 -32.8 (date) (11) (21) (24) (11) (30) (30) (13) (21) (24) Temperature minimum (°C) -40.7 -16.0 -73.3 -39.0 -14.0 -73.3 -32.3 - 8.5 -66.6 (date) (22) (21) (19) (3) (27) (20) (1) (3) (6) Average station pressure (mb) 986.1 962.5 678.5 976.1 979.9 673.1 976.6 991.1 675.9

Pressure maximum (mb) 998.9 1010.2 694.0 988.7 1002.0 689.0 992.9 1022.2 692.4 (date) (26) (20) (25) (1) (27) (9) (2) (20) ( 1 ) Pressure minimum (mb) 975.7 954.0 664.6 959.4 950.9 660.9 951.2 964.0 656.2 (date) (19) (4) (18) (14) (21) (27) (15) (10) (15) Snowfall (mm) 30.5 1610.4 TRACE 27.9 1130.3 TRACE 61.0 543.6 TRACE Prevailing wind direction 0620 0400 0700 0800 3600 3600 0750 3600 020° Average wind (m/sec) 3.6 5.9 4.6 4.6 9.8 4.6 5.9 8.0 5.4

Fastest wind 25.7 38.0 19.0 31.9 36.5 16.0 23.7 37.1 19.6 (m/sec) (12) (1) (5) (12) (5) (8) (12) (23) (29) (date) 130 0 0300 3600 1500 3600 3600 1100 0100 360°

Average sky cover 3.7 8/10 2.4 6.3 8/10 5.1 7.8 0.0 5.7 Number clear days 9 3 23 4 2 13 0.0 1 12 Number partly cloudy days 16 5 3 13 5 6 7 12 4 5Number cloudy days 23 6 13 23 11 24 18 15 7

Prepared from information received by teletype from the stations. Locations: McMurdo 77 0 51S 166 0 40 1E, Palmer 64 0 46S 6403W, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 90°S. Elevations: McMurdo sea level, Palmer sea level, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 2835 meters. Siple Station (75 055S 83°55W) was closed for the winter in January 1984 and will reopen November 1985. For prior data and daily logs, contact National Climate Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801-2696 (704/259-0682). NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION WASHINGTON. D.C. 20550 BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID

National Science Foundation OFFICIAL BUSINESS Permit No. G-69 PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE $300

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