An Instructional Exercise in Price Controls: Product Quality, Misallocation, and Public Policy
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Wartime Price Control and the Problem of Inflation
WARTIME PRICE CONTROL AND THE PROBLEM OF INFLATION J. M. CLARK* I. Inflation and the Normal Function of Price Everyone opposes "inflation"-or nearly everyone. And everyone agrees that war brings on inflation if it is allowed to run its natural course unresisted. But there is no real agreement as to just what "inflation" is. On the whole it seems best to consider that what we are talking about is harmful price increases of a widespread or general sort, and then go on to examine the things that do harm, and the kinds of harm they do; and forget this ill-defined and controversial term. So far as the term is used in this article, it will mean simply general price increases of harmful magnitude. In ordinary times, it is customary to say, price is the agency which brings supply and demand into equality with one another, allocates productive resources between different products, determines how much of each shall be produced and limits de- mand to the amount that is available. This is a shorthand form of statement, and in some respects a bit misleading. The chief misleading implication is that production responds only to price; and, if supply is short of demand, production will not increase except as price rises. It is true that in such a situation price will usually rise, and production will increase; but this leaves out the most essential part of the process: namely, an increase in the volume of buying orders. In a large-scale manufacturing industry, this alone will ordinarily result in increased output. -
Current Affairs February 2019
VISION IAS www.visionias.in CURRENT AFFAIRS FEBRUARY 2019 Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS. 1 www.visionias.in ©Vision IAS Table of Contents 1. POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ____________ 4 5.5. Landscape-Level Approach to Address 1.1. Falling Productivity of Rajya Sabha _______ 4 Human-Elephant Conflicts ________________ 50 1.2. National Security Act __________________ 5 5.6. Cheetah Reintroduction _______________ 51 1.3. Section 124-A of The Indian Penal Code ___ 6 5.7. Indus Dolphin _______________________ 52 1.4. Judges and Post Retirement Positions ____ 7 5.8. The New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ___________ 9 2019 __________________________________ 52 2.1. India-Saudi Arabia Relations ____________ 9 5.9. Low Carbon Strategy for Renewable Energy 2.2. Chabahar Port ______________________ 10 Integration _____________________________ 53 2.3. Geneva Convention 1949 ______________ 11 5.10. Rainwater Harvesting in Metropolitan 2.4. ICJ on Decolonization of Mauritius ______ 13 Cities _________________________________ 54 2.5. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 14 5.11. Pradhan Mantri Ji-Van (Jaiv Indhan- 3. ECONOMY _________________________ 16 Vatavaran Anukool Fasal Awashesh Nivaran) 3.1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM- Yojana ________________________________ 55 KISAN) ________________________________ 16 5.12. Eviction Order of Forest Dwellers ______ 56 3.2. Policy Bias Against Rainfed Agriculture ___ 18 5.13. Environmental Rule of Law ___________ 57 3.3. -
Nine Lives of Neoliberalism
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Plehwe, Dieter (Ed.); Slobodian, Quinn (Ed.); Mirowski, Philip (Ed.) Book — Published Version Nine Lives of Neoliberalism Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Plehwe, Dieter (Ed.); Slobodian, Quinn (Ed.); Mirowski, Philip (Ed.) (2020) : Nine Lives of Neoliberalism, ISBN 978-1-78873-255-0, Verso, London, New York, NY, https://www.versobooks.com/books/3075-nine-lives-of-neoliberalism This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/215796 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative -
Of National Price Controls in the European Economic Community
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES The effects of national price controls in the European Economic Community COMPETITION - APPROXIMATION OF LEGISLATION SERIES - 1970 - 9 I The effects of national price controls in the European Economic Community Research Report by Mr. Horst Westphal, Dipl. Rer. Pol. Director of Research: Professor Dr. Harald JOrgensen Director, Institute of European Economic Policy, University of Hamburg Hamburg 1968 STUDIES Competition-Approximation of legislation series No. 9 Brussels 1970 INTRODUCTION BY THE COMMISSION According to the concept underlying the European Treaties, the prices of goods and services are usually formed by market economy principles, independent of State intervention. This statement only has to be qualified for certain fields where the market economy "laws" either cannot provide a yardstick of scarcity at all or cannot do so to the best economic and social effect. The EEC Treaty contains no specific price rules. As against this., the Member States take numerous price formation and price control measures whose methods and intensity are hard to determine. These measures pursuant to price laws and regulations are generally considered to include all direct price control measures taken by the State-in particular those described as "close to the market". Such measures have many legal forms-maximum prices, minimum prices, fixed prices, price margin and price publicity arrangements, in particular. The economic impact of State price arrangements-especially on competition policy-is complex. The present study has been rendered necessary by the varied nature of the subject matter and the extreme difficulty of ascertaining with sufficient accuracy the economic effects on the common market of varying national price laws and regulations. -
IB Economics HL Study Guide
S T U D Y G UID E HL www.ib.academy IB Academy Economics Study Guide Available on learn.ib.academy Author: Joule Painter Contributing Authors: William van Leeuwenkamp, Lotte Muller, Carlijn Straathof Design Typesetting Special thanks: Andjela Triˇckovi´c This work may be shared digitally and in printed form, but it may not be changed and then redistributed in any form. Copyright © 2018, IB Academy Version: EcoHL.1.2.181211 This work is published under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 This work may not used for commercial purposes other than by IB Academy, or parties directly licenced by IB Academy. If you acquired this guide by paying for it, or if you have received this guide as part of a paid service or product, directly or indirectly, we kindly ask that you contact us immediately. Laan van Puntenburg 2a ib.academy 3511ER, Utrecht [email protected] The Netherlands +31 (0) 30 4300 430 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 5 1. Microeconomics 7 – Demand and supply – Externalities – Government intervention – The theory of the firm – Market structures – Price discrimination 2. Macroeconomics 51 – Overall economic activity – Aggregate demand and aggregate supply – Macroeconomic objectives – Government Intervention 3. International Economics 77 – Trade – Exchange rates – The balance of payments – Terms of trade 4. Development Economics 93 – Economic development – Measuring development – Contributions and barriers to development – Evaluation of development policies 5. Definitions 105 – Microeconomics – Macroeconomics – International Economics – Development Economics 6. Abbreviations 125 7. Essay guide 129 – Time Management – Understanding the question – Essay writing style – Worked example 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 INTRODUCTION The foundations of economics Before we start this course, we must first look at the foundations of economics. -
Price Ceilings and Price Floors (Supports) Price Ceiling Price Floor
Price Ceilings and Price Floors (Supports) Price Ceiling Price Floor Market Equilibrium P = __$2.50__ Q = ___12___ also the allocatively efficient quantity because at Q = 12, MSB=MSC Price Ceiling Ceiling Price = $ 2.00 Qd = __14___ Qs = __10____ Shortage = ___4___ = allocative inefficiency: at the quantity of 10, MSB > MSC, so there is an UNDERallocation of resources Price Floor Floor Price = $ 3.00 Qd = ___10___ Qs = ___14___ Shortage = ____4___ = allocative inefficiency: at the quantity of 14 MSB < MSC, so there is an OVERallocation of resources Quick Quiz – Government Set Prices 1. In the above market, economists would call a government-set minimum price of $50 a: A. price ceiling. B. price floor. C. equilibrium price. D. fair price. 2. In the above market, economists would call a government-set maximum price of $40 a: A. price ceiling. B. price floor. C. equilibrium price. D. fair price. 3. If government set a minimum price of $50 in the above market, a: A. shortage of 21 units would occur. B. shortage of 125 units would occur. C. surplus of 21 units would occur. D. surplus of 125 units would occur. 4. If government set a maximum price of $50 in the above market: A. a shortage of 21 units would arise. B. a surplus of 21 units would arise. C. a surplus of 40 units would arise. D. it would create neither a shortage nor a surplus. 5. Refer to the above diagram. A government-set price floor is best illustrated by: A. price A. B. price B. C. price C. D. -
Incomes Policies in the United States: Historical Review and Some Issues
BACKGROUND PAPER Incomes Policies in the United States: Historical Review and Some Issues May 1977 Congress of the United States Congressional Budget Office Washington, D.C. INCOMES POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES: HISTORICAL REVIEW AND SOME ISSUES The Congress of the United States Congressional Budget Office PREFACE Inflation, its consequences, and ways to control it are issues of continuing concern to policymakers, the general public, and economists. Incomes Policies in the United States: Historical Review and Some Issues is a survey of the United States government's attempts to in- fluence directly wage and price decisions through the use of incomes policies in the post-World War II period. It also presents an analysis of the various forms taken by these policies and the problems encountered with them. This paper is one of several Congressional Budget Office studies concerning inflation in the economy and possible policies for controlling it. It was prepared by George Iden and Joan Schneider under the supervision of Frank de Leeuw, all of the Fiscal Analysis Division, at the request of the Senate Committee on the Budget. Editorial assistance and typing were provided by Patricia Johnston and Barbara Saragovitz, respectively. In keep- ing with the Congressional Budget Office's mandate to provide nonpartisan analysis of policy options, the re- port contains no recommendations. Alice M. Rivlin Director 111 CONTENTS Preface iii Summary ix Particular U.S. Incomes Policies Reviewed ix Problems and Issues Associated with Incomes Policies xiv Chapter I: Historical Experience with Incomes Policies in the United States 1 Introduction 1 Korean War Period 2 Guideposts of the 1960s 13 The New Economic Policy 28 The Council on Wage and Price Stability 53 Chapter II: Issues and Problems with Incomes Policies 61 Review of Issues and Problems 61 Desirable Conditions for an Incomes Policy ... -
AS Economics: Microeconomics Ability to Pay Where Taxes Should
AS Economics: Microeconomics Key Term Glossary Ability to pay Where taxes should be set according to how well a person can afford to pay Ad valorem tax An indirect tax based on a percentage of the sales price of a good or service Adam Smith One of the founding fathers of modern economics. His most famous work was the Wealth of Nations (1776) - a study of the progress of nations where people act according to their own self-interest - which improves the public good. Smith's discussion of the advantages of division of labour remains a potent idea Adverse selection Where the expected value of a transaction is known more accurately by the buyer or the seller due to an asymmetry of information; e.g. health insurance Air passenger duty APD is a charge on air travel from UK airports. The level of APD depends on the country to which an airline passenger is flying. Alcohol duties Excise duties on alcohol are a form of indirect tax and are chargeable on beer, wine and spirits according to their volume and/or alcoholic content Alienation A sociological term to describe the estrangement many workers feel from their work, which may reduce their motivation and productivity. It is sometimes argued that alienation is a result of the division of labour because workers are not involved with the satisfaction of producing a finished product, and do not feel part of a team. Allocative efficiency Allocative efficiency occurs when the value that consumers place on a good or service (reflected in the price they are willing and able to pay) equals the cost of the resources used up in production (technical definition: price eQuals marginal cost). -
1 Department of Economics Issn 1441-5429 Discussion Paper 42/10 Labour Market Regulation and Professional Sport: the Case Of
1 Department of Economics Issn 1441-5429 Discussion paper 42/10 Labour market regulation and professional sport: The case of the Victorian Football League’s Coulter Law, 1930-1970 Lionel Frost and Peter Schuwalow1 Abstract In most professional team sports, salary caps – first used in the mid-1980s – stabilise the financial position of teams and promote balanced competitions. Teams that do not comply with labour market regulations face heavy penalties and there is a debate about whether such labour markets should operate like competitive markets in general – with wages directing players to the teams that value their contributions most. Analysis of earlier restrictions on the mobility of players and the movement of wages may raise new questions about the effects of non- compliance. The Coulter Law was a set of Victorian Football League (VFL) recruiting and payment rules that operated from 1930 to 1970. The conventional view – that most VFL clubs breached the maximum player wage rules to maximise the utility derived from winning games – is supported only by anecdotal evidence. A new data set reveals that the Coulter Law did restrict earnings in the VFL, except for a small number of elite players. Clubs allowed players to take up more lucrative jobs in other leagues and their subsequent on-field performance reflected the level of talent of replacement players. 1 Department of Economics, Monash University © 2010 Lionel Frost and Peter Schuwalow All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form, or stored in a retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the author. -
Simplified Glossary of Agricultural Economics Terms And
A SIMPtlPIFT! -"'/^ 'iARY OF AOR^'"'"'"*f> K00!fOMXC3 TIRMS AKB cowErrs fh ?ly usRn ik oai,3 rbao by kahsavs WITR A t)l5CTJS3I0ll OF THE WRID FOH SUCH A GLOSSARY by ROBBRf imSSSLti 30Hm A* B*, WMhlwni ilnnloipal Unlveralty of Top^a, 1949 A THESIS ottlgBSltted 1b partial fulfllliaaiit of th« roqylre^onts for tha dograe iiJH J A :. I V ' ..CIERCS OapartMMt of Taebaloal JomwtmXttm ITY 1959 Thi jfKXSem AsMPieftn oconoaty Is an exponsiv* meohftniam of irameT>ous oomponents, each with Its manifold facets and countless ramifioations* So colossal and complex a system requires of the citizen substantial resources of education and knowledge for responsible and Intelligent participation. Economics concerns us all* It plays a dominant role in our affairs, affecting our lives at every hour* All of us alike, workers and aianagers, producers md consumers, businessmen and investors, need to be equip|Md to function effectively in this economic society. The purposes of economic education may properly be to provide the individual with such a grasp of basie eoncepts and principles as will enable hln to understand, appreciate, and seek to Improve that economy the benefits of which he sheres, to vote intelligently on economic questions, and to use his knowledge for his own and for social good< Prom a purely selfish point of view, everyone s^uU seek a re8peet« able competence In economic information and skills* On the other hand, society can ill afford to neglect the provision of effective •eonomlc education, which is indispensable for orotecting our political -
Dictionary-Of-Economics-2.Pdf
Dictionary of Economics A & C Black ț London First published in Great Britain in 2003 Reprinted 2006 A & C Black Publishers Ltd 38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB © P. H. Collin 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0221-3 Text Production and Proofreading Heather Bateman, Katy McAdam A & C Black uses paper produced with elemental chlorine-free pulp, harvested from managed sustainable forests. Text typeset by A & C Black Printed in Italy by Legoprint Preface Economics is the basis of our daily lives, even if we do not always realise it. Whether it is an explanation of how firms work, or people vote, or customers buy, or governments subsidise, economists have examined evidence and produced theories which can be checked against practice. This book aims to cover the main aspects of the study of economics which students will need to learn when studying for examinations at various levels. The book will also be useful for the general reader who comes across these terms in the financial pages of newspapers as well as in specialist magazines. The dictionary gives succinct explanations of the 3,000 most frequently found terms. It also covers the many abbreviations which are often used in writing on economic subjects. Entries are also given for prominent economists, from Jeremy Bentham to John Rawls, with short biographies and references to their theoretical works. -
Working Paper Series WP-416
-- • 378.794 G43455 Working Paper Series WP-416 Working Paper No. 416 CONDITIONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT IN HUNGARY AND YUGOSLAVIA by Laura Tyson, Sherman Robinson, and Leyla Woods WAITE MEMORIAL BOOK COLLECTION DEPARTM:NT OF•AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECO';`,70-1!. 232 CLASSROOM OFFICE BLDG. •• 1994 BUF0;:D- AVENUE, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 55108 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS BERKELEY CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION • anweimmorimoltrft University of Califtrnia •3?7 /1 DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES vs15- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IA) Working Paper No. 416 CONDITIONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT IN HUNGARY AND YUGOSLAVIA by Laura Tyson, Sherman Robinson, and Leyla Woods California Agricultural Experiment Station Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics June 1986 CONDITIONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT IN HUNGARY AND YUGOSLAVIA by Laura Tyson Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley Sherman Robinson Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California, Berkeley Leyla Woods Department of Commerce Washington, D. C. CONDITIONALITY AND ADJUSTMENT IN HUNGARY AND YUGOSLAVIA 1. Introduction This paper examines the influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on the adjustment efforts of Yugoslavia and Hungary during the• 1980-1984 period. Both countries received IMF and World Bank loans during this period and both benefited from the implicit "seal of approval" associated with such loans in their negotiations with private lenders. In both countries, access to IMF lending depended on the design of adjustment programs incorporating explicit conditions of performance or "conditionality" that had to be met if lending was to continue. Such conditionality is always a part of IMF lending and raises a number of questions that we pursue in this paper.