5cienti5t5 Calculate ~~~-~~~~' ATLEA5T ~-~~~~'~ :328 New Drugs Could Be Developed From ~~~~Tropical Rain Forests•444

by Ginger Webb

Tropical forests cover approximately 3.1 billion hectares (7. 7 5 The authors emphasize the importance of answering questions billion acres) of our earth and provide the natural habitat for about of who can purchase genetic material and who can sell it before half, or 125,000, of the world's flowering plant and cone-bearing securing the potential value from the rainforest. The issue of who species. Pharmaceutical drugs, including vincristine, vinblastine, can sell is especially important for the bigger issue of conserving curare, quinine and cocaine, have already been derived from some the tropical rainforests. They write that "the existence of undiscov­ of these tropical plants. In an article published in Economic Botany, ered pharmaceuticals for modern medicine has often been cited as Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, an economist at Yale University, and Dr. one of the most important reasons to protect tropical forests"; it has Michael J. Balick, director of the Institute for Economic Botany at also been cited as a way of offering possible financial incentive to the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, present their estimates halt deforestation. The competition created by allowing any and all of the minimum number of pharmaceutical drugs potentially remain­ owners of a plant to sell a sample to a drug company would drive ing to be derived from the higher plants in the rainforests of the that plant's market value down to zero. It follows, then, that in order world. Their projections, not intended to be limitations as to the to have the most significant impact on conservation, "the financial future possibility for drug development, but actuall y estimating a gains from developing drugs from a given species must belong to all minimum amount of new drugs that could be developed from owners of the species," and that some sharing mechanism must be rainforest plants, show that there are at least 328 new drugs that still developed for that purpose. Mendelsohn, in the Times article, sug­ await discovery and development through the proper screening of gests that more pharmaceutical companies comb the rainforests for rainforest plants. potential drugs, the way Merck & Company is doing in Costa Rica, Mendelsohn and Balick arrived at this figure by first estimat­ and pay countries for the right to do so, thereby providing an eco­ ing and averaging the number of plant parts each of the 125 ,000 nomic incentive for them not to develop that land. He also suggests flowering plant species living in tropical forests would yield (n=3) that the federal government subsidize drug research because of the and the number of extraction processes (n=2) that could be performed potential value of new drugs to the whole of society. In a follow-up on each plant part. They determined from these estimations that comment, Balick pointed out that the 125,000 higher plants present there are about 750,000 potential extracts obtainable from tropical in the tropics comprise about 2.5 percent of the 5,000,000 organ­ forest species; multiplying this number by the number of screens isms thought to be found there. Thus, when loobng at the potential (n=500) that could be run if the samples were shared across compa­ of all tropical organisms as sources of new pharmaceuticals, it ap­ nies, they found that there could be as many as 375 million indi­ pears that the number, if it could be estimated, would be manyfold vidual tests to be run from this group of tropical plants. Experience greater than the 328 estimated from higher plants alone. with such botanical drug screening and testing has suggested that, conservatively, one in a mjllion tests results in a pharmaceutical suit­ [References: Mendelsohn, R., and Balick, M. J. 1995. The able for commerce; if 375 million tests are possible, then there is a Value of Undiscovered Pharmaceuticals in Tropical Forests. Eco­ potential for at least 375 new drugs to be found. Forty-seven of nomic Botany, Vol. 49, No. 2:223-228. Available as Classic Reprint them have already been found and developed; at least 328 drugs, #253. Cheng, Vicb. 1995. 328 Useful Drugs Are Said to Lie Hid­ therefore, remain undiscovered. den in Tropical Forests. New York Times, Tuesday, June 27.] The potential value of these new drugs was also examined; the authors found that "a complete collection and screening of all tropical plant species should be worth about $3-4 billion to a private pharmaceutical company and as much as $147 billion to society as a whole." Balick commented on this estimate in a New York Times Illustration "The Trap" ©Amazonian School of Painting & article: "Because this estimate is built on so many numbers and so Harry Mires. 11 .03.95 . Gouache on paper, 22 ' x 30". many assumptions, we realize the uncertainty and fully expect that For more information about the paintings or the project, as future studies are published, researchers will bring in additional phone 904/439-5999 or visit the data which will allow for even greater precision." World Wide Web: http://sensorium .com .

2 • HE RBALGRAM 36

.A L. Board of Trustees Dear Reader Herb Mark Blumenthal FDA has published proposed Research Executive Diredor regulations to implement the Dietary ~f Supplement Health and Education Act. Foundation fM James A. Duke, Ph.D. Consistent with FDA's previous state­ Professional Advisory Board ERIGAN ments, the complex and lengthy rules of­ Each issue of H ERBA!GRAM is reviewed by BoTANICAL fer minimal guidance on the evaluation members of the Herb Research Foundation COUNCIL Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D. Professional Advisory Board prior to of structure and function claims for publication. supplements. Presumably, FDA will pre­ Presiden t-Rob McCaleb fer to litigate any claim with which it may Glenn Appelt, Ph.D. take issue, choosing them carefully on Professor of Pharmacology HmJwGIMM a case-by-case basis. Uni versity of Colorado, Boulder In this issue we offer another up­ John A. Beutler, Ph.D. Mark Blumenthal Editor /Publisher date on the public debate on the safety of Natural Products Chemist Bar baroJo hnston Managing Editor rna huang (ephedra) with a report on a National Cancer Institute Rob McCaleb Technical Editor RobertA. Bye, Jr., Ph.D. hearing held October 1995 by FDA ex­ Professor of Ethnobotany Ginger Hudso n·Moffei Art Director pert panel's in Washington, D. C. FDA's National University of Mexico Penny King Coordinator own experts have recommended against Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D. Steven Foster Associate Editor banning the herb; instead, they propose Director, Institute for Trad iti onal Medicine and Preventive Health Care proper warning labels and dosage limita­ James A. Duke, Ph.D. Contributing Editors tions. Economic Botanist Dennis V. C. Awong, Ph .D. With increased attention being U. S. Department of Agriculture Wayne Armstrong given to quality control standards for Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D. Ko ren Dean herbs, we present Professor Clifford Research Professor of Pharmacognosy and Senior University Scholar James A. Duke, Ph.D. Foust's intriguing article on the history University of Illinois at Chicago No rman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D. of rhubarb, the Chinese herb imported to Richard I. Ford, Ph.D. Ch ristopher Hobbs Middle East and later Europe via the Professor of Ethnobotany University of Michigan Steven R. King, Ph.D. fabled Silk Road. Development of Peter Landes pharmacopeia! standards for this classic Harriet Kuhnlein, Ph.D. Professor of Nutrition Al bert Y. Leung, Ph.D. laxative drug was elusive for centuries. McGill Uni versity Aro De r Morderosion, Ph.D. Those seeking herbal information Albert Leung, Ph.D. will appreciate Michael Flannery's article Pharmacognos ist Vorro E. Tyler, Ph.D. on the Lloyd Library and Museum, prob­ Glen Rock, New Jersey AndrewT. Weil, M.D. ably the largest library of pharmacognosy Walter Lewis, Ph.D. Professor of Bi ology Circulation/Classified Advertising Manager literature in the western hemisphere. Washington University Our pictorial essay of Eric Ranger's Ara Der Marderosian, Ph.D. Margaret Wright collection of postage stamps depicting Professor of Pharmacognosy medicinal plants with cardioactive prop­ Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science Woli Stopher Copy Editor James D. McChesney, Ph.D. Ginger Webb Editorial Assistant erties will be of special interest to stamp Pharmacognosist enthusiasts as well as our regular readers. Oxford , Mississ ippi Ko ren Newton Editorial Assistant In our Research Review section we C. Dwayne Ogzewalla, Ph.D. Li ndo Prudhomme Receptionist present summaries of studies on herbs that Professor of Ph armacognosy Vic kie Adams Administration may be able to prevent various types of Uni versity of Cincinn ati Joni Weismonn·McCioin Distribution Robert Rountree, M.D. cancers: ginseng, gotu kola, birch bark Physician Julie Weismonn·McCioin Information Services and bupleurum. Boulder, Colorado Cecelia Thompson Accountant And finally, Peggy Brevoort helps James Ruth, Ph.D. Gayle Engels Book Sales Coordinator answer one of the most nagging questions Professor of Medicinal Chemjstry Uni versity of Colorado George Solis Shipping being asked by many in the U.S. today: E. John Staba, Ph.D. "How big is the U.S. herb market?" Her Professor of Pharmacognosy H ERMiG RAM is published quarterly by the Uni versity of Minnesota article brings research and statistics from American Botani cal Council and the Herb Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D. numerous sources and will help clarify Research F o undation as an educationa l Lill y Distinguished Professor some of the economic questions about this project. Educational and business offices are of Pharmacognosy rapidly expanding market. Purdue Uni versity at the American Botanical Council , P.O. Box Phil Weber, M.D. 201660, Austin, Texas 78720. 512/331-8868. Physician FAX 51 2/33 1- 1924. Subscriptions: $25/yr; Boulder, Colorado $45/2 yrs; $60/3 yrs. Foreign subscriptions, Andrew Weil, M.D. please add $ 10 per year. © 1995 American Physician and Author B o ta nical C o unc il. ISSN #0899-5648. Tucson, Ari zona Printed in the U .S.A .

4 • H ERBALG RAM 36 LATE BREAKING NEWS ABC Co-sponsors Garlic Publication

The American Botanical Council (ABC) is among the sup­ Contents of this most complete scientific work on garlic in­ porters of publication of an English translation of a German book clude the complete history, chemistry, and scientific review of the on garlic research, Garlic: the Science and therapeutic effects of garlic on the car­ Therapeutic Application of Allium diovascular system, an update of the sativum L. and Related Species, 2nd edi­ methodological approaches used in tion. During the translation process, the quantitation of garlic-derived organa­ book, edited by Heinrich P. Koch, Ph.D., sulfur compounds, comprehensive M.Pharm., of the University of Vienna, tables, and a section on processed garlic Austria, and Larry D. Lawson, Ph.D., re­ and various preparations. search scientist with the Murdock Madaus According to the volume's Schwabe Group, Springville, Utah, was acknowledgement, "to assure the ab­ revised with the assistance of three ex­ sence of influence on the contents of the perts, all of them top scientists and long book, no portion of it was reviewed by involved in garlic research. the sponsors prior to publication." Other Garlic research is a highly active sponsors were Murdock Madaus special discipline of phytomedicine, the Schwabe/Nature's Way Products, Inc., science of the medicinally used plants. Lichtwer Pharma GmbH., Pure-Gar, During the past eight years (since the first Inc., and Global Marketing Associates. edition appeared) more innovative devel­ Available from ABC Book Store#B 159, opment was achieved in this field than in $79.00. Please see the new pull-out the decades before. Herbal Education Catalog in the center of this issue for ordering information.

ABC Publishes Classics IV

The American Botanical Council announces the publication of preserving the encyclopedic knowledge of Amazon Indians, of its fourth volume of the Classic Botanical Reprint series. Ar­ the proof of efficacy for herbal medicines, and the ethnobotanical ticles in this series were chosen on the basis of compelling evi­ approach to drug discovery. dence they present for: 1) the need for more research on medicinal Other articles include an intriguing article on Greek and plants; 2) the great importance medicinal plants have played his­ Roman views about herbs (in an introduction to a description of torically and are playing currently in modem society; 3) the posi­ the herb garden at the J. Paul Getty Museum in California), a plea tive future of natural products given an understanding of present­ to our planet to "live as if Earth mattered," a truly classic work day problems; and 4) because these articles will provide signifi­ giving specific guidelines for growing medicinal plants ( 1915, rev. cant useful information to researchers, regulators, journalists, busi­ 1935) prepared by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, an excel­ ness people, and consumers. lent review of the use of plants as drugs in the Traditional Chinese ABC's fourth volume of the Classic Botanical Reprints Se­ Medicine (TCM), and a broad contemporary (1994) overview of ries draws upon familiar authors whose research and activity in modem botanical medicine. Another piece takes a historical look the field are well known: Norman R. Farnsworth, Ph.D. , Varro E. at the European reception to the first plant medicines introduced Tyler, Ph.D., Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D., Rudolf Fritz Weiss, from the New World. M.D., Paul Alan Cox, M.D. , and Michael Balick, Ph.D. The complete set of 11 articles is available from ABC for Articles by these authors focus respectively upon safety of $29. Please see the new pull-out Herbal Education Catalog in the herbal medicines, the potential impact of Western European center of this issue for ordering information. phytomedicines upon U.S. products and their use, the importance

HERBALGRAM 36 • 5 The Journal of the American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation Number 36 • Spring 1996

Late-breaking News 5 Research Reviews 15 ABC Co-sponsors Garlic Publication; by Mark Blumenthal, Don Brown, ABC Publishes Classics IV Rob McCaleb, and Ginger Webb Kampo Herbal Formula Prevents Liver ABC News 8 Cancer; Valerian Safety Confirmed in New Face at ABC; ABC Year in Overdose; Cardiovascular Benefits Review; Plant Trail Workshop; 2nd of Green Tea; Cancer-preventing " Pharmacy From the Rainforest"; Effect of Ginseng; Anti-cancer effects Pharmacy on Safari -1997; ABC of Gotu Kola; Betulinic Acid for Director Elected to ACEER Board Melanoma; Tea Tree Oil and HRF News 10 Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria International News; Herb Information Plant Patents 20 1 Hotline; Third Party Literature; by Karen Dean \ Presidential Commission on Dietary Uses of Aloe Products; Insect Repellent Supplement Labels; HRF WWW Method; Ingestible Mixture Containing Home Page Chuchuhuasa Extract; Treatment of Herb Blurbs 1 1 Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease Pensive Pansies; Monarda is Herb Legal and Regulatory 21 of the Year; Herbal Submarine FDA Expert Advisory Committee Media 12 Hearing on Ma Huang Consumer Reports Takes on Herbal Research/World News 24 Supplements; Newsweek Weighs Seacology Foundation Receives in on Herbs Grants; Bastyr University Moves to New Campus Market Report 59 by Brian Keating and Mike Razor Diverse Factors Driving Burgeoning U. S. Tea Industry Conference Report 60 Secondary Products-Physiologically Active Compounds; Garlic Symposium of 6th Annual Phytotherapy Congress-Berlin In Memoriam 64 Joseph Landes Book Reviews 65 Best Sellers in ABC Book Store 58 Letters 74 Access 77 Calendar 77

Garlic conference, page 62. Classified 78 Garlic, Allium sativum ©1995 Steven Foster

6 • HERBALGRAM 36 RIS

Mysteries of Rhubarb: Chinese Medicinal Rhubarb Through the Ages 25 by Clifford M . Foust

The Spell of the Plants 32 by Varro E. Tyler

Cardiotonics on Postage Stamps 34 by Eric Ranger Rhubarb, Rheum spp. page 25. Photo by Clifford M . Foust. Archives of Phytomedicine Lloyd Library and Museum in Cincinnati 42 by M ichael Flannery

Special Report The U. S. Botanical Market- an Overview 49 by Peggy Brevoort

Cardioactive Medicinal Plant Stamps, page 34. Photo by Jim Kruger.

Above: U.S. Herb Market Report, page 49. Chamomile, Matricaria recutita. Photo © 1995 by Steven Foster.

0 Cover: Field of Echinacea, Echinacea purpurea at Trout lake Farm. H ERBA!GRAM is printed on recycled paper. Photo ©1995 Steven Foster

HERBALGRAM 36 • 7 ABC NEWS A NEW fACE AT ABC

Wayne Silverman, Ph.D., has been named the new Chief Ad­ capital campaigns. He successfully led a $5.8 million capital cam­ ministrative Officer of the American Botanical Council. His goal is paign to build a 22-acre multi-use site to be called the Dell Jewish to provide overall management of the organization in addition to Community Campus. developing fi n a ncial resources. "I became familiar with the work Silverman comes to ABC with experience of ABC through Mark's support of the in science education in both secondary and Jewish Federation. At his invitation, I higher education levels. He has 14 years of eagerly shifted to an organization posi­ experience in non-profit management and tioned to continue to make a significant development. contribution to world health and conser­ Dr. Silverman received a B.S. in Natu­ vation through the next millennium," ral Science from Michigan State University Silverman said. and an M.A. in Science Education and a Ph Dr. Silverman will oversee manage­ D. in college administration from the Uni­ ment of ABC's rapidly expanding staff versity of Texas at Austin. He taught Earth as well as provide leadership for fund rais­ Science for two years in South Australia, ing and development of new projects and then was an instructional administrator publications. As consumer and profes­ at colleges in Mississippi and North Caro­ sional interest in herbs continues to ex­ lina before starting a career in fund-raising pand at record levels, the demand for ac­ and development. He returned to Austin curate, reliable information on the respon­ in 1989 and has spent the last 6 years as sible use of herbs is at an all time high. Executive D irector of the J ewish "ABC had come to the point, like Mark Blumenthal welcomes Wayne Silverman Federation of Austin. many other fast-growing organizations, Mark Blumenthal, ABC founder and Executive Director, said, where we needed professional, experienced management," said "Wayne's expertise was evident in his personal presence and in the Blumenthal. "Dr. Silverman will help ABC grow to the next level of growth of the Federation over the past six years." During his tenure, operational activity as we continue to provide herbal educational Silverman raised more than $9 million through annual, special, and materials to the lay and professional public."

ABC YEAR IN REVIEW Mark Blumenthal, Executive Director, presented many lectures & rent Issues of Safety, Claims and Regulations on Herbs in the U.S."; workshops over the past year. Highlights are listed below; "Labeling of Phytomedicines: Setting International Standards Bastyr University, Seattle, WA.; Louisiana State University, and Accessing New Markets", Washington, D.C. ; Texas Attorney Baton Rouge, LA; "An Historic Overview of Medicinal Plants," Ba­ General's office, Austin, Texas; Natural Products Expo East, Bal­ ton Rogue, LA; University of Texas, College of Pharmacy, Austin, timore, Maryland; TX; Alternative Medicine Workshop on Botanicals sponsored by International Summit on Drugs from Natural Products, Drug Information Association (DIA), Washington, DC; California Beijing, China, "The American Botanical Council's Ginseng Evalu­ Pharmacists Association's Alternative Medicine Workshop on Bo­ ation Program"; The Bioneers Conference, San Francisco, CA; tanicals, Rohnert Park, CA; University of Houston, College of Phar­ "Plant Medicine, 'Medicina,' & Healing"; Natural Products Expo macy, Houston, TX; Southwest Association of Toxicologists, Aus­ West, Anaheim, California (speaker, panelist); APHA 142nd An­ tin, TX; Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, TX; nual Meeting & Exposition, Orlando, FL; NNFA Conference; American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, Hollywood, CA; "Nature's Pharmacy: The Power to Heal," Washington, DC. Spon­ Presenter at International Training Program in New Crops: sored by the Smithsonian Institute and ABC (presenter). Aromatic & Medicinal Plants, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN: Central Florida Pharmacy Association; HerbFest 95, key­ ABC-Sponsored Pharmacy from the Rainforest Educational note speaker; Austin Herb Market: Education & Conservation Ecotours (offering CEU credits in Pharmacy Education)­ Efforts in the Rai nforest; Texas Pharmacy Foundation; Panelist at Belize, May, 1995; Costa Rica, August, 1995; Peruvian Ama­ National Nutritional Foods Association (NNFA), Las Vegas "Cur- zon, Oct./Nov., 1995.

Penny King of ABC, presented a workshop on the PLANT TRAIL Useful Plant Trail and Medicinal Herbs at the Student and Family Workshop in the Peruvian Amazon, June 24-July WORKSHOP 1, 1995. This workshop provided a perfect opportunity for parents to share with students what must be Nature's ultimate expression, the Amazon rainforest.

8 • HERBALGRAM 36 ABC NEWS

SECOND ANNUAL PHARMACY FROM THE RAINFOREST A SUCCESS

With two successful ethnobotanical trips in 1995, ABC, the Pharmacy from the Rainforest 100 Texas Pharmacy Foundation, and International Expeditions once Participation-1995 99 again provided to pharmacists and others a unique learning experi­ 90 ence in the great classroom of the rainforest. Not only did the Peru­ 80 vian Amazon trip fill to capacity with participants, but at the time of departure, there was a "wait list" of people anxious to go! 70 Of the 99 participants, 62 were pharmacists (63 percent). Greg 60 Schwartz, a pharmacist from Minnesota, won a free trip to the Ama­ zon (Courtesy of International Expeditions) at the American Phar­ 50 maceutical Association convention in March, 1995, and bad this to 40 say about the trip: "As winner of the Amazon trip, I would like to 30 thank ABC, International Expeditions, and the Texas Pharmacy Foun­ dation for the trip of a lifetime. The Faculty, Workshops, Guides 20 and location in the Amazon Rainforest were outstanding." 10 Three trips are scheduled for 1996 to Central and South Ameri­ can rainforests. To order a review of the 1994 trip to the Peruvian 0 Costa Rica Peruvian Amazon Amazon, see the special "Pharmacy From The Rainforest" section Belize in HerbalGram #33. To order a copy of this special review, as well as the details of the 1996 trips, see the enclosed catalog. • Total participants • No. of pharmacists

PHARMACY ON SAFARI- 1997 Join the ethnobotanical ex­ pedition on safari in Africa! The "Pharmacy on Safari" trip is scheduled for June 13-26, 1997. Tentative visits are planned to Kenya and Uganda to study herbal medicine in those locations. See future issues of HerbalGram for details as they develop. Medicinal herbs in market in lquitos, Peru. ©1995 Steven Foster

ABC DIRECTOR ELECTED TO BOARD OF ACEER

Mark Blumenthal, Executive Director of the American Bo­ Reserve deep within the area of the upper Amazon and Rio Napo tanical Council, has been elected to a one-year term on the Board of rivers. Two of the wonders found at ACEER are the Useful Plant Directors of the Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Trail, a 1 1/4-rnile trail with 45 identified trees and medicinal plants Research (ACEER). The ten-member board's mission is to work in in one of the most diverse rainforests in the world, and the canopy partnership with the people of the Amazon to improve their envi­ walkway, a 1/4-rnile walkway 110 feet above the rainforest floor. A ronmental education, enhance research, and instill a sustainable con­ new research facility is scheduled to open in March 1996 at ACEER, servation ethic. and will include a fully equipped research laboratory and housing ACEER is an American and Peruvian registered non-profit for visiting researchers. organization which manages the 250,000-acre Amazon Biosphere

H ERBALGRAM 36 • 9 HRF NEWS

INTERNATIONAL HRF President Rob McCaleb visited Mali, Africa, again in late November, following up on a US AID-sponsored project to de­ velop botanicals agribusinesses in Mali. After initial assessments were made in Bamako in early spring, test crops of hibiscus and echinacea were planted from seed. HRF is helping train Malean farmers to produce high quality crops, from planting through har­ vest and preparation for market. During the November harvest time, Rob provided simple hand tools that make processing the hibiscus crop five times faster than the traditional methods, and trained farm­ ers in improved quality management techniques that raise the value of the crop. Another aspect of the project-bringing growers and manufacturers together-is proving successful, with one large U.S. tea company signed up to purchase the initial test crop, and others PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON interested in future crops. HRF may soon be working in South Af­ DIETARY SUPPLEMENT LABELS rica on a similar project. As announced in Herba/Gram #35, Rob McCaleb is one of seven Presidential appointees to the new Dietary Supplement Com­ HERB INFORMATION HOTLINE mission, which will study the regulation of label claims and litera­ We are pleased to announce Martha Libster, R.N., is helping ture for dietary supplements. The group will make recommenda­ us develop our Hotline information system further, and working on tions to the Administration and Congress on how to best provide expanding grant proposals to secure permanent funding for the truthful scientifically valid information and not misinformation to project. Martha has an extensive background in developing and the public. McCaleb is optimistic about the potential outcome of managing conventional medicine hotlines, as well as a deep interest the Commission's work and hopes its report will provide a road map in a holistic approach to medical care. Several manufacturers whose toward a greater awareness of dietary supplement benefits for health customers call HRF for information on product ingredients are cur- and wellness. rently HRF Hotline subscrib- "The public wants to know more about the specific effects of ers. HRF's goal is to secure supplements. I hope we can help to remove obstacles so labels can ~ ., l l ' • ' ~ , enough funding to pro- openly disclose known effects," McCaleb said in a recent interview. ' r vide the Hotline as a The Commission meets for the first time this January and is toll-free service to scheduled to complete its report within two years as mandated by anyone needing infor­ the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. mation on herb use. HRF WORLD WIDE WEB HOME PAGE THIRD PARTY Through the generosity LITERATURE of the University of North The Dietary Carolina, HRF has developed Supplement Health and a presence on the World Wide Education Act of 1994 Web. Browse our Home Page made provision for the allow- for information on herbs for ance of third party literature to be travel and other articles of in­ made available to the public as a means of educating consumers on terest plus descriptions of HRF the benefits and uses of dietary supplements, including herbs. Judg­ services and membership. We ing from the number of calls we get, it is evident there is a great need are at http://sunsite.unc.edu/ for scientific and tradition- based herb information! HRF is respond­ herbs/. ing to this opportunity by developing individual brochures (on the most popular herbs) to be available free of charge where dietary supplements are sold. We are also embarking on a project that will provide more detailed information (such as excerpts from books and copies of scientific studies) to retailers who will store this informa­ tion in three-ring binders as a reference for customers to browse through. The binder information will be updated periodically and new topics introduced on a regular basis.

10 • HERBALGRAM 36 rJ>ensive rJ>ansies Pansies, those ubiquitous, edible garden flowers of the genus Viola (e.g., V. tricolor) in the family Violaceae, get their common name from the French word pensee, thought, the feminine past par­ ticiple of the verb penser, to think, which comes from Latin pensare , to weigh or ponder. The Latin generic name Viola is derived from the Greek name lone. There is a legend that when Jupiter changed his beloved Io into a white heifer for fear of Juno's jealousy, he caused these modest flowers to spring forth from the earth to be fitting food for her, and he gave them her name.

Pansy, Viola spp. in front of the New York Botanical Garden © 1995 Steven Foster

The International Herb Association has chosen Monarda as the herb species of the year for 1996 and National Herb Week May 6-May 12. It was chosen because it is a plant, relatively well-known, easily recognizable as a flavor (similar to the citrus fruit, berbamot), a valuable landscape plant which attracts hummingbirds and butter­ flies to the garden. Some variety of maoarda can be grown in al­ most every part of the U.S. Monarda leaves were used as a medici­ nal tea by the American Indians for colic, flatulence, fevers, and stomachaches. Today, Monarda is used as a flavoring for tea and Left: Wild Bergamot or Purple Beebalm, Monarda fistulosa . seasoning for main dishes and desserts. Above: Bee Balm, Monarda didyma. [International Herb Association Newsletter, Volume X, Num- Both photos © 1995 Steven Foster ber III, 1995, p. 1.]

Ill~llllill.. SlJIItl illliNI~ lJ-llf)Jl'r 'l, lll~i\S tJ Ill~ 'l,ll() \T)~: :J 'rf)NS ()I~ (lt J ININI~ The Japanese submarine I-52 was sunk by an American tor­ pedo in June 1944 as it churned its way in the North Atlantic on a secret mission to Germany. The 357-foot-long U-boat, larger than any U.S. submarine at that time, was carrying a special cargo as part of a secret exchange of special materials and technology between Japan and Nazi Germany. Three tons of quinine, the anti-malarial alkaloid from cinchona bark, were part of the cargo as well as two metric tons of gold, 228 tons of tin, molybdenum, and tungsten, and 54 tons of raw rubber. According to USDA botanist Jim Duke, Ja­ pan had a monopoly on quinine production at that time and the Ger­ man military system was in need of it for troops in North Africa. [Broad, W. J., New York Times, July 18, 1995.]

HERBALGRAM 36 • 11 MEDIA

CONSUMER REPORTS TAKES ON H ERBAL SUPPLEMENTS

The November 1995 issue of Consumer under the new Dietary Supplement Health and Reports (CR) carried a cover story on the dietary Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). supplement market, focusing on several popular herbs. This article had a significant impact on QUESTIONABLE LITERATURE? other media, spawning a spate of me-too articles What CR apparently overlooked, even in the press, TV, and radio. after five conversations with Blumenthal, is that The cover shows a woman suspiciously ABC's "Herbs & Health" brochure was re­ eyeing several bottles of herbal capsules. The viewed, edited, and approved by James A. Duke caption reads "Mystery Cures: Can herbal pills (USDA), Norman R. Farnsworth (University of really fight heart disease, prevent cancer and im­ Illinois), and Varro E. Tyler (Purdue Univer­ prove your sex life? Here's what we found." The sity), three of the most eminently respected au­ 8-page article is titled "Herbal Roulette" and con­ thorities on botanical medicine in the U.S.­ tains a number of sidebars and graphics. and the three authorities quoted by CR in their Of particular interest is the ginseng sidebar, "Much Ado About own article! Nothing?" which CR says ginseng represents the "triumph of mys­ ABC printed almost 3 million copies of the "Herbs & Health" tique over medicine." The article notes that numerous claims are brochure as a form of "third party literature" under the Dietary made for the fabled herb but that human clinical studies are not al­ Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) to help educate ways available to convincingly document some of the claims, and consumers on the scientifically based benefits of 29 popular herbs sometimes these studies may not be well controlled. CR published a sold in the U.S. (See story in Herba!Gram #33.) Thus, ABC went to chart showing the total of six ginsenoside levels of ten different gin­ great lengths to ensure the accuracy of the information in the bro­ seng products, indicating that there is a variance in levels of up to 10 chure. If CR knows of government researchers and experts with more times the level in one brand studied over another. expertise than these three gentlemen, ABC would surely like to know CR obtained the idea of conducting a small test on ginseng who they are! (As noted in the last issue of Herba/Gram (#35), Dr. products after a series of interviews with ABC Executive Director Duke is now retired from 30 years of service at USDA; he is no Mark Blumenthal, who has been directing the ABC Ginseng Evalu­ longer with the government.) ation Program (GEP) for over two years. GEP is an unprecedented Part of the thrust of the CR article is a criticism of DSHEA. scientific study of the commercial ginseng marketplace: ABC is col­ CR says that in an effort to loosen up regulations around the market­ lecting over 500 different ginseng products and subjecting them to ing and sale of these products, Congress has "opened up a loophole blind testing in two major university laboratories. Tests are being big enough to be exploited by anyone." CR claims that the passage conducted by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) to of DSHEA essentially leaves the dietary supplements market un­ determine the presence or absence of ginsenosides, a group of sa­ regulated, both in the area of quality control and marketing claims. ponins that are usually considered the primary active ingredients in According to the article, the law allows that products need not be ginseng roots. The CR report gave the impression that because there manufactured according to any standards and can go to market with is a variance in ginsenoside levels in the products tested that this no testing for efficacy nor any proof that they are safe. is something inherently wrong. In fact, there are Regarding the issue of product composition, CR says that con- no government nor industry requirements nor sumers face an obstacle in knowing whether any guidelines as to what level of ginsenosides are useful substance is put into the pills. CR notes that necessary for any ginseng product sold as a dietary some manufacturers are attempting to standardize supplement. their products, but often the correct formulation From ABC's perspective the most egregious or dosage of an herbal remedy is unknown. error committed by CR in what may have been a DSHEA specifies that FDA must establish indus­ generally accurate article (with other exceptions as try minimal quality control standards, which will noted below) was a photograph of several educa­ likely include protections from filth, methods for tional and promotional pamphlets for supplements, determining potency, and overall quality assurance. including ABC's "Herbs & Health" pamphlet pub­ However, these standards will not exist for another lished in February 1995. The text next to the photo two years. (DSHEA mandates an increased level read "Unchecked claims" and went on to say that of good manufacturing practices or GMPs for the consumers often get supplement information from supplement industry in order to ensure better qual­ pamphlets and books "whose accuracy gets little ity products. However, these new GMPs have not official scrutiny." Further, this is not likely to change yet been established; no one at FDA has expertise

12 • HERBALGRAM 36 MEDIA

in writing GMPs. Currently on the U.S. or world market. industry and FDA are still CR points to several herbs working on the details. In the whose safety is sometimes interim manufacturers must questioned: comfrey, ephedra, still comply with standards re­ lobelia, and yohimbe. quired for other food manufac­ In addition, CR is criti­ turers.) cal of the fact that DSHEA al­ Nevertheless, CR as­ lows that claims for how an serts that consumers are still herbal dietary supplement at risk, e.g., from contami­ may affect the body's structure nants or poisonings caused by and function are permitted on misidentification of herbal the packages despite the fact material at various stages in that FDA approval is not the harvesting or production process. While this may be theoreti­ needed for these claims. CR is cally true, there does not appear to be a large body of adverse reac­ tion reports associated with most of the hundreds of herbal products continued on page 73

NEWSWEEK WEIGHS Herbal immune boosters, weight control IN ON HERBS aids, reproductive rem­ edies, and tumor fighters are the subjects of a recent grown in polluted waters. Ma huang, used in energy Newsweek article titled enhancers and sports nutrition products, elevates me­ "Sex, Lies and Garlic" tabolism and reduces appetite, but may have serious which appeared as part of a side effects such as elevated blood pressure. cover story on the increased Newsweek reports that FDA acknowledges that interest in the hormone me­ saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) may have some thera­ latonin. The article has a peutic effect for enlarged prostate. For problems of im­ negative tone; the authors potency, ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) and ginseng are often provide examples of herbal used, but as of yet there is no proof that they are effec­ remedies that appear to be tive remedies for this purpose Yohimbe may help im­ useful, yet are careful to potence, but there are serious adverse risks involved. point out the hype sur­ For menstrual cramps, some women use chamomile, rounding them and their ginger, and dong quai safely, although the latter is con­ possible drawbacks, though few. Immune traindicated in pregnancy. Herbs containing boosters are often used by AIDS and can­ phytoestrogens, such as licorice root, ginseng, and dan- cer patients and other people seeking to delion root, may be useful for PMS and hot flashes ; revitalize their immune systems. The au- nevertheless, some physicians recommend using these thors report that Robert McCaleb, president of the Herb Research herbs "only sparingly." Foundation says that astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus), an herb Some herbs, such as ginseng and garlic, are believed to be used in traditional Chinese medicine, has "shown promise in restor­ tonics, exerting a range of favorable effects. Ginseng products are, ing function to compromised immune cells taken from cancer pa­ however, according to the authors, "notoriously unreliable." They tients." Studies from Germany have shown that echinacea (Echinacea do acknowledge that garlic has been shown to reduce cholesterol, spp.) reduces the severity and duration of colds and flu symptoms. and can help lower blood pressure, prevent blood clots, combat in­ Cat's claw (Uncaria spp.) has been used by Peruvians for hundreds fections, and may have anticancer activity. The authors write, "So, of years; nevertheless, according to the authors, "its efficacy is pri­ by all means, chew a clove of garlic with breakfast.... But a surer marily anecdotal." route to health is to eat a wide variety of plant foods." -Ginger Some natural remedies used as weight control aids may work Webb and Mark Blumenthal temporarily because they contain laxatives or diuretics. Dried algae [Seligmann, Jean and Geoffrey Cowley. Sex, Lies and Garlic. may help control weight by providing nutrients; however, it may be Newsweek, November 6, 1995, pp. 65-68.] 0

HERBALGRAM 36 • 13 Herb Research Foundation's Herb Information Packet Series Has What You Need

When you have an herb question, do you have time to locate and buy half a dozen books, or devote hours to research in your local library? Now there's a quick and easy solution - turn to the Herb Research Foundation for highly informative herb information packets on over 150 subjects!

Each packet contains 15-30 pages of concise and informative articles, book excerpts and comments, providing you with a thorough introduction to many common herbs, health conditions and other herb-related topics.

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1007 Pearl Street, Suite 200 Boulder, CO 80302 RESEARCH REVIEWS

KAMPO HERBAL fORMULA PREVENTS LIVER CANCER Kampo is the traditional herbal medicine system of Japan based mean that TJ-9 had beneficial effects on the clinical course of the on the use of chinese herbs. Sho-saiko-to, a Kampo formula used patients with cirrhosis in addition to its inhibitory effect on HCC primarily to help maintain normal liver functions, was administered development." (Oka, 1995) prospectively to patients with cirrhosis. (S ho-saiko-to is also re­ This study was published in early September 1995 in the jour­ ferred to as TJ-9, the catalog designation by the particular manufac­ nal Cancer, and was reported in The Wall Street Journal (Tanouye turer.) It is generally known that such patients 1995) and The Washington Post (Weiss 1995) have a high incidence of liver cancer, hepato­ roughly three to five weeks after the death of cellular carcinoma (HCC). The study claims Mickey Mantle from liver cancer complica­ that between 500,000 and 1 million new cases tions. Whether press popularizationof this of HCC are diagnosed yearly worldwide, with study will have any impact on the use of Chi­ about 80 percent of the patients having under­ nese herbs for liver dysfunction by a health­ lying cirrhosis. The researchers were unaware conscious segment of the American public is of any reports of chemopreventive studies on not yet apparent. However, the traditional and HCC making this the first completed random­ scientific data on this Kampo formula, its use ized controlled prospective trial of in TCM, and modem scientific research all sug­ chemoprevention of HCC. gest its potential benefits for maintaining opti­ The prospective, randomized, non-blind mum liver function. controlled study was performed on 260 patients Sho-saiko-to is comprised of the follow­ with cirrhosis to evaluate the preventive effect ing traditional Chinese herbs: Bupleurum root of this herbal formula on occurrence of HCC. (Bupleurum chinense), Pinellia tuber (Pinellia The patients were treated at the Third Depart­ tuberifera), Scutellaria root (Scutellaria ment of Internal Medicine of the Osaka City baicalensis), Jujube fruit (Zizyphus jujuba), University Medical School and other affiliated Ginseng root (Pana.x ginseng), Licorice root hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned to (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), and Ginger root two groups and matched for age, sex, presence (Zingiber officina/e). of hepatitis B surface antigen (37 with the anti- Bupleurum root (known in Japan as saiko gen; 223 without), and severity of liver dam- Bupleurum, Bupleurum chinense and chai hu in China) is particularly acknowl­ age. Patients in the trial group were adrninis- © l 995 Steven Foster edged in TCM for its hepatic activity. The root tered oral doses of7 .5 grams of the Kampo for- of this Asian member of the carrot family is mula in addition to the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs given considered to have cold, bitter, and nontoxic properties, having its to the patients in the control group. Patients were then monitored action on the liver and gall bladder meridians, according to the tra­ for 60 months beginning in June 1985. The cumulative incidence of ditional energetics view of TCM (Yen, 1992). HCC and the survival rate in both groups were calculated and com­ The formulation used in the clinical trail was prepared by pared. HCC was found in 63 of the 260 patients during the followup Tsumura & Co. of Japan. The formula is made of a dried extract of period. Seven patients (3 in trial group; 4 in control group) were these seven herbs. The oral dosage of 7.5 grams of the formula found to have HCC within 6 months and were excluded from the contains 4.5 grams of the dried extract. The Japanese government study to rule out patients who had a large number of HCC cells but regulates preparation of these formulations, requiring that at least not sufficient quantity to be detectable at the beginning of the study. two active components of the total formula of herbal ingredients be The results indicated that patients using Sho-saiko-to-in ad­ standardized. Tsumura representatives claim that this product is dition to the conventional anti-cancer drug regimen-had a higher standardized to more than the two compounds required by govern­ survival rate than the patients using the conventional drugs only. ment regulation. -Mark Blumenthal There was a significant difference in survival rates in those patients [Oka, H., S. Yamamoto, T. Kuroki, S. Harihara, T. Marumo, using the herbal formula who also did not have the hepatitis B anti­ S.R. Kim, T. Monna, K. Kobayashi, and T. Tango. 1995. Prospec­ gen as monitored at the beginning of the trial. There were 23 of the tive Study of Chemoprevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with patients with HCC in the trial group (total130 less 3 excluded with Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9). Cancer. 76(5)743-749.] HCC in first6 months) compared to 33 patients (130 less 4 excluded) with HCC in the control group. The survival rate was higher for the Additional References Anon. 1995. Chinese Sho-Saiko-To "Helped to Prevent" Liver Cancer. The Tan Sheet. Sept. trial group (75 percent) than for the control group (61 percent). The II., p.?-&. total survival rate WaS higher for the herbal group-after five years Hsu, Hong-Yen, et al. 1986. Oriental Materia Medica: A Concise Guide. Long Beach, CA: 102 (78 ) f h · · l · [' · d 89 Oriental Healing Arts Institute. percent 0 t e ongma patients were lVmg compare tO Tanouye, E. 1995. Researchers Link Cancer Prevention to Chinese Medicine: Study Finds (68 percent) of patients in the control group who used only the COn- Herbal Extract Cuts Incidence of Disease In Li ver-Cirrhosis Patients. The Wall Street ventional chemotherapy medicines. Journal, Sept. 5. Weiss, R. 1995. Herbal Blend May Help Prevent Liver Cancer. Washington Post Health. Sept. According to the study it may be possible that TJ-9 could be 26. particularly effective for patients with hepatitis C virus and that the Yen, K-Y. 1992. The Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica, crude and prepared. Taipei: SMC Publishing. "higher survival rate of the cirrhotic patients in the trial group could HERBALGRAM 36 • 15 VALERIAN SAFETY CONFIRMED IN OVERDOSE

In the first known case of a valerian (Valeriana officina/is) overdose, a woman ingested 40 to 50 capsules of powdered valerian root (Nature's Way Products Inc., each at 470 mg) in an attempted suicide. The recommended dosage to promote sleep is one to two capsules. After 30 minutes, the patient complained of fatigue, ab­ dominal cramping, chest tightness, lightheadedness, and feet and hand tremor. Physical examination noted mydriasis (dilation of the pupils) and a fine hand tremor. All other tests including liver func­ tion tests were normal. All symptoms were resolved within 24 hours. Although the fatigue, cramping, mydriasis, and tremor were most likely attributable to the valerian, it appears that valerian, at an over­ dose of 20 grams, or 20 times the recommended level, is benign. - Ginger Webb [Willey, Leanna B. Valerian Overdose: A Case Report. Vet­ erinary and Human Toxicology, Vol. 37, No. 4, August 1995, pp. 364-365.]

Valerian, Valeriano officina/is ©1995 Steven Foster

CARDIOVASCULAR BENEFITS OF GREEN TEA

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is processed and lipid peroxides. This inverse asso­ in different ways to make three types of ciation suggests that green tea may act tea beverages: black, oolong, and green. protectively against cardiovascular dis­ Green tea, processed by steaming the tea ease, and disorders of the liver, as well as leaves, tastes most like the natural tea leaf, against the development of cancer. The and is commonly consumed in Japan and availability and non-toxicity of green tea among health-conscious individuals in the give it an advantage over pharmaceuticals United States. An epidemiological inves­ used for these health disorders. tigation into the possible preventive effects The results involving the female of green tea consumption against cardio­ population were not discussed nor in­ vascular disease and liver disorders was cluded in the authors' conclusions. They published in an article in the British Medi­ mention simply that the study dealt only cal Journal last year. Researchers from with the men, because "the effects of the the Saitama Cancer Center Research In­ green tea were not clearly observed stitute obtained data about the lifestyles, among the women, whose serum lipid including information on consumption of concentrations and hepatological mark­ green tea, of 3,625 self-selected individu­ ers remained low because so few of them als (1,371 males and 2,254 females) from were drinkers and smokers." - Ginger self-administered questionnaires distrib­ Webb uted to the participants. The results [lmai, K., and K. Nakachi. 1995. showed, among the Japanese males, an in­ Cross-sectional study of effects of drink­ verse association between consumption of Green Tea, Camellia sinensis ing green tea on cardiovascular and liver green tea and various serum markers, in­ © 199 5 by Steven Foster diseases. British Medical Journal, Vol. cluding serum concentrations of ferritin 310, March 18:693-696.]

16 • HERBALGRAM 36 RESEARCH REVIEWS

CANCER-PREVENTING EFFECT OF GINSENG

According to Korean researchers T. K. Yun and S. Y. Choi, Results: for all forms of cancer and all forms of ginseng, the regular use of Panax ginseng reduces the risk of cancer by 50 per­ rate of cancer incidence decreased steadily with duration of ginseng cent. Different forms of ginseng showed varying degrees of protec­ consumption and total lifetime use. Those who had taken ginseng tion, in this "case control" study of 1,987 "pairs" of humans. In a for one year had 36 percent less cancer incidence than non-users, "case control study" scientists select a patient without cancer for and those who used ginseng for 5 years or more had 69 percent less each patient diagnosed with cancer; then compare the differences in cancer incidence. Similarly, those who had used ginseng less than each pair. Each "pair" was selected by age (within two years), sex, 50 times had a 45 percent reduction, while those who used it over and date of admission to the same hospital (within three months). 500 times had 72 percent less cancer. Ginseng seemed to be most All were patients at the Korea Cancer Center Hospital which spe­ protective against cancer of the ovaries, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, cializes in cancer, and is also a general hospital for non-cancer pa­ and stomach and showed no significant effect on breast, cervical, tients. Each patient answered a questionnaire and was interviewed bladder, and thyroid cancer.- Rob McCaleb (The tabulated results by three trai ned interviewers. In addition to determining each are summarized in tables available from the Herb Research Founda­ patient's history of ginseng use, the scientists recorded information tion.) [Yun, Taik-koo and Choi, Soo-Yong. 1995. "Preventive on socio-demographic characteristics, lifelong occupational history, Effect of Ginseng Intake against Various Human Cancers: A Case­ and smoking and drinking habits. With respect to ginseng use, they Control Study on 1987 Pairs." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers asked about the age at which patients first used ginseng, the type, & Prevention." 4, 401-408, June.] frequency, and duration of use. Results were adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

ANTI-CANCER EFFECTS

Scientists at the Amala Cancer Research Center in Kerala, India, tested Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) and three other plants against cultured tumor cells in an in vitro study against cultured can­ cer cells. While the other three plants, coriander, cumin, and fennel, showed only very limited activity, Centella was effective in destroy­ ing 100 percent of the cultured tumor cells. The extract, a 5:1 con­ centrate, extracted with methanol and then dried, was effective at a level of 100 micrograms per milliliter. More importantly, the au­ thors note," ... practically no toxic effects were detected in normal human lymphocytes [white blood cells]." Gotu Kola was selected for testing because previous research had shown anti-tumor activity. Centella has also been shown to improve mental ability in mentally retarded children and contains a compound which is therapeutic against ulcerations, wounds, eczema, and other skin conditions. The plant is also considered to be a prom­ ising natural treatment for leprosy. The results are especially encouraging because of the lack of toxicity. The authors comment that the use of chemotherapy drugs against cancer involves the risk of life-threatening toxicity to the patient. "The search, therefore, goes on to develop the drugs which selectively act on tumor cells." Centella appears to have selective toxicity against tumor cells. In follow-up studies in animals, Centella extract more than doubled the life span of mice with tumors and showed a remarkable lack of toxicity even in doses far in excess of those used for thera­ peutic benefit.-Rob McCaleb [Babu, T. D., Kuttan, G., Padikkala, J. 1995. "Cytotoxic and anti-tumor properties of certain taxa of Umbelliferae with special reference to Centella asiatica (L.) Ur­ ban." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 48:53-57.]

Gotu Kola, Centella asiatica. © 1995 Steven Foster

HERBALGRAM 36 • 17 BETULINIC ACID FROM BIRCH BARK MAY TREAT MELANOMA

The incidence of melanoma has been increasing over the past 40 years at a faster rate than that of any other type of cancer. Cur­ rent treatment options for patients with metatastic melanoma are unsatisfactory. In research supported by the National Cancer Insti­ tute wherein approximately 2,500 plant-derived extracts were evalu­ ated for their potential anti-tumor activity, researchers discovered that an extract prepared from the stem bark of an African plant, Ziziphus mauritiana, displayed selective cytotoxicity against cul­ tured human melanoma cells. This discovery led to the isolation of betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene, as the constituent respon­ sible for the action. In follow-up in vivo studies in which betulinic acid was administered to mice carrying human melanomas, tumor growth was completely inhibited, with a complete lack of toxicity. The mode of action by which betulinic acid exerts its effect appears to be induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Betulinic acid is currently undergoing preclinical development for the treatment or prevention of malignant melanoma. The com­ pound is fairly widespread in the plant kingdom; unfortunately, the yield is low. However, betulin, a compound closely related to betulinic acid, is a major constituent of white-barked birch trees (Betula spp.). This compound can be isolated easily from white birch bark and converted to betulinic acid. These trees are found in abundance throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and a good supply of bark can be made available for the development of betulinic acid for clinical use. - Ginger Webb [Pisha, Emily, et al. 1995. Discovery of betulinic acid as a Black Birch, Betula Iento ©1995 Steven Foster selective inhibitor of human melanoma that functions by induction of apoptosis. Nature Medicine, Volume 1, Number 10, October: 1046-1051.]

TEA TREE OIL AND ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become the scourge of hos­ the bacteria and growth (or lack thereof) measured. The minimum pitals, with susceptible patients easily picking up infections ranging concentration which consistently inhibited the bacteria was 0.25 from aggravating nuisances to life-threatening crises. The culprits, percent and the minimum which killed bacteria was 0.5 percent. such as Staphylococcus aureus, are common in hospitals, and can The authors note that this is far below the usual commercial concen­ be spread by even the most cautious health care workers on the hos­ trations in products, which generally range from 2-5 percent tea tree pital staff. Recent research shows that tea tree oil, the eucalyptus­ oil. They also noted that dermal irritation, though it has been re­ like oil from the Australian tree Melaleuca alternifolia, is effective ported, is rare. -Rob McCaleb against these antibiotic-resistant germs found in hospitals. The bac­ [Carson, C. F., Cookson, B. D., Farrelly, H. D., and Riley, T. teria themselves were collected in a hospital, tested for antibiotic V. "Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to resistance, and then subjected to the tea tree oil experiments. Di­ the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia." Journal of Antimicro­ luted tea tree oil (0.2 percent- 2.0 percent) was added to cultures of bial Chemotherapy. 1995. 35 :421-424.]

18 • HERBALGRAM 36 I • Health benefits of herbs • Regulatory information 1 • Herb horticulture • Herb safety research

From a few pages to comprehensive background literature, we provide online database searching, complete scientific articles and references, access to experts, consultants and more. Get the facts!

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HERBALG RAM 3 6 • 19 PLANT PATENTS By Karen Dean

As aloe vera has become more readily Ingestible mixture containing available, and interest in the commercial po­ chuchuhuasha extract. Invented by tential of aloe-derived products has grown, Theodore Trenzeluk, and assigned to Tecma so has aloe-related patenting activity. In Laboratories (Bridgewater, NJ). U.S. Patent 1994, the texts of six U.S. patents each con­ 5,279,828 issued January 18, 1994. tained more than 100 references to aloe. As Patent identifies the chuchuhuasha of the beginning of August in 1995, nine U.S. plant as Cheiloclinium cognatum, refers to patents each contained more than 100 refer­ an entry in New Plant Sources for Drugs and ences to aloe. Three areas of greatest con­ Foods from the New York Botanical Garden cern figure prominently in the aloe patents: Herbarium (1982, Harvard University Press, identifying the active components and their Cambridge, MA), and lists 18 other patented modes of action, extracting aloe products therapeutic plant extract mixtures, noting that from plants in the gentlest possible manner, none of them includes chuchuhuasha extract. and processing and storing the gel in the man­ The inventor claims that the chuchuhuasha ner that best preserves its desirable activi­ plant has a long history of use by South ties. The patents cover such developments American traditional healers and cites two as improved methods of processing aloe, and examples of alleged medical benefit-relief the formulation and mode of action of aloe­ Any company developing pharmaceu­ of menstrual cramps and of nasal conges­ based pharmaceuticals and personal care tical applications of plant polysaccharides tion-from the extract. He does not want to products. or of aloe derivatives should examine this discuss the patent, the formulation, or its patent carefully, as it not only provides a therapeutic effects, beyond the coverage in Uses of aloe products. Inventors: Bill H. wide-ranging literature review, but also the patent. He intends to manufacture and McAnalley and others. Assigned to stakes out some very broad claims. market the extract as a nutritional supplement Carrington Laboratories, Inc., Irving, TX. whose packaging will not carry any claims U.S. Patent 5,308,838, issued May 3, 1994. Insect repellent method. Invented by of medicinal benefit. However, HerbalGram This very broad patent contains a Glenwood Delta, 920 Stephens St., Greens­ editorial staff and reviewers seriously doubt lengthy and detailed review of the research boro, NC 27406. U.S. Patent 5,258,182, is­ that Trenzeluk's chuchuhuasha is literature on the pharmaceutical actions and sued January 1, 1993. Cheiloclinum cognatum. According to Duke potentials of polysaccharide biological re­ Covers the use of a solution made from and Vaxquez's Amazonian Ethnobotanical sponse modifying agents, in general, and of leaves and branches of the Myrica cerifera Dictionary, "Chuchuhuasa," "chuchuhuasi," mannana and glucomannans-the major (wax myrtle or bayberry) plant as a means "chu-chasha," etc. , are commonly associated components of dehydrated aloe vera gel­ of repelling insects from the coat of an ani­ with Maytenus spp., especially Maytenus in particular. It summarizes in vitro findings mal. Patent text focuses on preparation of the macrocarpa. (Like ufia de gato, there are on the activity of Carrington Laboratories' extract and on different methods of apply­ many chuchuhuasas.- J. A. Duke.) proprietary acetylated mannan ing it (dipping the animal or brushing the ("acemannan") Aloe vera derivative, incor­ solution onto the animal's coat). porating by reference the company's previ­ ous patents on· methods of processing the Above: Aloe, Aloe vera © 1994 Steven Extract and pharmaceutical composition plant. Foster. Below: Wax myrtle or for treatment of calcium oxalate stone dis­ The review also discusses the identity Bayberry, Myrica cerifera ease and viral infections. Invented by © 1 995 Steven Foster of the active substance(s) in Aloe vera, and Jeremiah Costello and assigned to Allegh­ points up the importance of distinguishing eny-Singer Research Institute (Pittsburgh, between the components present in the gel PA). U.S. Patent 5,279,827, issued January and those found in the exudates and the ne­ 18, 1994. cessity of clarifying the interrelationships Protects the discovery that a purified between the components. extract of Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) in­ The patent states that acemannan di­ hibits the in vitro growth of calcium oxalate rectly stimulates the immune system, and is crystals, suppresses the deposition of calcium effective in treating several conditions in oxalate crystals in the kidneys of rats fed eth­ which the principal mechanism of resolution ylene glycol (an experimental elicitor of kid­ or cure requires participation of the patient's ney stones), and diminishes the urinary ex­ immune system. It describes methods of cretion of oxalate crystals by rats who have treating cancer, viral infections, and infesta­ been fed ethylene glycol. Patent also dis­ tions by administering an acetylated mannan cusses possible use of cell culture or other derivative, such as acemannan derived from methods of producing the active compounds. aloe, and observes that the method finds use in tissue cultures, animals, and plants.

20 • HERBALGR AM 36 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

FDA HOLDS EXPERT ADVISORY COMMITTEE HEARING ON MA HUANG EXPERTS RECOMMEND APPROPRIATE LABELI NG AND WARNINGS-NOT BANNING THE HERB

by Mark Blumenthal

In an attempt to develop appropriate elude Varro E. Tyler, Lilly Distinguished Pro­ not the ban of rna huang products, as some regulatory policy for the herb rna huang, the fessor of Pharmacognosy at Purdue Univer­ industry people feared, but to give the FDA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has sity, and Edward Croom, Professor of Phar­ an opportunity to gather information to es­ convened an expert advisory subcommittee macognosy at the School of Pharmacy at the tablish appropriate policy. on this controversial Chinese herb. FDA and University of Mississippi. Steven Dentali, The first speaker was Joseph Betz, other state regulatory agencies have received Ph.D., a Portland, Oregon-based natural Ph.D., an FDA pharmacognosist, who re­ numerous reports of adverse reactions to products consultant, is also on the commit­ viewed the chemistry of rna huang and the herbal products containing rna huang (Ephe­ tee as are industry leaders Loren Israelsen, best analytical methods of analyzing prod­ dra sinica Stapf.) as well as to more potent Executive Director of the Utah Natural Prod­ uct samples. and potentially harmful pharmaceutical prod­ ucts Alliance, and Michael Ford, Executive Connie Hardy of FDA gave a summary ucts containing the isolated alkaloid ephe­ Director of the National Nutritional Foods of FDA's survey of the various types of prod­ drine. Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and re­ Association (NNFA). ucts containing rna huang on the U.S. mar­ lated alkaloids are found in the herb rna FDA has been seeking herb industry ket. She noted that of the products reviewed huang at levels usually totalling around 0.5 input regarding the safety of rna huang since by FDA, approximately 15 percent did not to 2.5 percent (Blumenthal and King, 1995). 1994. The inclusion of Israelsen and Ford on contain a label warning, about 85 percent The FDA subcommittee is formally the subcommittee marks the first time that contained specific warnings, and some 5 per­ known as the "Special Working Group Con­ members of the herb and dietary supplement cent had a general warning. Hardy noted that cerning Food Products Containing a Source industries have been invited to participate on rna huang was sold as a powdered herb as of Ephedrine Alkaloids." The subcommittee an FDA advisory committee. well as in standardized extracts with total is part of the FDA's Food Advisory Com­ The meeting was opened by Elizabeth alkaloid levels ranging from 6 to 8 percent, mittee. It met October 11 and 12, 1995, in Yetley, Ph.D., Director of the Office of Spe­ with one product containing 12 percent. Of Washington. cial Nutritionals at the FDA's Center for Food the products tested by FDA, the mean con­ Academic members of the subcommit­ Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). She tained 21.4 mg per dose (Shapiro, 1995). tee with herbal expertise from academia in- stated that the purpose of the meeting was

THE WIZARD OF ID Brant parlter and Johnny hart

THt-' MA~ t7 At.C.u.Sec> JUSTICG:. Of ST6At.-HJ0 f~OM Ttl~ MAY f3G ~L. IN D, ~YAt.- ~R.vlv ' PATvM! S.UT 7HG~ &oT A KEEN ~eN7e of 5,'AEI-v

By permission of John ny Hart and Creators Synd icate, Inc.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 21 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

Testimony was given by Cynthia proposed a warning label for all member Culmo, R.Ph., of the Texas Department of companies' products, which had recently •.• THE BIG PLUS Health, who noted that since 1993, TDH has been amended to include the statement, "Do received hundreds of adverse reaction reports not exceed recommended dosage." Further, involving products containing either the so­ he said, AHPA recommends a dose limit of IS THAT THE FDA lated ephedrine alkaloid or rna huang. They 30 mg total ephedra alkaloids and a maxi­ break down as follows : Approximately 400 mum daily intake of 120 mg. McGuffin con­ reports concern drug products containing cluded with the AHPA position that ephedra AND THEIR ephedrine that were labeled as per the re­ products labeled with the appropriate precau­ quired OTC bronchodilator drug monograph tions "do not present a significant or unrea­ but which were marketed in a manner im­ sonable risk of harm." (McGuffin, 1995) ADVISORY plying their use for weight loss or stimula­ Professor Varro E. Tyler, recom­ tion. In addition, TDH and Texas Poison mended that ephedra be allowed to stay on Control Centers received approximately 150 the market, subject to proper manufacture COMMITTEE adverse reaction reports from food (i.e., di­ and labeling. Summarizing the meeting, he etary supplement) products containing ephe­ told Herba!Gram, "The meeting was one at ACTUALLY drine. Finally, TDH reports that it obtained which the pros and cons of the selected use an additional350 adverse reaction reports in­ of ephedra were throroughly discussed from volving specifically Formula One, a product all points of view. Present were representa­ LISTENED TO containing rna huang and cola nut (Cola tives from various areas of medicine as well nitida, a source of caffeine). These reports as industry. Consideration was given to the were obtained directly from Alliance USA, possibility that the beneficial utilization of REPRESENTATIVES the manufacturer, as a result of litigation filed ephedra (when properly labeled to preclude by TDH (Culmo, 1995). such abuse as muscle-building or weight-loss TDH had proposed regulations re­ applications and to point out all potential haz­ OF THE INDUSTRY stricting sale of rna huang and ephedrine­ ards) would provide a favorable benefit-risk containing products at a public hearing in tario and make a strong case for its staying April 1995 (Blumenthal and King, 1995; on the market. AS WELL AS Blumenthal, Webb and King, 1995). The "In general the panel was very pleased agency quietly withdrew the proposed regu­ with being able to make positive recommen­ INDEPENDENT lations on October 17, 1995 (TDH, 1995). dations to FDA, especially concerning lim­ Ms. Culmo also expressed her concern its of use and/or dosage of the product. In about a particular rna huang product, called recommending its continued marketing, the SCIENTIFIC AND "Herbal Ecstacy," which she claimed con­ panel obviously demonstrated a good deal tained from 50 mg to 100 mg ephedrine per of faith that the herbal industry would label dose. and market ephedra responsibly." (Tyler, MEDICAL EXPERTS. Lorri Love, M.D., Ph.D., of the FDA 1995) Office of Special Nutritionals, said that of According to Tony Young, an attorney the 665 complaints received by FDA related with Piper and Marbury, legal counsel to the to dietary supplements since 1993, over 50 NNFA, "While the heat is no longer on rna percent (365) involved supplements contain­ huang, at least the hook has been taken off ing ephedrine alkaloids, representing 80 dif­ so that this player [i.e, rna huang] can still ferent products. play on the stage. The committee seemed to During the public session, Michael conclude that labeling and use restrictions McGuffin, President of the American Herbal for rna huang would be appropriate and Products Association, stated that AHPA had looked favorably on the AHPA and NNFA

22 • HERBALGRAM 36 LEGAL AND REGULATORY

recommended warnings that were already in safe use of the product. These dietary supple­ find utility of ephedra alkaloids at doses in use." (Young, 1995) ment products should not be included in any the range of 12 to 15 mg. Dr. Tyler and I Young said that the big plus is that the final form that could be mistaken as a food, both agree that dietary supplements that com­ FDA and their advisory committee actually snack, or beverage. Inclusion of ephedra al­ bine stimulant plants including xanthine- rich listened to representatives of the industry as kaloid plants in such product forms would (such as caffeine and theophylline) plants well as independent scientific and medical cause a significant risk for accidental inges­ with ephedra alkaloid plants (such as Ephe­ experts. tion of large quantities and thus could lead dra or Sida) should have a maximum con­ Steven Shapiro, an attorney with Bass to severe adverse events including death. centration of I 0 to 15 mg of ephedrine alka­ and Ullman in New York, represents several "Levels of Ephedrine alkaloids. For loids until proven safe at higher concentra­ companies which market mahuang products. dietary supplements containing Ephedra as tions. Although not presented by anyone at He said, "FDA said at the meeting that it the main ingredient, the recommended indi­ the public hearing, immediately afterwards, would be issuing regulations in the future. vidual serving or intake amount of 25 mg of I heard opinions that lower concentrations The ma huang issue was supposed to be on total ephedra alkaloids or 20 mg of ephedrine of ephedra alkaloids should be considered. the agenda of the November meeting of the at a maximum daily intake of four individual Based on all the available data, I believe that Food Advisory Committee, but the entire servings is based on the long-time use of lower concentrations than the 25 mg alka­ day's proceedings were taken up by the these plants and the official dose of ephe­ loid levels for Ephedra products and 12-15 Olestra (synthetic fat) issue. Presumably, the drine at 25 mg for over 50 years. In addition, mg alkaloid for ephedra/stimulant plant com­ ma huang issue will be addressed by the ad­ pseudoephedrine, the only other main alka­ bination products appear to be without a sci­ visory committee sometime in 1996." loid in Ephedra, is a well-established OTC entific basis and would emphasis [sic] safety (Shapiro, 1995) product that has been used at 30-60 mg per to the point that no benefits remain in the dose for up to four times a day. Also, it is plant product." he outcome of the meeting was sum­ important to note that Ephedra as a plant has Dr. Croom concludes his letter with the marized in a letter to Dr. Fred Shank, been consumed as a tea for many years. The following statement: "Overall , we must con­ TDirector of the CFSAN, from Dr. Ed Chinese Pharmacopoeia states the amount sider that when properly used, Ephedra has Croom, Coordinator of the Phytomedicine used for making rna huang or Ephedra tea is been ingested for I ,OOO 's of years as a use­ Project at the Research Institute for the Phar­ 1.5 to 9.0 g and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia ful tea by humanity and that it's [sic] main maceutical Sciences at the University of Mis­ states that Ephedra should contain a mini­ chemical components ephedrine and pseu­ sissippi. Dr. Croom noted the three actions mum of 0.6 percent total ephedra alkaloids. doephedrine have been ingested by millions recommended by the subcommittee "that in To verify that these are realistic doses, I have of Americans for many years." (Croom, combination will retain the basic utility of found that a tablespoon of chopped or ground 1995) these products as dietary supplements and Ephedra herb contains approximately 2.5 g Dr. Shank told the group that "We have protect public health": of plant material and therefore, that using one heard you ... " and that FDA would probably "Label Warnings. The OTC warnings to two tablespoons for a cup of tea seems be publishing proposed regulations for pub­ for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine should reasonable. Considering that 0.6 percent is lic comment in 1996. be on all ephedrine-type alkaloid-containing the minimum concentration and 1.2 percent This meeting has received consider­ dietary supplements. This information should would be the concentration of good quality able coverage in the natural food industry include warnings about drug interactions, Ephedra, this means that one tablespoon of trade press with articles in several publica­ overingestion of the product, and a recom­ Ephedra contains 15 to 30 mg of ephedra tions (Peterson, 1995 and Shapiro, 1995), mendation that the product should not be alkaloids and that two tablespoons contain plus the fax newsletter of AHPA (Anon., used for more than 7 days without the ad­ 30 to 60 mg of ephedra alkaloids. All the 1995). Curiously, one article was printed with vice of a professional health care practitio­ above data shows a consistent use of Ephe­ the following misleading headline, "FDA ner. Also, these products should not be sold dra based products at the 30 mg dose that Hearing Yields Ephedra Regulations," on the to anyone under the age of 18 years old. Dr. Tyler and I recommended during the pub­ front page of a leading industry publication "Final Product Form. Ephedrine al­ lic hearing. During the hearing, the ques­ kaloid based dietary supplement products tion was raised about the use of lower con­ should be sold in a form that promotes the centrations. In my experience, some people continued on page 73

HERBALGRAM 36 • 23 RESEARCH/WORLD NEWS

SEACOLOGY fOUNDATION RECEIVES GRANTS NATURE'S WAY AND NUSKIN FUND SOUTH PACIFIC ETHNOBOTANY

The Seacology Foundation, a non-profit, educational foun­ Intensive consultation with village councils in Samoa has dation based in Springville, Utah, is dedicated to rainforest pres­ resulted in the recent establishments of five major rainforest pre­ ervation in Pacific and Caribbean rainforests. The foundation has serves, four in Western Samoa and one in American Samoa. The received grants from Nature's Way and NuSkin for its activities; foundation is currently working to preserve the 200,000-acre moun­ the Nature's Way grant to pay for all administrative expenses and tain rainforest of Sava!i by establishing the largest national park the NuSkin funds ($40,000) to fund the construction of an aerial in the South Pacific. Seacology has made a grant to the Tafua walkway on the Falealupo Rainforest Preserve, Western Samoa. chiefs council to fund the replanting of coconut trees destroyed in Nature's Way is making this commitment to Seacology in order the "hundred-year's" hurricanes Ofa (1990) and Val (1991). for the foundation to continue to meet its charter goal Another project of the Seacology Foundation is the Sego of spending 100 percent of its donated funds on its selected Ethnobotany Project, under the direction of Dr. Todd Capson, at conservation activities. the Department of Medicinal Chemistry of the University of Utah. In 1988, Dr. Paul Alan Cox, international award-winning The goal of this project is to conduct ethnobotanical studies with botanist, was doing botanical studies in Western Samoa on the the members of the Gosiute to stem the loss of cultural and bio­ island of Savaii-the birthplace of Polynesia. He was appalled to logical knowledge resulting in publication of field guides written find a foreign logging company, with bulldozers and chaining in Gosiute for the tribal children. devices, beginning to destroy the lowland rainforest. His efforts The Seacology Foundation was founded by Paul Cox, Ph.D., to preserve and maintain this resource were supported at first Harvard University. In addition to Dr. Cox, the scientific staff in part with his own funds, and subsequently with grants from includes Elizabeth Pierson, Ph.D. , and William Rainey, Ph.D. of contributions. University of California, Berkeley, and Thomas Elmqvist, Ph.D., University of Umea. - Barbara Johnston

BASTYR UNIVERSITY MOVES TO NEW CAMPUS ENZYMATIC THERAPY FUNDS NEW SCIENCE LABORATORY

Bastyr University will relo­ chemistry, and computer laborato­ cate its educational facilities from ries. The University has received Seattle to a new campus at the St. a pledge for $90,000 from Enzy­ Thomas Center in northern King matic Therapy of Green Bay, Wis­ County, Washington, in late sum­ consin, to equip and furnish the mer of 1996. According to Dr. Jo­ basic sciences laboratory. The En­ seph Pizzorno, president and co­ zymatic Therapy Basic Sciences founder, the move is more than just Laboratory will be used for histol­ a change of location. "Nation­ ogy, anatomy, physiology, and wide, there is an increasing de­ neuroanatomy studies. Enzymatic mand for natural health care Therapy's financial commitment practitioners. A third of the U.S. marks the first major capital gift population seeks natural medicine for the new facility. as part of a more comprehensive approach to health care and Bastyr University is the only regionally accredited wellness. The number of people seeking education and training multidisciplinary natural medicine university in the country, with has greatly increased," he said. the first American Dietetic Association-certified program empha­ Built in 1959 as a Catholic seminary, St. Thomas is situated sizing whole foods nutrition. on nearly 50 acres of woods, fields, and trails on the northeast shore The University's teaching clinic serves 25 ,000 patients annu­ of Lake Washington, near Seattle. The 186,000-square-foot com­ ally. In 1994, the University's research institute received a land­ plex accommodates the current and long-range needs of the Univer­ mark grant of $840,000 from the National Institutes of Health Of­ sity, providing expanded classroom, research, and laboratory facili­ fice of Alternative Medicine to establish a Center for Alternative ties, including anatomy, physical sciences, nutrition, microbiology, Medicine Research in HIV/AIDS. - Barbara Johnston

24 • HERBALGRAM 36 MYSTE~l ES OF RH UBA~B: CHINESE MEDICINAL RHUBA~B T H ~0 U c; H T H E A c; E5

by Clifford M. Foust*

Rhubarb presents an interesting example of the that the medicinal root came from several varieties historical difficulty in developing pharmacopeia! or species of rhubarb, not from one single species. monographs to establish identity, quality, and purity By the end of the nineteenth century, it became clear of this classic laxative herb. For nearly two thousand that the particular medicinal characteristics of years rhubarb both fascinated and confounded rhubarb were due in part to conditions under which professionals in the fields of medicine, pharmacology, the Chinese roots grew, such as soil composition and botany, and horticulture. Not only were rhubarb 's climate, which could not be replicated in Europe. In precise origins uncertain, but the active constituents addition, standardization of dosage and its accurate accountable for the root's gentle cathartic action and measurement have proven to be difficult, as the root astringency were unknown. seems to work differently for Rhubarb's mysteries unveiled each individual. themselves slowly. After much The development of a experimentation in Europe pharmacopeia! monograph with the propagation of for rhubarb is still a rhubarb, researchers learned problem today.

Rheum nobile Hook. From Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien by A. Eng ler and K. Prantl 1894. Courtesy of Botanical Resea rch Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas.

More than seventy years ago, a leading and dependable cathartic action which American pharmacist wrote that "Rhu­ is succeeded by an astringency recom­ barb is one of the great gifts of empiricism to the medical profes­ mending it ahead of harsh and debilitating cathartics such as helle­ sion."1 By this cryptic remark John Uri Lloyd, also a successful drug bore. In a dual effort to determine rhubarb's active ingredients and manufacturer, meant that this highly and long esteemed cathartic to identify any adulterants in the drug after it had been reduced to and stomachic drug, Rheum in its botanical name, had fascinated powdered form, it had been subjected to dozens of serious physical Western medicine and its related fields for nearly two thousand years and chemical tests, particularly since the 1780s. Rhubarb did not, and served as a major subject of clinical and laboratory experiments however, readily nor fully reveal its secrets, and consequently con­ throughout Europe for a century and a half. From earliest times tributed immensely to the development of the modem techniques of rhubarb impressed physician and patient alike because of its gentle pharmacology and laboratory medicine.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 25 1'/l/7 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PHAR..MACOPElAL MONO~R..APH FOR.. R..H UBAR..B lS StlLL A PR..OBLEM TODAY.

To medicine and pharma­ cology as recipients of rhubarb's grudging gifts, Lloyd could have added the professional fields of botany and horticulture, both of which also profited greatly from struggles to understand and do­ mesticate rhubarb. Here the mysteries were several. earliest times •.u'«ot.':.ul~" "' ''"'"''""'!.f nal rhubarb was

r fl' HlV~J-'!H.· rofessional fields, not to speak of .s'ruicl)l,~f.lnflttmrar'Rfstor] . Throughout its European his­ " -"""~.,-~ questions that variously baffled and provoked .fUteentlM"Cci'fnirnerci:aJ,tfue~ni<:a pharmaceutical, botanical, and horticultural st ; Dioscorides and other ancients down to the present. The first of medicinal rhubarb's mysteries was its provenance. :;ev·en,1.. e1run and eighteenth The ancients knew that it was not native to Europe, that it was im­ ~ttllfl.es, they failed to breed ported from beyond the eastern Mediterranean presumably by way true; European gardeners re­ of the venerable Silk Route from China across Central Asia or by peatedly were disappointed in ship around India and southeast Asia.2 Then Marco Polo at the end their efforts to produce roots of the thirteenth century reported it growing in a vague location in and rhizomes equal to those Tangutia and in Suchou of Kiangsu Province.3 From then on, rhu­ which came from the east, de­ barb became one of those "glittering prizes," which drew Europeans spite the appearance of a large outward. In spite of bits of anecdotal information accumulated over number of species, varieties, the centuries and some reported sightings of the plant in situ, the and cultivars. Was it climate first promising breakthrough in the effort to find living plants oc­ or soils or latitude or altitude curred only in the early seventeenth century when a large-leafed or techniques of cultivation plant was found growing in the mountains of modem Bulgaria.4 and preparation that ac­ Within a few years this plant, which came to be known as Rhapontic counted for the acknowledged or English rhubarb, was put down in every important physic garden superiority of the Eastern in Europe, but initial high hopes were dashed. It yielded roots of root? Horticultural and bo­ medicinal efficacy but they did not measure up to the Eastern im­ Rhubarbe compacte (Rheum tanical questions puzzled gen­ ports. From this point on, the explorative, geographical, and botani­ compactum), Roques, J. Plantes erations of experimenters. cal questions merged. usuelles, indigenes et exotiques. In a word, rhubarb Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, persis­ Paris, Chez !'Auteur, 1808. Vol. 2., plate 24, fig. 96. Courtesy of Hunt played a major and peculiar tent efforts were made by European merchants and travelers to probe Institute for Botanical role, especially in the seven­ the eastern origins of rhubarb in the Mediterranean, Siberia, 5 Documentation, Carnegie Mellon teenth to early twentieth cen­ Mongolia, India, and/or China. From Lebanon came a species dis­ University, Pittsburgh, PA. turies, in the appearance and tinctive for its ribbed or warty leaves (R. ribes), from western Sibe-

26 • HERBALGRAM 36 the gen in11 2 hopes that · ld prove viable · opean fiel(ls as fficacious a Non of the pe · tion~ although • in pbys·c arden r· even rpial fields, produced, after eriod of four or five ears, hubarb root of a quality that atched the best imported roots. Typically the domestic roots re­ quired medicinal dosages of half again as much or more to effectuate a similar cathartic result. There­ fore, in spite of the arrival in Europe of these plants, imports contin­ ban against their carriage in private trade in and across Russia. In ued to mount, and the search for the True Rhubarb went on. With 1731, after a brief period of release of rhubarb to private trade, the the interior of China effectively cut off from Europeans, the ap­ state monopoly was reasserted and a substantial bureaucracy was proaches to the Middle Kingdom were probed. In addition to con­ created in the form of a Rhubarb Commission on the Mongolian tinued efforts in and through Siberia (by the great naturalist Peter border and in the Commerce Collegium in St. Petersburg. The goal Simon Pallas, among others), expeditions sought rhubarb in the was to import the best possible root from Mongol merchant inter­ southern Himalayas from the 1770s on. Pallas found what he thought mediaries at a fixed price renegotiated every several years, to exer­ to be several new species, one with milky white roots (R. cise strict quality control by rigorously culling out all questionable leucorrhizum) and a "creeping" rhubarb near the Caspian (R. or deteriorated pieces (a practice known as the brak), and to sell in caspium).1 Another explorer happened upon a "bloody" rhubarb Europe at high inelastic prices. By contrast, the several East India (R. cruentum) distinctive for its clear reddish sap. From the companies, especially the British East India Company, secured their Himalayan fastnesses in the second decade of the nineteenth roots in Chinese ports, typically purchasing larger quantities of lesser century several travelers returned with specimens of a low-growing quality root which they then sold at auction in London or to middle­ but impressive plant known commonly as R. emodi after the town in men elsewhere at prices which varied widely according to market Ladakh near which it was originally spied. The most dramatic, supplies and demand. These two major avenues supplied Europe however, was a huge plant, R. nobile, found in 1851 by John Dalton with huge quantities of rhubarb from the 1730s on. Hooker high in the Sikkim mountains. 8 These too, like those which The expanding market demand in the eighteenth century preceded, excited initial enthusiasm but, after trials, dashed the heightened the already considerable interest in the acquisition of high hopes.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 27 EU~OPE WAS SWEPT BY A VE~l TAB L E ~HUBA~B MANIA A5 PEOPLE 5T~U~~ L ED T 0 50 LV E T H El ~ PE ~~ 51 A LT I C P~0 BL EM 5.

But from the 1840s China was "opened" to Western penetration, and the interior of China soon was criss-crossed by European merchants, priests, natural­ ists, and others searching out rhubarb, among other things. In 1867 the French botanist M. Henri Baillon received a few live roots that originated in mountainous western China between Szuchuan and Shensi.9 He soon labeled them to be the

Rheum officinale:ad"ll. From Pflanzenfamilien by A. Engler and K. Prantl, 1894. Cour;esy of Botanical Resea rch Institute o f. Texas, Fort Worth, Texas . .,. /~

produced 'mule' or 'bastard' plants, especially when planted in the vicinity of other different rhubarb plants. Well into the nineteenth century experimenters still reproduced rhubarb by seed rather than root division, it not being certain what it was that caused spontane­ ous hybridization. When rhubarb finally emerged as a culinary de­ light, especially in Britain and the United States in the 1830s and Tangutian rhubarb, came to be classi­ 1840s, at a time when the techniques of hybridization and selection fied as a variety of the palmated species which had created such a became sophisticated and widespread, the need for root division was stir a century earlier (R. palmatum var. tanguticum). The first rhu­ accepted. Only by such reproduction could the many competing barb mysteries, the geographical and botanical ones, now seemed varieties of culinary rhubarb-there were dozens upon dozens then ended, having fascinated and frustrated European botanists, phar­ vying in the horticultural marketplaces of Great Britain by the macists, physicians, druggists, and entrepreneurs since at least the 1850s-be stabilized through succeeding generations. time of Marco Polo. The official rhubarb of the pharmacopoeias, Other horticultural problems made the choice between seed the True Rhubarb of the botanists, the most valuable market root, it or root difficult and delayed. Climate, altitude, soil composition, finally came to be understood, carne probably not from a single spe­ and techniques of curing and market preparation were all much ex­ cies root but from several varieties or species. The truth was plural, pounded upon, especially in the eighteenth and first half of the nine­ not singular. teenth centuries. As late as the second half of the nineteenth century Part of the problem had been all along that rhubarb is a plant it was wondered whether the plains of northern France or of that does not make human exploitation easy by reproducing accu­ Oxfordshire could replace the narrow high valleys of western China rately when propagated by seed. Already in the seventeenth century more than 3,000 m. above sea level. Only then did it seem certain European horticulturists observed that rhubarb easily hybridized, that different species fared very differently in diverse climatic situa-

28 • HERBALGRAM 36 Left: Rhubarb root and rhizomes at harvest from a Rheum officinale Baillon plant in its second year. From Alexander Tschirch, Studien uber den rhabarber und seine stammpflanze (Vienna, 1904), p. 82. Courtesy of the author.

tions. One Frenchman wept so far as to scrup lously elect. a loca­ tion on the basi~ of is_otlle s which turned out to b 96 th. above sea lexel where the average temperature was 17 degn es <;:: in sum­ . mer and .2 degrees C in winter. 11 Even were that a corrlct analysis it was hardly a practical agricultural alternative to i portation frem China. There was extended debate about the best techniques nece~­ sary to desiccate the fresh roots. From the seventeenth century at • least, anecdote had it that the Mongols sliced the roots into fairly thin pieces to dry quickly in the bright sun of a dry and cool climate, J Fi;.: . l. Fi;.:. :!. ~-"•n J and the appearance of imported rhubarb pieces, many pierced wi~ UhuLarll c 1h: Chin,·. t:hul-.u·:)\' d'.\n,.;'e iturmeric or ally led to the conclusion that loam soils dressed lavishly with dung the substitution of a less effective species or variety for the finest were superior to other soils. officinal powder. In order to do this the active constituents must be But how to replicate these conditions and circumstances of identified before they could be measured. cultivation, harvest, and preparation in western Europe? The an­ As the nineteenth century wore on, a second stimulus emerged, swer over several centuries only slowly emerged: there was no way. the desire to isolate active principles in the laboratory in order to By the end of the nineteenth century it was conceded that several synthesize them. The earliest seventeenth-century observers distin­ factors operating together probably accounted for the particular and guished a salt thought to be the active cathartic agent in rhubarb plus peculiar medicinal characteristics of Chinese rhubarb which Euro­ inert material, an earth of some kind. 13 Not until the 1770s with the pean crops could not and did not replicate: of these soil composi­ beginnings of modem chemical laboratory analyses was there sig­ tion and climate probably the most important. nificant development beyond that. Karl Wilhelm Scheele, the re­ This leads to yet another rhubarb mystery. What ingredients nowned Swedish chemist, conducted extensive experiments and con­ in the Chinese root accounted for the gentle cathartic action and the cluded that an acid of wood sorrel, later identified as oxalic acid, subsequent astringency? Or, put another way, what were the active was the key. 14 Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, principles, how might they be detected, and how measured? This Europe's finest chemists, such as Jacques Clarion, the Henrys (fa­ was not merely an intellectual laboratory puzzle; the main stimulus ther and son), and Schlossberger and Dopping, to name only a few, to an answer was the need to distinguish between the several species all tried their hand at dispelling this mystery. By the 1870s, most

HERBALGRAM 36 • 29 tHE"-.E WAS EXtENDED DEBATE

Below: Rheum undulatum (Rheum rhabarbarum). Taken in linnaeus' garden, Uppsala, Sweden, Sept. 1990. Courtesy of the author.

Above: Rheum rhaponticum l. Antwerp Botanical Garden. Sept. 1990. Courtesy of the author.

left: (British) National Rhubarb Collection accumulated by Christopher Margrave, horticulturist of Harlow Car Botanical Garden (of the Northern Horticultural Society) near Harrogate, Yorkshire . July 24, 1991 . Courtesy of the author.

notably in the laboratory kept doggedly of Georg Dragendorff of after the nagging Dorpat, major strides in problem using a pharmacology took place, vari ety of re- and the purgative prin­ agents, the new and innovative filtered ultraviolet light, and new ciple was said to depend laboratory test animals like the water flea, the crustacean Daphnia on a cathartic acid, a magna. After the Second World War (when supplies from China glycosidal nitrogenous were cut oft), the laboratory of the School of Pharmacy of the Uni­ substance, and the tonic or versity of London picked up the challenge, but in the end even its astringent action on tannic principal researcher Fairbairn had to admit only partial success. One acid. 15 But, still, when it of rhubarb's oldest problems, a problem generally of medicinal thera­ came to practical tests for peutics, the size of dosage and its accurate measurement, had not di scrimination between been solved. "Each individual,' he replied to interrogation at a schol­ varieties, his laboratory contributed little. Simple practical tests to arly gathering, "must try for himself; that is the advantage of say identify contaminated powdered rhubarb and, ideally, to identify the standardized senna [compared with rhubarb]. If 2 tablets are insuf­ contaminants and their proportionate quantities eluded the best phar­ ficient then 3 or 4 may be necessary." When asked, "We have no macologists. Nearly all these researchers found or confirmed differ­ criteria to guide us then?" he replied candidly, "Not with the preci­ ent ingredients, more often than not renaming them. But in time all sion you demand but this is true of all drugs . . .. Everyone is differ­ claims failed to satisfy completely. Well into the twentieth century ent."t7 the debates continued. Thus well into the twentieth century efforts by a long line of The microscope made its presence known during the second able chemists, pharmacologists, and research physicians failed to half of the nineteenth century. A pair of French pharmacists, Planchon unscramble rhubarb's several puzzles. Rhubarb resisted inquiry into and Collin, were particularly contributive. 16 But even their scrupu­ its composition, the sources of its powers, and the mechanism of its lous microscopal investigations, although they identified the red and reproduction, not to speak of its provenance and species history. white lines visible to the eye in dried root that had been fractured, From a long line of failures and partial successes with the cathartic fai led to solve fu lly the mystery of rhubarb's constituent parts, and drug rhubarb has come a large body of accumulated experience and therefore could not reliably distinguish the best medicinal rhubarb improved techniques in all of the disciplines described. Rhubarb from inferior roots, not to speak of adulterations. Many researchers contributed significantly and identifiably to the development of tech-

30 • H ERBALGRAM 36 ABOUT THE BEST TECHNlQ_UES NECESSA~Y TO DESl CCATE THE F~ESH ~OOTS.

nologies of inquiry in medicine, chemistry, and pharmacology; this 6. Rhubarb (n. 5), chapters 3 and 4. wondrous drug truly was a great empirical gift. It yielded up its 7. Peter Simon Pallas, "Plantae novae ex herbario et schedis defuncti secrets and mysteries only most reluctantly. 0 Botanici Iohannis Sievers," Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum lmperiales Petropolitanae 10 (1797): pp. 381-83. 8. Joseph Dalton Hooker, Himalayan Journals (London: Ward, Lock, *Clifford Foust, retired, is Professor Emeritus, History, Uni­ Bowden & Co., 189 1), pp. 328-29. versity of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland and 9. Friedrich A. Fliickiger and Daniel Hanbury, Pharmacographia: A His­ Recipient of the 1993 Kremers Award for Rhubarb, the Wondrous tory of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origins, Met with in Great Drug (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992 ). This article Britain and British India (London: Macmillan, 1874), pp. 442-51. was his Kremers Award Lecture at the American Institute of the His­ 10. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przheval'skii, Mongolia i strana tangutov tory of Pharmacy. trekhletnee puteshestvie v vostochnoi nagornoi Azii (St. Petersburg: Tip. A. S . Balasheva, 1875-76), 1: 235-38. II. Cultivation of Rhubarb in France," Pharmaceutical Journal, 3d ser., II (12 March 188 1):p.755. 12. Michal Boim, "Flora sinensis, ou traite des tleurs, des fruits, des plantes, et des animaux particuliers a Ia Chine," in Melchisedeck Therenot, Notes and References Relations de divers voyages curieux (Paris, 1696), pp. 24-5 . 13 . Joseph Pitton de Toumefort, The Compleat Herbal (London: R. I. John Uri Lloyd, Origin and History of All the Pharmacopeia/ Veg­ Bonwicke, Tim. Goodwin, etc., 1719-30), I :p. 42. etable Drugs, Chemicals and Preparations. Vol. 1: Vegetable Drugs 14. Karl Wilhelm Scheele, The Collected Papers of Carl Wilhelm Scheele (Cincinnati, Ohio: The Caxton Press, 1921), 1: 268. (London: G. Bell & Son, 1931), pp. 262-67. 2. See for example John M. Riddle, Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medi­ 15. Georg Dragendorff, "Comparative Analyses of Rhubarb," Pharma­ cine (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), p. 37. ceutical Journal, 3d ser., 8 (20 April 1878):pp. 826-29. 3. Marco Polo, The Book ofSer Marco Polo (London: John Murray, 1903), 16. See especially Eugene Collin, Guide pratique pour Ia determination 1: 217-18; 2: 181. des poudres offinales (Paris: Octave Do in, 1893), and Gustav Planchon 4. John Parkinson, Paradisi in sole paradis us terrestris (London: Humfrey, and Eugene Collin, Les drogues simples d'origine vegetale (2 vo ls., Lownes, & Robert Young, 1629), pp. 483-84. Paris: Octave Doin, 1895-96). 5. For a detailed review see my Rhubarb, the Wondrous Drug (Princeton: 17. W. Fairbairn, "Biological Assay and Its Relation to Chemical Struc­ Princeton University Press, 1992), chapters 2 and 5. ture," Pharmacology 14 (S uppl. I) (1976):p. 60.

THE WONDROUS DRUG Rhubarb: The Wondrous Drug

Rhubarb: The Wondrous Drug, by Clifford Foust. 1992. The definitive historical perspective of medicinal Rheum. This book traces the prodigious efforts of European explorers, traders, botanists, gardeners, physicians, and pharmacists to acquire it and master its special botanical and chemical properties. Hardcover, 371 pp. $45. ABC Book Store #Bl67.

This book received the 1993 Edward Kremers Award

CLIFFORD M. FOUST from the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy.

HERBALGR AM 36 • 31 Jhe c5pef!Of7he !?fanls*

by Varro E. Tyler

Jim wanted those plants and he got 'em; No, there's the books (have you seen them?) He scrambled and picked like a slave. The cussedest books that I know. Be it famine or fever-he fought them; Just pages and pages of herbals, He hurled his youth into a grave. With data as thick as the snow. He wanted those plants and he got 'em; Some say The Duke had 'em all ghosted; Came out with specimens tall. Some say there's too much for just one. Yet somehow life's not what he'd thought it, But we know our Jim and he wrote 'em; And somehow those plants were not all. And some of them really are fun.

There's books about making of liquor, With dozens of recipes new. I tried some, but then I got sicker; They're just not for me, and that's true. There's books that are filled with the posy; Of course not all of them rhyme. But reading them makes me feel cozy; And they give everyone a good time.

Those titles are just the beginning; There are more then anyone knows. Lewd Latin, the Bible, and cooking; All written by Jim, we suppose. But there's more-no end to his talent; He computes, goes barefoot, and sings! What more can one ask of this gallant Botanical wizard who swings?

And now Big Jim is retiring; He wants to quit work that's for true. But the work that he's quitting is nothing, Compared what he plans now to do. He's writing more books; he's explormg In lands where those green things are found. He'll teach and he'll watch the rain pouring In jungles the whole world around.

There's plants which are beckoning, haunting; They'll lure Duke again as before. But it's not just the plants that he's wanting So much as just finding out more. It's the great big, broad land way out yonder; It's the forest where silence has lease, It's the beauty that thrills us with wonder: It's the plants that'll fill Jim with peace.

*With apologies to Robert W. Service and his poem, "The Spell of the Yukon." (Prepared as a tribute to James A. Duke, Ph. D. , on his retirement from the U.S. Department of Agriculture after 30 years service. Presented October 22, 1995, Explorama Lodge near lquitos, Peru.)

James A Duke, Ph .D. in the Peruvian Amazon ©1995 Steven Foster

32 • HERBALGRAM 36 THE Herbs, Spices, and HONEST HERBAL Medicinal Plants Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology, 4- Volume Set Edited by Lyle E. Craker and

A Sensible Gwd~ to the James E. Simon U\e of HeriM and R~bud RemOOtes The books in this imporrant series forge a link among researchers working in several disciplin es

VA R R 0 E. T Y L E R, PhD associated with herbs, spices, and medicinal plants. Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plan!S fills rhe need for accurate, up-to-dare reviews of the botany, horriculrure, and pharmacology of $49.95 hard. ISBN: 1-56024-286-8. $24.95 hard . ISBN: 1-5 6024-894-7. these plants. $15.95 soft. ISBN: 1-56024-287-6. $12.95 sofr.ISBN : 1-56024-895-5. RAT ES PER VOLUME (HARD): Individuals: $30.00 I Institutions: $45.00 I Libra ries: $85.00 I 993. 375 pp. with lndcc. 1994. 209 pp. with lndcc. Volume 1: ISBN: 1-56022-043-0. 1986.345 pp. with Index. Volume 2: ISBN: 1-56022-018-X. 1991.255 pp. Volume 3: ISBN: 0-89774-360-1. 1988. 205 pp. with Index. "Ify ou want to try an [herbal} supplement, don't rely on what's Volume 4: ISBN: 1-56022-857-1. 1989. 242 pp. with Index. printed on the packages or in pamphlets . . . . We recommend two books, both by ~ rro Tjler, an expert in the medicinal use ofplan ts: Opium Poppy The Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology Related Remedies . . . and Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic L. D. Kapoor, PhD Use of Phytomedicinals . . . both published by Pharmaceutical Here is an in-depth examination of the opium poppy-the first medi ci nal Products Press (The Haworth Press); the first book is organized by plant known 10 mankind. In Opium Poppy: Botany, Chemistry, and herb, the second by disease. " Pharmacology, author L. D. Kapoor provides readers with a comprehensive reso urce on poppy production from seed to alkaloid. - Consumer Reports Magazine, November, 1995 $39.95 hard. ISBN: 1-56024-923-4. Text price (5+ copies): $19.95. 1995. Available now. 326 pp. wi th Index. 2 Cutting-Edge Journals That Provide a Forum for the Dissemination of Herb and Food Research! Journal of Journal of Herbs, Spices, 8c Nutraceuttcals, Functional Medicinal Plants 8c Medical Foods Editor: Lyle E. Craker, PhD Editor: Nancy M. Childs, PhD 'il.ims to overcome the folklore and myths often This new journal ai ms to provide a professional and scholarly associated with the plants . . . . QF INTEREST TO fo rum for the publication of responsible research and dialog .. THOSE WITH VARYING LEVELS OF INTEREST on the many product, business, and policy issues that AND KNOWLEDGE IN HERBS, SPICES, AND surround the explosion of technology allowing fo r the development MEDICINAL PLANTS. .. . Will no tloubt find a place in relevant of "superfoods" - i.e., food products with potentially suong health specialist libraries and information services." preventative or therapeutic properties. -Rtftrma Revitws Volume I, No. !-Spring 19%. Quanerly (4 issues). The Journal of Herbs, Spices, & Medicinal Plants is a comprehensive forum filled Volume 2, No. !-Spring 1997. Quarterly (4 issues). Subscription rates (per volume): Individuals: $32/ lnstitutions: $60/ Libraries: $120 with recent research and other information associated with herbs, spices, and DISCOUNTED RATES medicinal plants. This journal features original articles and short reviews associated Individual with the production and development of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants. It I Yr.: $28.80 (Save $3.20) 2 Yrs.: $51.20 (Save $12.80) 3 Yrs.: $67.20 (Save $28.80) also includes information related to such areas as physiology, breeding, productiv­ lnstirurion ity, commercial applications, and marketing. I Yr. $54.00 {Save $6.00) 2 Yrs.: $96.00 {Save $24.00) 3 Yrs.: $126.00 {Save $54.00)

Volume 3, No. I-Fall1995. Quanerly (4 issues). SAM PLE COPIES OF JOURNALS ARE AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE to libraries and Volume 4, No. 1-Fal11996. Quarterly (4 issues). faculty with library recommendation authorization. Please send request on your institutional Subscription rates {per volume): Individuals: $40/Instirurioru: $65/ Libraries: $95 letterhead to Sample Copy Department, The Hawo rth Press, Inc.• I 0 Alice Street, DISCOUNTED RATES Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. Individual I Yr.: $36.00 (Save $4.00) 2 Yrs.: $64.00 (Save $16.00) 3 Yrs.: $84.00 (Save$36.00) PAD95 lnstirution The Haworth Press, Inc. 1 Yr. $58.50 (Save $6.50) 2 Yrs.: $104.00 {Save $26.00) 3 Yrs .: $136.50 (Save $58.50) 10 Alice Street • Binghamton, New York 13904-1 580 PHONE: 800-342-9678 I FAX: 800-895-0582 t E-MAIL: [email protected] HERBALGRAM 36 • 33 CARDIOTONICS ON POSTAGE STAMPS

by Eric Ranger, B.Sc.(Pharm). Stamps from the collection of Eric Ranger Stamp photography by Jim Kruger and John Jonietz

(above) Adenium sinakebse, Somalia 1955.

Prehistoric people could probably be classified as the first herbalists. They would have found by trial and error that various plants not only provided them with food, clothing, shelter, and weap­ (above) Adenium obesum, Kenya 1983. ons, but offered a wealth of curative remedies. As the remedies were passed down through the ages, every civilization altered, tested, and studied the medicinal value of plants. An important group of plants were those which had an effect upon the heart. Although the cardiotonic effect was not known or understood by the "herbalists" and "herb doctors," they knew that by administering certain herbs the condition known as dropsy (patho­ logical accumulation of diluted lymph in body tissues and cavities) could be remedied. During the past 100 years various governments around the world have issued postage stamps depicting various medicinal plants. (For a pictorial review of medicinal plant stamps of the former Yu­ goslavia see HerbalGram #30.) The following are stamps from 23 countries representing the medicinal plants which either formerly and/or currently have been/are used in traditional and/or modern medicine to treat cardiac conditions. (Ed. note -Information on the issuance of various stamps shown in italics is from Scott's Standard Postage Stamp Catalog, 1995. Scott Publishing Company.)

(Editor's note - This information is intended for historical and philatelic interest only and is not intended as a guide for self­ medication. ABC and HRF do not recommend self-medication for (above) Adonis vernalis, Hungary, 1973. cardiac conditions.)

34 • HERBALGRAM 36 ~· .. - .... ., ., ...... _-,.-...,.,...... ~ : · ~ .• ~ • •t • • (above) Adonis vernalis, Czechslovakia, 1971 . • • • • • ,• (above) Convallaria majalis., : Hungary 1951 . ~ ~ • ,~ t ' ,• t • (left) Convallaria majalis, : ..•.••....•.... .j San Marino 1957. Adenium (Desert Rose) Adenium obesum Roem. & Schult. and Adenium somalense Balf., (also know as desert rose or pink sabi star), members of the Apocynaceae or Dogbane family, native to Africa, have been found to contain active cardiac glycosides similar to those in digitalis and have been tested as cardiac drugs but not used because of severe Convallaria (Lil y-of-the-Valley) side effects. It is interesting to note that native people of eastern Convallaria (also known as Lily-of-the-Valley, May lily, park Africa use these plants as fish and arrow poisons. lily, May blossom or May Bell) is the attractive, fragrant perennial plant Convallaria majalis L., of the Liliaceae family, i nd igenou~ to Great Britain and widely distributed over Europe, North Amenca, Adonis (False Hellebore) and northern Asia. A flower frequently found in country gardens, it Adonis (also known as false hellebore, vernal pheasant's eye, was shown as early as the sixteenth century to possess strong thera­ bird's eye or spring adonis) consists of the dried leaves and stalks of peutic action. It was known as Lilium convallium to sixteenth cen­ Adonis vernalis L., of the Ranunculaceae or buttercup family. Ado­ tury apothecaries. nis was a handsome youth in Greek mythology with whom Aphrodite Apothecaries of the Middle Ages also recognized the value of fell madly in love. But one day, Adonis was killed by a boar while this herb in "disorders of the heart and vital spirits." The active hunting and Aphrodite, goddess of love, caused this flower to spring ingredient is convallatoxin, a digitalis-like drug that has similar ac­ from the blood which he spilled, or as other stories have it, from the tion upon the heart. The dried flowers, rhizomes, and roots have all tears which she shed. Adonis was introduced into conventional been used for their cardiac action. It has been long employed by the medicine in central Europe, most probably in the German and Rus­ Russian peasantry as a remedy for dropsy. sian Empires in the late 1800s as a heart tonic; while it is little used today in this country, it is still a popular cardiac stimulant in central Europe. (The Czechoslovakian stamp was issued as part ofa series commemorating the 60th International Pharmaceutical Congress, 1971.)

HERBALGRAM 36 • 35 FW I W W W W W 'W • • • • • • • .. •

(far left) Convallaria maio/is, Russia , 1973.

I • , (left) Digitalis pupurea, ~ Bulgaria, 1953.

(left) Digitalis pupurea, Germany, 1974 .

(right) Digitalis pupurea, ...... German Democratic Republic, 1960.

Digitalis (Foxglove) Hellebore (Christmas Rose) Foxglove is commonly referred to as the digitalis plant (also Hellebore (also known as black hellebore or Christmas rose) known as purple foxglove, fairy gloves, fairy fingers, lady's glove, is obtained from the dried rhizomes and roots of Helleborus niger or flop dock). The drug consists of the dried leaves of Digitalis L., H. viridus L., and other related species of the Ranunculaceae purpurea L., a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, a biennial family, which are herbaceous perennials cultivated in England and plant widely distributed throughout Europe and common in England. growing wild in abundance on the lower Alps of Central Europe. The name foxglove is derived from the shape of the blossoms which Hellebore has been used in medicine since ancient times and is en­ bear a resemblance to glove fingers. Introduced into medicine by shrouded in fable and legend of great antiquity. According to Greek William Withering in 1775 who learned of the value of foxglove for tradition, the shepherd Melampus first realized its properties by ob­ the treatment of dropsy from an old woman of Shropshire, England, serving its effect on his goats; later he is said to have used it success­ its most important use is in congestive heart failure. fully to cure the daughters of Proteus, King of Argus, of mental de­ Digitalis lanata Ehrh., native to the area around the Danube rangement, by dosing them with the milk of goats who had eaten the has an additional glycoside, digoxin, which is not found in D. pur­ plant. The plant was formerly known as Melampode after Melam­ purea and has high cardiac action. Other species of the Digitalis pus, a physician of 1400 B.C. who, Pliny tells us, used it to treat family also have cardiac action. nervous disorders and hysteria. Hellebore contains several glyco­ Only the purified glycosides are now used in the U.S. sides, including helleborein and helleborin. The plant is a powerful (The Bulgarian stamp was issued in 1953 as part of a 14- hydragogue, cathartic, and emmenagogue and is poisonous in large stamp series depicting medicinal plants. The Spanish Guinea stamp doses. It has been used as a myocardial stimulant in the past. (The was issued in 1959 to promote child welfare. The stamp from Ger­ German and Guernsey stamps were special Christmas issues.) many carried a surtax which was designated for independent wel­ fare organizations.)

36 • HERBALGRAM 36 ·-·~---······------OF GUERNSEY

(above left) Digitalis pupurea L., Spanish Guinea, 1959.

(above right) Helleborus niger, Guernsey, 1978.

(below left) Helleborus niger, Switzerland, 1958.

(below right) Nerium oleander, Israel 1961 .

Squill (Sea Onion) Squill (also known as sea onion or apothecary's squill) con­ sists of the fleshy inner bulb scales of Urginea maritima (L) Bate (White or Mediterranean Squill) or U. Indica Kunth (Indian Squill) of the Liliaceae family. Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Arab physi­ cians knew that squill could be used as an expectorant, diuretic, and cough remedy and that if given in large doses it was a strong emetic Nerium (Oleander) causing severe vomiting. They also realized that its most important Nerium (also known as oleander, rose laurel, or rose bay) is medical function was to stimulate heart activity. the widely cultivated ornamental flowering shrub, Nerium oleander The bulb of the sea onion is made up of numerous thin, scale­ L., a member of the Apocynaceae family, native to the warm parts like layers. Neither the outer nor those near the heart of the bulb are of Asia and the Mediterranean region. Although nerium is quite of any value ; only a few of the middle layers contain the glycosides, poisonous, it has been used in the past for cardiac insufficiency with scillarin A and scillarin B. These middle scales were sliced, dried, pronounced diuretic action. It has also been used for centuries for and used in the manufacture of pills, syrups, and tinctures. killing rats. (The stamp from Israel was issued in 1961 to com­ A red variety of U. maritima contains the active principle scil­ memorate the 13th anniversary of the proclamation of the State of liroside, which is very toxic to rats and has been employed for this Israel.) purpose for centuries. (This stamp from Israel was issued in 1961 to commemorate the 13th anniversary of the proclamation of the State of Israel.)

HERBALGRAM 36 • 37 (above) Nerium oleander, Strophanthus, Congo, 1963. Somalia 1969.

Drimia maritima, Israel, 1961 .

(right) Strophanthus, Spanish Guinea, 1956

(left) Strophanthus, Mozambique, 1958.

Strophanthus Baobab (Monkey-Bread Tree) Strophanthus is obtained from the dried ripe seeds, freed from Adansonia digitata L., is the Baobab (also known as the mon­ the awns [a bristle-like terminal part] of Strophanthus kombe Oliver, key-bread tree or "affenbrotbaum'), is the native South African tree S. gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Bail!. and other species of a climbing belonging to the Bombacaceae family and capable of storing great plant indigenous to tropical East Africa and of the Apocynaceae fam­ quantities of water. The fruit pulp has a high ascorbic acid content, ily. It has been used for centuries by various tribes as an arrow is edible, and makes a refreshing drink with water. The bark con­ poison. In 1861, the famous explorer, David Livingston, described tains adansonin which has a strophanthus-like action. to the world the use of "kombe" as an arrow poison by the native peoples of Africa. Strophanthus owes its activity to the glycosides it contains. Voacanga The principal one from S. kombe is strophanthin and from S. gratus, The roots and bark of Voacanga africana Stapf. or Voacanga ouabain. Strophanthus acts rapidly and is useful in promptly stimu­ thouarsii Roem & Sch. (tropical Africa), trees of the Apocynaceae lating extreme or sudden cases of cardiac failure, but must be in­ family, yield three acting alkaloids, voacarnine, voacarine, and voa­ jected in small, carefully measured doses. (The Mozambique stamp cangine. is a Tropical Medicine Congress Issue, 1958. A surcharge on the 1956 Spanish Guinea stamp was used for native welfare work.)

38 • HERBALGRAM 36 Cardiotonic Medicinal Plant Stamps Botanical Country Scott Catalogue Date of Issue Number

Adenium (Desert Rose) Kenya 255 Feb . 15, 1983 Somalia 198 Feb . 1955

Adonis (False Hellebore) Czechoslovakia 1774 Sept. 20, 1971 Hungary 2244 Aug . 4, 1973 Romania 2153 Feb . 25, 1970

Convalfaria (Lilly of the Valley) German Democratic Republic 841 1966 Hungary 975 Nov. 4, 1951 Russia 4117 Sept. 5, 1973 San Marino 398 Aug . 31 , 1957

Digitalis (Foxglove) Bulgaria 843 1953 Czechoslovakia 1357 Dec . 3, 1965 German Democratic Republic 494 April 7, 1960 Germany B5 13 Oct. 15, 1974 Spanish Guinea B53 June 1, 1959

Helleborus niger (Christmas Rose) Germany B525 Nov. 14, 1975 Guernsey 170 Oct. 31, 1978 Switzerland B281 Dec . 1, 1958

Nerium (Oleander) Israel 206 April 18, 1961 Jugoslavia 856 May 25, 1967 San Marino 338 Dec . 28, 1953 Somalia 345 March 25, 1969

Drimia maritima (Squill; Sea O nion) Israel 205 April 18, 1961

Strophanthus Congo 443 May 25, 1963 Ivory Coast 190 1961 Mozambique 404 Sept. 14, 1958 Spanish Guinea B38 June 1, 1956

Baobab (Monkey-Bread Tree) Rhodesia 256 Sept. 6, 1967 Senegal 278 Nov. 19, 1966

Vo acanga africana (Voacanga) Cameroun 671 Dec . 3, 1980 Cameroun 672 Dec . 3, 1980 Cameroun 673 Dec . 3, 1980

Information from Scoff's Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue, 1995. Scott Publ ications

References

Grlffenhagen, G. Drugs and Phannacy on Stamps, A.T. A. Handbook No. 55, published by the American Topical Association, Mil., Wisconsin, pages 21 and 22. Onat, T. 1995. Scalpel & Tongs, Medical Subjects Unit News­ letter, American Topical Association, Volume XXXIX, May-June, Pages 50 and 51. Reader's Digest. 1993. Magic and Medicine of Plants, pub­ lished by Reader's Digest Association, Inc., Pleasantville, NewYorlc. Sanecki K. 1974. The Complete Book of Herbs, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, New York. Squire, P. 1889. Squire's Companion to the British Phamw­ copoeia, Seventeenth Edition, published by H. Vtrtue & Co., Limited; London, England. Stecher, P. (Ed.). 1960,. The Merck Index, Seventh Edition, •La ...... __...... •.. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey. Baobab, Rhodesia, 1967. Stewart, M. (Ed.). 1979. The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism, Grosset & Dunlap, New York, New York. Baobab, Senegal, 1966

HERBALGRAM 36 • 39 •••• .....

(above left) Digitalis purpurea, Czechslovakia, 1965.

(above right) Convallaria ma;alis, German Democratic Republic, 1966.

~999999~9999999999999999999·~

~ ' ~ t . : ~ l • •t

(above) Nerium oleander, San Marino, 1953. (above) Voacanga africana, Cameroun, 1980.

40 • HERBALGRA M 36

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lnstrudor Dr. Lorry Wilson of Napo Camp, on the site of the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest Ethnobotanical expedition. © 1995 Steven Foster

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Herbal Education Catalog Spring/Summer 1996 Herbal ·-... ram fS HERBALGRAM

HERBALGRAM BackPacks Herba/Gram bock issues complete your library of Subscription information on herbal issues, Looking for reliable facts on books, research, conferences, lows, medicinal plants? If so, you and related topics. The BackPacks should be reading Herba/Gram, ore a set of Herba/Grams from our the authoritative publication that first issue (Summer 1983) through separates scientific thought from Summer 1995 and include on wishful thinking; o publication eight-year Cumulative Index. that knows the difference G) between valid traditions ::J: and superficial trends. Volume I Volume II Rates for U.S. mailing ad resses: Herba/Gram issues #1 -17 (1983 - Herba/Gram issues #18/19-33 4 Issues 8 I es 12 Issues 1988) $82.50 value Item #550-A (1989-1995) only on "" only $2500 $ soo $6000 $5 950 $795050-6 USA (20 % discount!) Item #501 #503 Canadian rates Item #504: $30 #506: $75 Index with each Foreign rates BackPack order! Item #507: $35 #509: $90

Prices include postage. Add "R" after item number for r u wal subscriptions. ·-c HE HERBALGRAM Cumulative Index I Herba/Gram issues 1 -17 (1983 -1989) ore Sample alphabetically indexed in a user-friendly way by subject, volume, and page; by Latin If you ore looking for reliable binomial, common names and topic; by facts on medicinal plants, you should author and reference. Item #40 1 be reading on authoritative, peer­ reviewed publication. You should be reading Herba/Gram. Herba/Gram is $500 the educational journal of the American Botanical Council and the Herb Research Foundation. Research, legal information, Cumulative Index II literature reviews, and more make Herba/Gram issues 18/19-33 (1989-1995) -0 Herba/Gram on invaluable resource. Some format as Index I. Item #411 c ltem#HG36 1.. :::» $500 ...,0 $600 Credit card holders ordeil toll free Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax S 31-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 Herbal Gram PROTECT I HERBAIGRAM Slipcases a~d STORE I valuable

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Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free Spring/Summer 1996 800/373-71 OS orfax 512/331-1924 Back Issues Our •aclc issues aren't old issues••• until you've read litem.

BACK PACK 1 #17- Summer 88. (24 pp.) Sarsaparilla, A Literature Review; Hops/ #1-Swnmer 83. (4 pp.) Eucalyptus Repels Fleas, Stones Koalas; FDA OTC Metabolization of Toxins; Chinese Herb Products Regulated;lnterview with Profes­ Panel Reviews Menstrual & Aphrodisiac Herbs; Tabasco Toxicity?; Garlic Odor Re­ sor H. Wagner; Herbal Cancer Remedies; Antibiotic Arsenal; Antiviral Alkaloids/ pels Deer; and more. AIDS Vuus; Neurological Disease/Plant Seeds; Indoles; Cardiac Benefits ffienchi #2-Fall/Winter 83-84. (8 pp.) Appeals Court Overrules FDA on Food Safety; Ginseng; Antitumor Effects/Sophora; Chinese Arthritis Treatment;Gin Ads I Herbal Beware of Bay Leaves; Tiny Tree, Cancer Cure?; Comfrey Tea Recall; and more. Traditional Medicine of China; and more. #3-Spring 84. (8 pp.) Flowers and Dinosaurs Demise?; Citrus Peels for Kitty Litter; Antibacterial Sassafras; WHO Studies Anti-fertility Plants; Chinese Herbal BACKPACK2 Drugs; Feverfew Migraines; Ginseng as Cash Crop; and more. #18/19 Double issue- Fali1988/Winter 1989. (48 pp.) Can Wintergreen #4-November 84. (12 pp.) Medicinal Effects of Eggplant Leaves; Ayurvedic Light Up Your Smile?; Flax Facts; Tobacco Headed Down Primrose Path in Canada; Medicine for Sciatica & Arthritis; Coffee and Iron Absorption; Synthetic Garlic; Chaparral: One of Oldest Plants on Earth; Epazote: An Herbal Cure for the Green­ Lethal Chocolate Chips; Alternative Approaches to Gout; and more. house Effect?; African Herbal Medicine; Herbs "Big Business" in China; The Hoxsey #5 - Spring 85. (12 pp.) Onions & Hypoglycemic Compound; Fenugreek Film; Synthetic Silver Bullet vs. Herbal Shotgun Shell; Benefits of Garlic; New Clini­ Reduces Insulin Need?; Black Walnut Repels Fleas; Soothing Chamomile; Yohim­ cal Test/Garlic; AIDS News: St. John's Wort/Retrovirus; Feverfew Headache Re­ bine for Sexual Therapy; Parsley Reviewed; Eleuthero & the Liver; and more. search; Polysaccharide Against HIV; Guar Gum/Heart; Cranberry Juice/Urinary In­ #6- Summer 85. (12 pp.) Desert Plants for Future Foods?; Hispanic Folk fections; Huperzia: Hype or Hope?; Huperzia: The China/Pittsburgh Connection; St. Medicines; Ginger for Motion Sickness; Ipecac Abuse; Toxic Clove Cigarettes; New John's Wort: A Review; and more. Herbal Sweetener; Milk Thistle Extracts; Ginseng for Liver Damage; and more. #20-Spring 1989. (52 pp.) Anti-cancer Tobacco; Cactus/Blood Glucose Lev­ #7-Fall85. (12 pp.) Scullcap Substitution; Therapeutic Ginkgo Trees; Gin- els; "Secrets of the Rain Forest"; Garlic/Bad Cholesterol Reduction; Update/Cana­ seng & Potency; Dahlia as New Sweetener; Herbal Cures for Heroin & Opium; dian Herbal Formula Regulation; Compound Q (Trichosanthes kirilowii)IAIDS-re­ Jojoba vs. IRS ; Aromatherapy for Stress; Bloodroot in Oral Hygiene; and more. lief Search?; New Strategy Against AIDS: Castor Bean Complex; NCI Upgrades #8- Winter 86. (12 pp.) Call for Government Sponsored Natural Drug Re­ Natural Products Research; Antitumor/Chi orella; Garlic/Candida/Cancer; Feverfew: search, by Dr. Jim Duke; Ginseng & Ageing; Chinese Herbs Treat Altitude Sickness; A Literature Review; and more. Sweet Wormwood for Malaria; Feverfew for Arthritis?; Coca Leaf Tea; and more. #21 - Fall1989. (52 pp.) In Memoriam: Nathan Podhurst; Goldenseal Mask­ #9- Spring 86. (12 pp.) Canadian Expert Panel/Herb Use; Herbal Biblio- ing of Drug Tests; AHPA & HRF Herb Safety Review Program; Mangoes/Herpes?; graphic Service; Methods in Phytochemistry; and more. Banana Peel/Poison Ivy; Biotech &sential Oils; Ginseng/Chinese Herbs Coverage; #10-Swnmer/Fa1186. (16 pp.) Major FDA Policy Shift on Herbs; Chernobyll Yerba Buena; Podophyllotoxin Complexity; Bupleurum Research Update; Astraga­ Herb Supply & Prices; Garlic Studied for Obesity & Meningitis; Guar Gum/ Diabe­ lus/Killer Cell Activity; Coltsfoot in Death of Infant; Mistletoe & NK Cells; OTC/ tes; Thmor Inhibitor in Licorice; Anti-cancer Effect/Mistletoe and Thrmeric; and FDA; Valerian: A Literature Review; and more. more. #22- (52 pp.) Black Pearls; Sesame Flowers/Warts; Onions/Red Wine: Can­ #11 -Winter 87. (16 pp.) Plant Drugs in the 21st Century; Natural Blood cer Diet?; Juglone/Algae and Fish; Search for Soma; Motherwort!Heart; Ginkgo for Thinners; Chinese Antitumor Plants; Banana Peel/Plantar's Warts; and more. Brain Damage?; Natural Oral Contraceptives; Herbal Extract/Fracture Healing; #12- Spring 87. (16 pp.) Ayurveda; Thai Medicinal Plants; Herbal Dream Tannins as Free Radical Scavengers; Eclipta Alba Research; "Traditional Herbal Inducer; Mexican Vanilla Revisited; Eleuthero and Soviet Athletes; and more. Medicines" in Current Drug Category; Hawthorn: A Literature Review; Natural #13- Swnmer 87. (16 pp.) Economic Significance of Herbs; Court Ruling! Products On-line Data Base; and more. Evening Primrose Oil; Court/ FDA DALS; Ginseng/Anti-aging; Immune-enhanc­ #23-(52 pp.) Proving It; Plant Repellent; Basil Oil/Fungus Protection; Garlic ing/Ginseng; Anti-ulcer/Germander; Saikosaponin!Kidney Disease;and more. Research; Chinese Medicinals; Chinese Herbs/Eczema; Herbal Burn Therapy; Spice #14-Fall87. (16 pp.) Anti-diabetic Effect/Ginseng; Chaparral/Mosquito Lon­ Imports Increase; New Irnmunostimulants /Japanese Ginseng; Nature's Medicine gevity; Mood-elevating Bananas; Herbal Data Bases; and more. for Memory Loss; Germander Tea Diet?; Japanese AIDS Research; Phellodendron #15-Winter 88. (24 pp.) Export control/Ladyslipper; Canada Bans Comfrey Bark/Multiple Anti-ulcer Activities; Chinese Medicine/Brain Oxygenation; Oriental Leaf; Tea Tannins/Cholesterol; Feverfew for Physicians; Licorice Retards Tooth De­ Alcohol Antidote; Herb Protectors Against Radiation; GLQ223™ Update; CITES cay; Neem Extract- Natural Pesticide; EP /Use of Herbicide Alachlor; and more. Committee; Indian Medicinals; Snake Oil; Special Feature: Chinese Medicinals #16 - Spring 88. (24 pp.) FDA Rules on GRAS Substances; Fresh Ginger by Albert Leung, Ph.D.; FDA Declares 258 OTC Ingredients Ineffective; FDA Juice in Treatment of Kitchen Burns; Interview - Dr. I. I. Brekhrnan; Rain Forest Reclassifies OTC Prostate Products to Rx Status; FDA Collecting Information on Update; Valerian Effectiveness; Fungal Studies; Heart Peppers; Yew Continues to Herb Products to Assess Safety; The Farnsworth Symposium; and more. Amaze; Ginseng in Perspective; Poisonous Plants Update; and more.

HERBALGRAM BackPacks complete your library of information on herbal issues, books, research, conferences, laws, and related topics.

Credit card holders order toll free Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 Back Issues

# 24 # 22

# 30 # 28

#24 - (54 pp.) Broccoli Battles Breast Cancer; Garlic/Soil Acidification; Al­ #31 - Herbs Top Growth Category in Supermarkets/Drug Stores; Ethnobotany/ mond Oil/Blood Cholesterol; Onions/Asthma ; Agave Gas?; Desert Plants/Diabetes; Samoan Healers; Horse Chestnut/Pain of Hematoma; GLA Proven/Rheumatoid Ar­ Accurate ID of Poisonous Plants and Fungi; Antidiabetic Fenugreek; Herbal Treat­ thritis; Kampo Medicine Resurgence; Anti-alcohol Effects/Kudzu; Phyllanthus/Hepa­ ments/Diabetes; Nlll Hypericin Trial; Antiviral Effect/Mango Leaves; Spirulina titis B Update; Flavonoids; Botanical World in Replica/Field Museum's Plant Mod­ Reduces Kidney Damage; Nettles/Hay Fever; Astragalus/Viral Heart Disease; els; Asia's Sacred Groves; Amla; Amazing Amazon Medicines; Mexican-American Ginkgo/Heart; FDNarC Diet Drug Ingredients; Special Features: Harvesting Herbal Remedies; Tibetan Medical Paintings; Profile of a Traditional Healer; A Gath­ Medicinals in the Wild and Folklore and Folk Medicines; The Need for Coopera­ ering of Flowers: Florilegium of Jean Andrews; I st International Conference/Mush­ tion/Modem and Traditional Medicine; Ancient Magnolia Leaves; House Plants/ room Biology; Herbs/Commodities Market; U. S. Spice Trade; and more. Indoor Air Pollutants; Natural Products Conference/Ge y; and more. #32 - Milkweed; Neem Fungicide; Aloe Vera/Mouth Ulcers; Spirulina; Kampo #25 - (56 pp.) Diabetics, Check Your B ..._,• · Cirrhosis; Plants/ Medicines; Juniper Berries/Diabetes; Pepper Compound/Liver Protection; Cranberry/ Grain Borers; How Flowers Changed ct\~ \ · e Gingerly?; Anti- Urinary Infections; Lirnonene; Plant Patents; Dietary Supplement Health and Edu­ inflammatory Reishi; Health ~ '"" ng/"Decarcinogenesis"; cation Act/1994; N. American Herbal Regulation; Canadian Advisory Committee Astragalus/Liver; Bad • '"' 0 ers; Commercial Developments; on Herbs; Insect Bites/Lycium Leaf; Review-"Introduction to Herbal Pharmacol­ Comfrey Update; Desi OV at Heal; Santa Maria Feverfews; Ginkgo/ ogy"; Natural Dyes; Ginkgo Leaf poem; Commercial Herb Production; Poisoning Nobel Prize in Chemis huts Down Natural Products Division; and more. by Gordolobo; Urine Tests for Drug Use; Passionflowers; In Memoriam: Victor #26 - (64 pp.) Caye e/Ciuster Headache; Gin and Tonic: Herbal Origins; ''Lost Cordovi and Gordon Svoboda; Society for Economic Botany Conference; and more. Tribes, Lost Knowledge;" Chinese Herbs/Eczema, part 2; Alternative Medicine and #33- Chamomile; Vanilla Orchid; Garlic/Cardiovascular Benefits Confirmed; "Wonder Cures?"; Herbal Cure/Greenhouse Effect?; Mistletoe; AHPA Petitions FDN Anti-oxidant/Garlic; Lavender Oil Aromatherapy; StJohn's Wort/Depression; Anti­ Stevia Leaf Sweetener; NLEA Update; Cranberry Juice/Urinary Tract Infections; emetic Compounds/Ginger and Magnolia; Chinese Herbal Medicine Toxicity; "Com­ Ayurvedic Anti-diabetic Plant; Spirulina/Fruitarians; Echinacea/Systemic CandidlJ mon Sense" in Supplement Regulation; AHPA/Chinese Patent Medicine Policy; FDA/ and Listeria; Anti-Emetic Effect of Ginger; More Anti-cancer Evidence for Garlic; Herbal Industry; Challenges Facing Herbalism in orth America; Pharmacy from Anti-ulcer Effect of Garlic; Benefits of Fenugreek; Healing Art of Richard Solomon; the Rainforest, Special Supplement; Green Adventures; Plant Drugs, Healing Herbs, Traditional Chinese Medicines; Tea Tree Oil Therapy/Acne; Capsicum; WHO Sym­ and Phytomedicinals; A Ribereiios Medicinal Garden; Amazonian Trail of Useful posium; Government Stops Legitimate Medical Use of Marijuana; FDA Ban/arC Plants; Paradise Lost; Symposium on Botanicals; Drug Discovery and Commercial Weight Loss Ingredients; Botanical Ingredient Review; and more. Opportunities in Medicinal Plants; The Fifth International Mycological Congress; #27 - (64 pp.) Patented Pepper; Sisal Surgery; Rainforest Remedies; Global Chinese Dump Garlic in the U.S.; Supplement and Herb Sales Increase; Herbs and Politics/Herb Markets; U. S. Herb Industry/Self Regulation; Latin American Anti­ the Commodities Market; In Memoriam, Dr. Ben Stone; and more. microbials; Anticancer Effects/Garlic; Four 0 ' clocks/Wound Treatment; Health Free­ #34 -Yaupon; ABC/Moody Foundation Grant; HRF News; ABC in Belize; dom Bill ; The Artemis Project; Conservation and Tropical Medicinal Plant Research; Hawthorn for Congestive Heart Failure; Melissa Relief for Herpes Sufferers; Saw Echinacea Species/Endangered Species Listing; Pharmaceutical Companies Look Palmetto Extract in Treatment ofBPH; Ginkgo Biloba Extract for Alzheimer's; Phar­ at Plants; International Journal of Pharmacognosy; John Uri Lloyd and the Lost maceuticals from Plants; Boston's New Center for Alternative Medicine Research; Narcotic Plants of the Shawnee; and more. Pfizer Research on Chinese Herbs; Seattle Clinic for Alternative Medicine; FDA #28 - (72 pp.) Herbs in King Tut's Tomb; Arabian Peninsula/Amazonian Ba­ Drops Import Alert on Evening Primrose Oil; FDA Approves Taxol-not Taxotere; sin; Ginseng/Wall Street Journal; Regulatory Dilemma; Salute to Schultes; WHO Canada Approves Ginkgo for Food Use; MaHuang Regulatory Dilemma; Perspec­ Guidelines/Assessment of Herbal Medicines; Harvard's Glass Flowers; Ethnic Foods tive on Ephedra, Ephedrine, and Caffeine Products; Jamaica Ginger Paralysis Epi­ Popularity/U.S. Spice Sales; Mental Function/Gotu Kola; Feverfew's Potency; Cure sode of the 1930s; Poison Oak; Cures of the Copper Canyon; European for Hepatitis B?; Moringa Bark; The Pharmacology of Extinction; European/Ameri­ Phytomedicines Market; In Memoriam- Israel Brekhman, Cyrus Lundell, Mildred can Phytomedicines/FDA arc Drug Policy/; NLEA Moratorium; Herb Industry/ Mathias; Calvin Sperling, Dick Tippett; and more. FDNChaparral Warning; The Botanical Aitemative; and more. #35 -ABC Online; Top Fifteen ABC Bookstore Sellers;HRF Presidential Ap­ #29-(72 pp.) The Roots of Paper; Echinacea Highlighted/Cold and Flu Rem­ pointment; Topical Tea Tree Oil for Nail Fungus; Alternative Cancer Therapy Fol­ edy; Indonesia's Living Apothecary; FDA and Herb Industry Dispute Continues; low-up; Essential Oils for Fast Relief of Headache Pain; Chinese Herbal Combina­ Antioxidant, Antitumor, and Cardiovascular Actions/Garlic; Ginger and Atractylodesl tion for Acute Bronchiolotis in Children; Ginkgo use for Tinnitus Questioned; Plan­ Anti-inflammatory; Clinical Proof for Echinacea; Adaptogen Research; Latest on tago Seeds for Weight Loss; Huperzia Looks Promising for Improving Memory; Ginkgo; Antistress Astragalus; Cardamom/Coffee Connection; Botanical Jewelry; Seventy-five Percent of Rural Mississippi Residents Report Use of Plant Remedies; Feverfew Fever; Special Supplement: Relative Safety of Herbal Medicines; Food FDA lifts Import Alert on Stevia; EAPC Files Petitions for OTC Drug use for Vale­ Safety Evaluation; Surgeon's Son/Herbalist; National Herbalists Association ofAus­ rian and Ginger; MaHuang Update; AHPA Rescinds Chaparral Ban: Ophthalmology's tralia; First World Congress /Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; and more. Botanical Heritage; The Patenting ofNeem: Modem Piracy or Ploitical Correctness; #30 - Tribute to AI Gentry; Post-partum Pot?; NYBG/Pfizer Quest/U. S. Plant Pharmacy from the Rainforest Beautiful Belize: Traditional Mayan and Caribbean Medicines; Anti-cancer Effects/Herbs; Latest Garlic Research; Tanzanian Traditional Medicine; Collecting Experiences: NCI Plant Collection in Belize; Profile: Rosita Medicines; Medicinal Use/Black Pepper; Argentenian Antimicrobials; New Natural Arvigo; Medicinal Plants of Shakespeare; The Silphion Project; Australian Herbal­ Insecticide; FDA's Proposed Preconditions for Health Claims/Garlic Dietary Supple­ ist International Phytomedicines Conference; Smithsonian and ABC Sponsor Herbal ments; German Evaluation/Herbal Medicines; Medicinal Plant Stamps/Yugoslavia; Medicine Conference; Market Report; Vietnam "Officially" Source for U.S. Essen­ Phytomedicines/Westem Europe; Literature Review: Echinacea; Medicinal Plants tial Oils; Tyler Receives Society's Highest Award; Jim Duke Retires from USDA and Phytomedicines in European Community; Phytomedicine; and more. After 30 Years; In Memoriam-John Bastyr, Ytrginia Hand Calloway; Russell Earl Marker; Matthew Suffness; Book Reviews-Useful Wild Plants of Texas, and more. Issues 1-5: $5°0 each Issues 6-35: $750 each Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free Spring/Summer 1996 800/373-7105 orfax 512/331-1924 Goals and Proiects of the hviERIOW BOTANICAL COUNCIL The American Botanical Council (ABC} was incorporated in November, 1988 as a nonprofit herbal research and educational organization. ABC's main goal is to educate the public about beneficial herbs and plants. The following objectives help us attain our goal: • Disseminate accurate, responsible, scientific information on herbs and herbal research. • Increase public awareness and professional knowledge of the historic role and current potential of plants in medicine. • Contribute information to professional and scientific literature that helps establish accurate, credible toxicological and pharmacological data on numerous types of plants and plant materials. • Promote understanding regarding the importance of preserving native plant populations in temperate and tropical zones. • Provide the public with original research and reprints of plant-related articles, audio/video topes, books, and other educational materials. • Assist the Herb Research Foundation in achieving its non-profit research and educational goals. Research and Educational Proiects of the American Botanical Council

HERBALGRAM ASSISTANCE TO MEDIA H ERBALGRAM is a quarterly publication that includes feature­ A vital aspect of ABC is its increasingly important role as a length articles, research reviews, conference reports and book source of herbal information for writers, publications, and the reviews. The features focus on media. Publications for which ABC has provided assistance herbs and medicinal plants, the include Longevity, Reader's Digest, American Health , The New history of their use, ethnobotany, York Times , The Washington Post, The Chicago Sun-Times, modern clinical research that Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping, Consumer Reports, Fam­ confirms historical usage, legal ily Circle, and Newsweek. ABC has also been active in pro­ and regulatory developments viding articles for the health retail and trade press, including regarding the marketing and Natural Foods Merchandiser, Delicious!, Health Food Bus i­ sale of medicinal plant products, ness, Let's Live, Whole Foods, and Vegetarian Times . In addi­ and media coverage. This tion, ABC's Executive Director has appeared on more than highly acclaimed four-color jour­ 200 radio and television talk shows in the past seven years. nal of the American Botanical Council (ABC) and the Herb ETHNOBOTANICAL TOURS Research Foundation (HRF) has ABC hosts ethnobotanical trips to rainforests of Belize, Costa received wide acknowledgment Rica , and the Peruvian Amazon, in association with Texas for its accuracy, credibility, Pharmacy Foundation, International Expeditions, Inc. and scope of subject matter, and ACEER (Amazon Center for Environmental Education and beauty. Each issue of HERBALGRAM is peer-reviewed by the Research) . Accredited for pharmacy Continuing Education, Professional Advisory Board of the Herb Research Founda­ these workshops and field experiences are designed to foster tion . This board consists of some of the leading research sci­ an appreciation for and an understanding of the vital role entists in the area of medicinal plant research in the United these prolific ecosystems and their medicinal plants and natu­ States, as well as other related professionals. In this way, we ral products play in past, present, and future global healthcare. make the maximum effort to maintain a high level of textual Workshop leaders represent some of the world's foremost accuracy and credibility. ABC makes HERBALGRAM available "Pharmaceutical Prospectors" and experts in the fields of - to journalists, editors, and free-lance writers for scientific, phytomedicine, pharmacognosy, ethnobotanical, and medical, health, pharmacy, and garden publications. Esti­ ethnobiomedical research . In addition to those to Central and mated readership at the end of 1995 was over 50,000. South America ABC is planning future trips to Africa to study medicinal plants in Kenya and Uganda. CLASSIC BOTANICAL REPRINTS This series of leaflets contains information on ethnomedical GINSENG EVALUATION PROGRAM and cultural uses of medicinal plants reprinted from technical In 1993, prompted by concern over possible mislabeling and/ and academic journals, many of which are out-of-print or dif­ or adulteration ABC initiated a study of commercial ginseng ficult to obtain. The articles are written by noted authorities in products sold throughout North America-the Ginseng Evalua­ each field and published primarily in peer-reviewed scientific tion Program (GEP) . This is the first time a study of this magni­ journals, books, and some popular publications. There are tude has been conducted on ginseng or any popular herbal four volumes containing approximately 12 articles each, with product. Through GEP, ABC seeks to set a standard for future a fifth volume scheduled for publication in 1996. These vol­ studies, increase consumer confidence in the natural prod­ umes are among the resources used in our Herbs and ucts industry, and increase awareness and respons ibility on Phytomedicines pharmacy Continuing Education series . the part of the manufacturers of natural products. Working with two leading university laboratories, ABC has developed cutting edge methodologies for analyz- Credit card holders order toll free Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 ing ginseng. We also have established strict administrative ing educational credit for courses set in the rainforests of Costa and testing protocols to ensure confidentiality and accuracy. Rica , Belize, and Peru . Of the 100 participants in the Octo­ When completed, GEP will have analyzed more than 500 ber 1995 Peruvian expedition, 62 were pharmacists receiv­ commercial ginseng products for content and verification of ing a full year of continuing education credit. This doubled manufacturers' claims of ginseng levels. the previous year's attendance. Both the homestudy courses When testing has been completed on all products, the results and the ecotours are approved for pharmacy education credit will be published in HERBALGRAM and disseminated through for pharmacists from anywhere in the United States. an extensive program of public education. In addition, scien­ tists involved in the project will publish several papers in lead­ THIRD PARTY LITERATURE ing medical journals on this testing methodology. ABC produces and distributes third party literature as pro­ vided for in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education BOOKSTORE Act of 1994 (DSHEA) . Section 5 of the Act permits, for the ABC offers the most unique and impres­ first time, the use of information from books, publications sive assembly of herbal-related books and scientific literature in connection with the sale of dietary available anywhere in the world. We supplements if the information is not false or misleading, does have created our bookstore in response not promote a particular manufacturer or brand, presents to the growing interest in scientifically­ balanced view of the scientific information, is physically sepa­ based, difficult-to-find medicinal plant rated from supplements if displayed in a retail store, and books that have been reviewed in does not have any other information appended to it. ABC is HerbaiGram or are recommended by a leader in providing this type of literature. Offerings include ABC. Currently, there are approximately the Botanical Booklet Series, eight-page booklets profiling 200 books available with additional titles twelve individual herbs; the Research Review Series, four­ added on a regular basis. Topics covered include pharma­ page color reprints of "Research Reviews" cognosy, botany, phytochemistry, general herbals, Chinese, P from HERBALGRAM; literature reviews on spe­ and other regional ethnobotanical titles . cific herbs; and the Herbs and Health Se­ ries, peer-reviewed color pamphlets describ­ GERMAN COMMISSION E MONOGRAPHS ing medicinal plant use including common The Commission E of the German Federal Health Agency is herbs and herbs for specific applications. the group responsible for researching and regulating the safety and efficacy of herbs and phytomedicines (plant medicines) TRADITIONAL MEDICINES in Germany. It has been called the world's most rational sys­ RESEARCH PROJECT tem for assessing the traditional uses and modern scientific The U.S. continues to lag behind in devel­ research on herbal medicines. ABC has already translated oping a rational regulatory policy for me­ into English and edited all 41 0 of these monographs that dicinal herbs, considering the increases in assess and approve (or disapprove) herbs for sale in Ger­ government acceptance of phytomedicines many. ABC and many of the leading medicinal plant experts in Europe and traditional medicines by the in the US are strongly convinced that the availability of these Canadian Ministry of Health. ABC is work­ monographs in English for the first time will have a strong ing with scientists and other influential lead­ impact on increasing the acceptance of legitimate medical ers to encourage change at the Food and uses of phytomedicines among physicians, pharmacists, regu­ Drug Administration level-a change that will reflect a more lators, journalists, the pharmaceutical and herbal industries rational, scientific approach to the labeling and regulation of and the general public. safe, low-cost natural products such as herbs. The American Initiated by ABC in the summer 1993, the work will be pub­ Botanical Council has recently assumed the coordinating role lished in the spring of 1996. In addition to the translated text of the "Traditional Medicines Research Project," a collabora­ of the monographs, ABC's publication includes reference tive work supported by other groups with parallel interests. tables of pharmacological actions, clinical indications and As part of our research regarding the status of traditional contraindications, and taxonomic cross-references . ABC re­ medicines worldwide, we are conducting a comprehensive ceived donations from foundations and industry to complete analysis of the regulation of phytomedicines in six industrial­ the translations and produce the material in publishable form . ized countries: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Swe­ den, and the United Kingdom. The forthcoming document PHARMACY CONTINUING EDUCATION will also include a global perspective of the regulation of In a historic development in 1996, ABC began offering a phytomedicines in light of the World Health Organization's homestudy course for pharmacists. Through the support of a "Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines," and grant from the Moody Foundation, the program called " Herbs the European community's harmonization efforts regarding and Phytomedicines" includes three modules that are drawn authorization, supervision, and free trade of medicinal prod­ from our Classic Botanical Reprint Series and provide an over­ ucts. The white paper produced from the work of the Tradi­ view of herbal medicines, including the history of their use, tional Medicines Research Project may be utilized as a major how they are assessed, and ways in which various countries reference for those seeking to create a distinct legal category view their importance. The next module in this series will for traditional herbal medicines in the United States . focus on the digestive system . We have also been offer- 4 Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free Spring/Summer 1996 800/373-7105 orfax 512/331-1924 EATING ON THE FOLK MEDICINE WILD SIDE: THE Ed. by Richard Steiner. 1986. PHARMACOLOGIC, Examines medicinal practices ECOLOGIC, AND SOCIAL of Aztecs and Zunis. Folk Folk Medicine IMPLICATIONS OF USING medicine from India, Fuji, NONCULTIGENS Popuo New Guinea, Austrolio, by Nino Elkin. 1994. Studies ond Africa. Active ingredients by anthropologists, of garlic ond ginseng. From paleobotanists, primatologists, Americon Chemical Society and ethnobiologists that explore Symposium. Softcover, issues such os the consumption 223 pp. $16.95. #8129 '"""'"'~h, .... of unpalatable ond famine foods, comparison of aboriginal diets of colonists ond later orrivols. Hardcover. 305 pp. $40. #8118 GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT (EGB 761) Atechnical series of much of the experimental and clinical NATURAL PRODUCTS scientific research conducted 2nd Edition by Raphoellkon. internotionolly over the lost 1991 . Contains: Biomarkers­ 25 years. organic compounds, Yeast RNA PHARMACOLOGICAL nucleic acid studies, Reversed­ ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL phase HPLC of amino acids, APPLICATIONS HPTLC of carbohydrates, Ed. by De Feudis. 1991. sweetness evaluation, GC/MS Softcover, 187 pp. $62. #8016 sterols, petroleum studies, flash VOL I: EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL chromatography of essential oils, NERVOUS SYSTEM ond optical Hardcover. Ed. by Christen, Costentin, Lacour. 1992. Softcover, 172 pp. $68. 360 pp. 16 #B016A VOL 2: ADVANCES IN RESEARCH AS A FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER GARLIC: THE SCIENCE Ed. by Ferrodini, Droy-Lefoix, Christen. 1993. Softcover, AND THERAPEUTIC 186 pp. $68. #801688 APPLICATION VOL 3: ADVANCES IN RESEARCH OF ALLIUM ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS SATIVUM L Ed. by Clostre, DeFeudis. 1994. Softcover, 162 pp. $68. #B016C AND RELATED SPECIES. Ed. by Heinrich Kock ond Lorry Lawson. 1996. 2nd edi· NEEM, A TREE FOR ,l Human lion. Most complete scientific SOLVING GLOBAL Medicinal work on garlic. Updated ond PROBLEMS Agents expanded. Complete history, BOSTID. 1992. Medicinal uses, ....from. Plants chemistry, and scientific chemicol constituents, growing review of the therapeutic and propagation, hobitots, effects of garlic on the cardiovascular system, comprehen· insecticidal use, cultural use, sive tables, ecological hazards caused by contamination of safety tests, reforestation, ond garlic crops, the creation of transgenic garlic plants, the industrial products. Softcover, .it discovery of new garlic-derived orgonosulfur compounds, 141 pp. $19. #8098 ~ ~ _.,_..... ~ ond on update of the methodological approaches. Hardcover, 329 pp. $79. #8159

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CAPSAICIN IN THE ANTHOCYANINS IN HERBAL DRUGS, VOL 2 ==-~"~ STUDY OF PAIN FRUITS, VEGETABLES, Ed. by P. A. G. M. DeSmet, K. Capsaicin Ed. by John Wood. 1993. AND GRAINS Keller, R. Hamsel, R. F. in the Recent progress in by G. Mazzo and E. Minioti. Chandler. 1992. From an Study of Pain understanding the mechanism 1993. Acomprehensive international group of ond site of action of capsaicin, reference covering the researchers. Reports side its significance in the study of chemistry, physiology, effects of herbs in a pain and development of novel chemotoxonomy, inheritance, responsible scientific manner. analgesic and anti-inflammatory pharmacology, biotechnology, Review of herbs' legal status drugs. Hardcover. 286 pp. ond food technology aspects of in mony countries. Softcover, $69.95. #8104 this importantont group of 275 pp. $79. #8049 flovinoids. Hardcover. 362 pp. $217.95 #8117 Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-71 OS orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 ------lnilifliilu«l Topics

AMERICAN GINSENG, MEDICINAL GINSENG GREEN GOLD MUSHROOMS ACONCISE HANDBOOK Revised edition by W. Scott )1 US H R 0 0 M S by Christopher Hobbs. 1995. by James Duke. 1989. Persons. 1994. Agrowers' Over 100 species of edible G/IIJtK4 Examines history, taxonomy, guide, including history and fungi. Descriptions, habitats, chemistry, and pharmacology, A Concise use. Information on l~e cycle, range, history, chemistry, Handbook and surveys the economics of range, government regulation, pharmacology, human clinical ginseng cultivation. B/W illus., medicinal properties, trade, studies, toxicity, traditional Hardcover, 273 pp. $39.95 growing methods, harvesting medicinal uses, medical uses, #B047 and stratifying, and economics. preparation, dosage, related Photos, illus, tables. Softcover, species, and procurement. 203 pp. $17.95 ..# B11 1 Softcover. 251 pp. $16.95. #B115

TEA: CULTIVATION TO MUSHROOMS: FLORA OF LOUISIANA FLORA CONSUMPTION POISONS AND by Margaret Stones. 1991 . of Ed. by K. C. Willson and PANACEAS Over 200 beautiful full color LOU ISIANA M. N. Clifford. 1992. by Denis Ben jamin. 1995. watercolors and b/w Investigates the crop, its Discusses signs, symptoms, and illustrations. Each pointing history, botany, cultivation, treatment of poisoning. Full accompanied by description, production, and the clinical color photographic identification. habitat, and growing and physiologicol effects of Health and nutritional aspects of conditions. Hardcover, teo consumption. Hardcover, different species. Softcover, 220 pp. $45. #B127 769 pp. $190.50 #B133 422 pp. $34.95. #B130

PHARMACY: GENTLE CONQUEST RHUBARB: THE AN ILLUSTRATED by James Reveal. 1992. WONDROUS DRUG HISTORY Brings to l~e the by Clifford Foust. 1992. by Dovid Cowen and William variety, and importance Definitive historical per· He~and. 1990. 300 the discovery of North spective of medicinal illustrations, 151 in full color, American flora from the Rheum. Traces efforts of which vivid~ portray time of Columbus to the European explorers, trod· pharmacy's varied and end of the American ers, botanists, gardeners, intriguing artifacts and frontier. Includes botanical physicians, and pharmo· porophernolio, its shops, art from the Ubrory of cists to acquire it and laboratories, heroes, Congress. Hardcover. master its special boton~ curiosities, foibles, and triumphs. Includes aspects of 160 pp. $39.95. #B102 col and chemical proper· pharmoceuticollore and history. Hardcover. 272 pp. lies. Hardcover, 371 pp. $75.#B107 $45.#B167

PEPPERS: KREMERS AND URDANG'S LIVING LIQUEURS THE DOMESTICATED CAPSICUMS HISTORY OF PHARMACY by James A. Duke. 1987. by Jean Andrews. 1995. 2nd edition. by Glenn Sonnedecker. Revised Useful information on the The complete and classic source 4th edition. 197 6. Comprehensive culture, use, formulas, and for the history and dispersion, history and leading textbook in folklore of plants in various biology and taxonomy, culti- U.S. colleges of Pharmacy. herbol drinks. Une drawing vation, and medicinal, ec(}­ Originally published in 1940, illustrations. Softcover, nomic, and gastronomic uses of the d(}­ Softcover. 571 pp. 110 pp. $15. #BOlO $20.#B073 meslicoted capsicum. Illustrated with b(}­ tonicolly accurate, aesthetically pleasing Capsirtm~ paintings showing the blossoms, buds, Nc:w young peppers, and mature specimons • Edition of 34 cultivars in full color. Hardcover, 186 pp. $65. #B166

Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 Gener«l Herb«ls -~~----'-'------THE COMPLETE POTTER'S NEW HERBAL RENAISSANCE MEDICINAL HERBAL CYCLOPAEDIA OF by Steven Foster. 1994. by Penelope Ody, foreword by BOTANICAL DRUGS AND Covers propagation, Mark Blumenthal. 1993. PREPARATIONS harvesting, drying, growing, Procticol guide to the healing by R. C. Wren. 1988. Alisting phytochemistry, fol klore, and properties of herbs. Historicol of 571 botanical drugs including usage. 124 plant species uses, therapeutic uses, ports common nome, botanical nome, covered. 45 line drawings, used, chemicol constituents, family, synonyms, hobitot, color illustrations, BjW 250 remedies, solely description, port used, photos, color photos. A precoutions. 120 color photos. constituents, medicinal use, ond classified resources list for Hardcover, 192 pp. $29.95 regulatory status. Softcover, sources of seeds or plants. #B039 362 pp. $29.95. #BOll Softcover, 234 pp. S16 .95 #B052

THE HONEST HERBAL AMODERN THE COMPLETE by Varro E. Tyler. 1993. HERBAL WOMAN'S HERBAL Third edition. Chapters on by Margaret Grieve. by Anne Mcintyre. 1994. the complex lows ond 1931. Aclassic. Sole, simple, ond effective regulations pertaining to the Medicinal, culinary, herbal remedies; procticol sole of herbs in the U.S. cosmetic ond economic advice on stress Covers over 100 commonly properties, cultivation management, first oid, ond used herbs, provides ond folklore of herbs, health. Adictionary of herbs botonicol information, fol k grosses, fungi, shrubs, ond ailments; full-color uses, discussions of solely, ond trees with their illustrations; directory of herb ond therapeutic scientific use os known suppliers; ond oglossary of effectiveness. Softcover, for the times. Softcover, terms. Softcover, 287 pp. 375 pp. $15.95 #BOOS 2 vol. set, 902 pp. $25.#B144 $19.90. #B139

HOME HERBAL By Penelope Ody. 1995. Apractical PHARMACOGNOSY family guide to by Vorro E. Tyler, lynn R. making herbal rem· TREASE & EVANS' Brody, ond James E. edies for common PHARMACOGNOSY Robbers. 1988. Standard ailments. Step by by W. C. Evans. 13th Edition, pharmacognosy text in the step instructions, 1989. Standard text in Great U.S. Extensive background full color photo­ Britoin. Amust for the ond explanation of plant graphic index of 60 research library ond quality ond onimoklerived drugs. assurance lobs of herb ond medicinal herbs, Hardcover, 519 pp. $70. and information on dietory supplement #B008 companies worldwide. growing indoors and Hardcover, 832 pp. $80. outdoors. 144 pp. #BOlS Hardcover $19.95. #B175 PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL PLANTS DRUGS OF NATURAL by Jean Bruneton. 1995. ENCYCLOPEDIA ORIGIN: Organized in four OF HERBS AND ATEXTBOOK OF ports (primary me­ THEIR USES PHARMACOGNOSY tabolites, phenols, ter· by Oeni Bown . 1995. by Gunnar Somuelsson 1992. penes ond steroids, ond Published by the Herb So­ Describes the origin of noturol alkaloids} . Phytochemical ciety of America . More drug compounds, their generalities, distribution, than 1,500 photographs, chemistry ond biochemistry, biosynthesis, extraction ond token in herb collections os well os their employment quontitotion methods, ond oil over the world, com­ in medicine. Arranged biological properties. Origin, bined with descriptions of according to biosynthetic identity, production, composi· over 1,000 species, vor~ principles. Hardcover, 320 pp. lion, uses, processing, ond eties, hybrids, and culti· $59.#B093 optimization for each row material. Therapeutical indication vars. Usted olphobeti· and recommended usage specified for each product. colly by genus, contains information on growth and Hardcover, 915 pp. $196.50. B149 harvest, culinary, aromatic, medicinal, ond economic uses. Hardcover, 424 pp. $39.95. #Bl 56 Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 Dia(/,nosis/Application BOTANICAL HERBS OF CHOICE HERBAL MEDICINE INFLUENCES by Varro E. Tyler. 1994. by Rudo~ Fritz Weiss, M.D. ON ILLNESS Authoritative text providing 19 85 . The now classic text by Melvi nWe rbach, M. D. & information of traditional use, used by M.D.s in Germany. Michael T. Murray, N.D. regulatory history, cu rrent An indispensable modern 1994. Reviews of botanical status, bioactive constituents, text in medical herbalism. treatments for 60 different pharmacology, current clinical Many herbs are illustrated. illnesses. Materia Medica on applications, safety Plant drugs are arranged by 26 common phytomedicines precautions, and dosages. clinical diagnoses relating to and annotated list of Arranged by therapeutic particular systems. Softcover, resources. Hardcover, indication. Hardcover, 209 pp. 362 pp. $55.#8006 341 pp. $39.95#8074 $24.95 #8079

THE AMERICAN MATERIA MEDICA THE ECLECTIC MATERIA MEDICA, by Finley Ellingwood, M.D. 1994. First published in 1919. PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS THE HEALING Botanical therapeutic agents are discussed and compared in by HarveyW. Felter, M. D. 1994. First published in 1922. POWER OF HERBS groups under headings !hot classify them by their action. In This work prescribes on the basis of the symptoms that the by Michael Murray. addition, five foltklut charts provide a quick and in-depth agent would either cure or palliate. Hardcover, 764 pp. 1995. 2nd edition. Up­ comparative glance of the most commonly used herbs for $95.#8082 to-date and carefully re­ fever, heart, digestive, liver, and female reproductive organ searched, latest scientific problems. Hardcover, 564 pp. $82. #B084 findings about efficacy of medicinal herbs. Ad- KING'S AMERICAN DISPENSATORY SPECIFIC DIAGNOSIS dresses common food by H. W. Felter, M.D. and J. U. Uoyd, Ph.D. Two-volume by John M. Scudder. 1994. First published in 1874. "Dr. herbs and spices, tonics, set, 1898. The most complete text ever compiled on Scudder maintained that there was a definitive relationship sedatives, and herbs for American medicinal plants and herbal pharmacy. 2,172 between known drug action and known conditions of disease asthma and hayfever, im- pages of medicinal properties and clinical ad mi nistration as manifested by symptoms, and upon this theory based his mune-system enhance­ of hundreds of medicinal plants ind etail. Hardcover, justly named book." ment, bladder infections, diabetes, herpes, and meno­ 2,229 pp. $ 250. #8022 -editorof the Gleaner, 1875. pause. Softcover, 410 pp. $15.95. #B155 Hardcover, 387 pp. $48. #BO BS These books are not intended to replace a health practitioner. ~------P6«n.«~epeMs

MARTINDALE: Norman Grainger Bisset

BRITISH HERBAL BRITISH HERBAL PHARMACOPOEIA COMPENDIUM by the British Herbal Medicine Ed. by Peter Bradley. 1992. Association. 1990. Monographs Monographs on plant drug on definition, description, constituents and therapeutics identification and standards for with chemical scientific plant materials common~ used in literature and excerpts from herbal products on the market available regulatory guidelines today. Hardcover, 107 pp. $55. of European countries. #8018 Hardcover, 239 pp. $85. #BOll

Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 or fax: 512/331-1924 S_pring/Summer 1996 Tecllnie~AI Wor&

PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Ed. by John Amason, Rachel Mota and John Romeo. 1995. Papers presented at the 1994 annual meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America. Topics covered include odoptogens, immunostimulonts, cancer preventatives, onti·AIDS agents, ethnobotonicol traditions and how they con lead to new phytochemical and biological discoveries, stote-of·the-ort techniques of phy· tochemicol analysis and root culture in medicinal plant studies, and more. Hardcover, 372 pp. $89.50. #B 172

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS THE ALKALOIDS FROM PLANTS by various authors. Internationally Cibo Foundation Symposium 154. acclaimed for more than 40 years, 1990. Focuses on the search for this series continues to provide out· new compounds, particularly from standing coverage of the rapidly plants previously unknown to expanding field of the chemotox· Western scientists. Papers by anomy, structure elucidation, syn· Farnsworth, Bolick, Cox, thesis, biosynthesis, and biology of Steglich eta/, and Mohidol. all classes of alkaloids from higher ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMMON NATURAL 242 pp, Hardcover, $120. #B174 and lower plants, marine organ· INGREDIENTS USED IN FOOD, DRUGS, isms, or various terrestrial animals. AND COSMETICS Coli for information on specific vol· by Albert Leung and Steven Foster. 1995. 2nd edition . Over umes. Vols. 38·47. Hardcover. 500 common natural ingredients ond substances commercially MURDER, MAGIC, $95·$135. #B177A·B177J used. Listed olphobeticolly according to common nome, and AND MEDICINE includes synonyms, general descriptions, chemical composition, by John Mann. 1994. Explains pharmacology or biological activities, uses and commercial the chemical basis of modern preparations, regulatory status, and references. Hardcover, pharmacology, and provides o 624 pp. $150.#8136 description of how the use and • PHYTOCHEMICAL abuse of natural products in various DICTIONARY societies throughout the ages has led by Jeffery Horborne and to the development of many of the Herbert Baxter. 1991 . Over drugs we toke. Softcover. 232 pp. 3,000 substances and PHYTOCHEMICAL RESOURCES FOR $16.95. #B105 constituents ore listed with MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE information on trivial nome, Ed . By Herbert Nigg and David synonyms, structural type, Phytochem ical Seigler. 1992. An introductory DICTIONARY OF PLANTS chemical structure, molecular Resources ror text in natural products. Topics CONTAINING SECONDARY weight and formula, natural f. Medicine covered ore plant poisons, METABOLITES · and occurrence, biological activity, . Agricult ure antiparasitic agents, antifungal, by John S. Glasby. 1991 . lists and other use. Hardcover, nematicidal, herbicidal, and plants in alphabetical order of 791 pp. $350. #8009 -!·A m insecticidal compounds, genera that hove been examined for the ~- --... R medicinal uses and compounds, presence of chemical compounds. ;_/ and others. Some chemical Compounds ore listed according to type, such .. structures provided. Hardcover, ~:~:~:: . , -··· R as alkaloids, terpenoids, and coumorins. O.:ni

PHYTOPHARMACEUTICAL PLANT DRUG ANALYSIS THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY by H. Wagner, S. Blodt, E. M. SOURCEBOOK OF by P. H. list and P. C. Schmidt. Zgoinski. 1995. 2nd edition. HERBAL MEDICINE 1989. Reference that provides Invaluable and unique aid for all by David Hoffmann. 1994. A the basic information necessary involved with herb production comprehensive guide to · to select and operate machinery and analysis. 165 color plates, information on Western and to process plant products each showing 6 TLC herbal medicine, providing through to the desired liquid, chromatograms. Essential for resources on all topics solid, or powdered form. every analytical lob. Hardcover, including on·line and Hardcover, 374 pp. $99. #B067 320 pp. $198. #B083 database sources. Hardcover, 308 pp. $40. #BOll

Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373·7105 orfax: 512/331·1924 Spring/Summer 1996 PLANTS OF THE GODS PHARMACOTHEON CONSUMING HABITS by Richard Schultes ond Albert by Jonathon Ott. 1993. The Ed. by Jordon Goodman by Paul Hofmann. 1992. Ninety-one most comprehensive multi­ Lovejoy. 1995. Collection of hallucinogenic plants with disciplinary book on the original essays exploring the vivid deta il on 14 having pro­ ject of shomonic inebrionts rich onolyticol category of found significance for hu­ ond their active agents ond psychoactive substances from mans. Over 100 color illustro­ artificial cousins. Featuring o challenging historical ond tions, plus rare photo­ bibliography of 2,440 anthropological perspectives. graphs-many published for sources, this culmination of Chapters focusing on opium, the first time-of plants ond twenty years of research is cocaine, heroin, coffee, teo, the people, ceremonies, sculp­ the reference book specialists tobacco, kolo ond betel nut, ture, paintin gs, pottery, ond hove long needed ond yet is from prehistory to the twentieth weovings related to ritual use of sacred written in ostyle that makes century. Hardcover, 244 pp. hallucinogens. Softcover, 192 pp . it accessible to the layperson. Softcover, 639 pp. $49.95.#8152 $19.95. #8165 $40. #8160

THE SEVEN SISTERS DRUGS AND OPIUM POPPY: BOTANY, OF SLEEP NARCOTICS CHEMISTRY AND by Mordecai C. Cooke. 1989. IN HISTORY PHARMACOLOGY Opium Tllll Poppy Originally published in 1860. SBVEN SIS11dtS Ed. by Roy Porter ond L. D. Kapoor. 1995. Discusses OF ...,,__.,..,.. ~. One of the earliest forerunners sua!P Mikulos Teich. 1995. botany, agronomy, onotomy, on hallucinogenic, psychoactive, Collection of new essays ond chemical aspects ond stimulant plants in explores the complex ond the mojor olkoloids ond their advanced societies of the contested histories of drugs biosynthesis of this oldest world. Hardcover, ond narcotics in societies recognized medicinal plant inthe 371 pp. $45. #8013 from ancient Greece to the world. Hardcover, 326 pp. present. Hardcover, 227 pp. $39.95 #8141 $49.95 #8153 Oils THE ILLUSTRATED PERFUME AND ESSENTIAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FLAVOR MATERIALS OIL SAFETY ESSENTIAL OILS OF NATURAL ORIGIN by Robert Tisserand ond by Julio Lawless. 1995. by Steffen Arctonder. 1960. A Tony Bolocs. 1995. An extensive ond systematic classic. Extensive monographs Up-tOilote researchfi nd­ reference guide to aroma­ in dictionary format on oil known ings. Practical, compre­ therapy oils. Comprehensive A natural essential oils, extracts, hensive guide. Detailed to Zpresentation . Over 160 oleoresins ond other materials of profiles of 95 essential oils including oromotherapy natural origin for flavors ond fro­ oils, including constituents, applications for common gronces. Botanical information hozords, dosage, toxicity complaints, home ond commer- Steffen Arctonder ond detailed odor ond flavor de­ dolo ond controindicotions; ciol uses, herboljfolk tradition scriptions. Detailed use of these brief safety profiles of 311 for each plant, safety dolo, exact materials in various flavor ond essential oils ond 135 essential oil components; safety guide­ botanical origins, ond methods of extraction. Softcover, fragrance applications. Hard­ lines, details of essential oil absorption, metabolism ond 256 pp . $18.95.#8154 cover, 389 pp. $300. #8 151 excretion; oils which moy react adversely with certain drugs; extensive references. Hardcover, 279 PP- $42.#8169

AROMA THERAPY FENAROLI'S: HANDBOOK OF PERFUMERY: FOR HEALTH FLAVOR INGREDIENTS PRACTICE PROFESSIONALS Vols. I 8. II, 3rd Edition AND PRINCIPLES by Shirley ond Len Price. 1995. Provides regulatory citations, by Robert Calkinond 1995. Guidelines on practice FEMA numbers, substance identity, Stephan Jellinek. within specific core contexts, names ond common synonyms, 1994. Comprehensive, e.g. intensive core, terminal specifications for GRAS by FEMA, natural easy-to-use guide to illness, pregnancy ond sources, permitted ond current use leveb the basic techniques childbirth, core of elderly, in food, 350 additional natural ond ond evolving learning difficulties, synthetic substances judged GRAS by technology of composition of oils ond their FEMA. manufacturing effects; guidance on massage ond other applications; power ond Vol. 1: includes definitions, history, perfumes os well os safety of oils, including advice on quantities, dispensing, storage identification, descriptions, botanical source, ports used. Approx. providing guidelines for ond undesired effects; cose studies from the authors' own 200 natural flavor ingredients. Vol. 2: includes alphabetical octuol formulation ond analysis. Hardcove r. expe rience ond others. Softcover, 298 pp. $27.#8168 listing of opprox. 1,000 synthetic flavor ingredients listing the 287 pp. $69.95. #BlOB structure, formula ond use. Hardcover, 1,340 pp. $402.95 Two val. set. #8091 Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 AmczonMn------EARTHLY GOODS SASTUN TALES OF A by Christopher Joyce. 1994. A by Rosita Arvigo. 1994. A SHAMAN'S Tales of a tole of exotic adventure and captivating story of American APPRENTICE modern medicine inthe tropics. Herbologist Rosita Arvigo's by Mark Plotkin . 1994. Shaman's Follow o quest for green apprenticeshipto Don Elijio Adventure, anthropology, medicines, begun centuries ago Ponti, one of the lost surviving science, and humor converge by native healers and shamans, and most respected traditional in one ethnobotonist's quest o quest now being transformed healers of Belize. Set inthe among the rainforest by Western science into o high· imperiled Belizean rainforest shomons fo r ancient stokes commercial enterprise. that serves os the pharmacy of medicines that may hold the Hardcover, 228 pp. $23.95 . ancient Mayan medicine. cure to todoy's devastating #B088. Softcover, 90 pp. $12. diseases. Softcover, 318 pp. #B087. $11.95 #B086

RAINFOREST REMEDIES: THE HEALING FOREST AMAZONIAN ONE HUNDRED HEALING by Richard E. Schultes and ETHNOBOTANICAL HERBS OF BELIZE Robert DlaiONARY by Rosita Arvigo and Michael F. Roffouf. 1990. Field by James Duke and Rodolpho Bolick. 1993. Awindow into the research spanning a ho~· Vasquez. 1994. An excellent sacred world of traditional Mayan century in the Northwest resource book on the wealth of healers who know that the Amazon. Over 1,600 botanicals in the Amazon. Usts rainforest holds within its grasp species listed. The modern uses and common names of oil the ingredients that hove classic on Amazonian hundreds of plants. lllus., sustained it and its people. lll us., ethnobotany. B/W photos, Softcover, 215 pp. Softcover, 215 pp. $9.95. illus., Hardcover, 486 pp. $38.95. #B071 . #B053 . $69.95 . #B002.

VINE OF THE SOUL­ WITCH DOaOR'S FOOTPRINTS MEDICINE MEN, THEIR APPRENTICE OF THE FOREST PLANTS AND RITUALS by Nicole Maxwell. 1990. KA'APOR IN THE COLOMBIAN ETHNOBOTANY-THE AMAZONIA 3rd edition . Aclassic work in by Richard Schultes and ethnomedicine. Reads like ECOLOGY OF Robert Roffouf. 1992. on adventure story while PLANTUTILIZAT ION BY Scientific data distilled from providing on in-depth oc· AN AMAZONIAN PEOPLE. o long series of papers by by Wi lliam Bolee. 1993. count of Ms. Maxwell's Botanical ond ethnobotonicol Schultes and his students. search for and documento· research among the Tup~ An integration of lion of the traditions of plant ethnobotony, chemistry, and Guarani speaking people. medicine to be found among Includes 10 appendices, photography. B/W photos, Softcover, the tribes of the Amazon. 282 pp. $22.95. #B050. mops, figures, and tables. Softcover, 390 pp. $12.95. ~=====--.::;.~ B/W photos. Hardcover. #8150 396pp. $65. #B110

PAU D'ARCO: BACK IN PRINT! IMMUNE POWER FROM THE RAIN FOREST by Kenneth Jones. 1995. A FIELD GUIDE TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF WOODY PLANTS Describes the different varieties OF NW SOUTH AMERICA (COLUMBIA, ECUADOR, AND PERU) ond its application in South American folk medicine. Directions by Alwyn H. Gentry. 1993. The practical field experience of the late Dr. Gentry is in· for preparation and dosage os corporated into this guide dealing with the extraordinarilydiverse flora of the region . teas.and extracts. Reviews and Common and scientific nome indexes. 291 b/ willus ., 895pp. summarizes scientific literature. Hardcover, $75 #B044H. Softcover, $45 #B044S Softcover. 160 pp. $8.95. #8120

Credit Ca rd holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 CHINESE HERBAL CHINESE HERBAL ORIENTAL MEDICINE MATERIA MEDICINE FORMULAS MATERIA MEDICA MEDICA AND STRATEGIES by Hong-Yen Hsu et. of. by Don Bensky ond Andrew by Don Bensky ond Rondoll 1986. Astandard reference. Gomble. Revised 1993. Barolet. 1991. The first book of Covers 768 Chinese herbs, Extensive sourcebook about the Chinese medicinal formulas in combining traditional proper· most commonly used substances English. 600 Chinese medicinal ties and effects with reports in Chinese herbal medicine. Each formulas in 18 functional on developments in botanical herb is illustrated ond identified categories. 18 illustrations, ond biochemical research into by its pharmaceutical, botanical, Hardcover, 562 pp. $85. #8004 their structures ond actions. ond fomi~ names. Hardcover, Hardcover, 932 pp. $69.95. 556 pp. 380 illustmtions. #8157 $75.#8003

MEDICINAL PLANTS THAI MEDICINAL OUTLINE GUIDE TO CHINESE OF CHINA PLANTS HERBAL PATENT MEDICINES by James Duke ond Edward RECOMMENDED IN PILL FORM Ayensu. 1985, Two volumes. FOR PRIMARY by Margaret Noeser.1991. 2nd Covers 1,240 species with line HEALTHCARE SYSTEM edition. Over 17 5 potent drawings, nomes, uses, chemical Ed. by N.R. Farnsworth ond medicines. Organized with Chinese constituents, ond ports used for N. Bunyopraphotsaro. 1992. characters ond English translation eoch herb. Intended for the use Names, botanical description, and Pinyin spelling, function and of biologists, chemists, ond ecology ond distribution, clinical appl ication, ingredients with laypersons. B/W illus., propagation, ethnomedicol explanation of clinical function of Hardcover, 705 pp. $94.95 uses, chemical constituents, each herb, pictures of pockoging. #8048 pharmacological activities, Softcover, 371 pp. $24.95 #8099 ond clinicoltriols. 198 color photos, Hardcover, 402pp. $89.#8021

AN ILLUSTRATED PHARMACOLOGY OF CHINESE HEALING DlaiONARY OF CHINESE CHINESE HERBS FOODS AND HERBS MEDICINAL HERBS by Kee Chong Huang. 1993. by Albert Leung. 1984. by Wee Yeow Chin ond Hsuong 473 herbs, describing the Describes 48 traditional Chinese Keng. 1992. Over 270 Chinese chemical composition, herbs, their sources, history, medicinal herbs, including pharmacological actions, components, dosages, sofety scientific ond common nomes toxicity, ond therapeutic uses of precautions, effects, ond recipes. (with indexes), physical each herb. lists scientific ond lllus., Softcover, 192 pp. attributes, ond historical use. experimental doto. Hardcover, $10.95 #8054 Color plates, Hardcover, 388 pp. $165.95 #8046 184 pp. $32.95 #8041

THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS THE ILLUSTRATED CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA OF ORIENTAL HERBS by Kun-Ying Yen. 1992. Over 240 of the most by Hong-Yen Hsu, Yuh-Pon Chen, ond Mino Hong. commonly used agents in Chinese medicine, arranged in 1982. Acompilation of most of the natural pharmacognostic style according to plant port used. In­ products found in Oriental herbal drugs reported cluded ore names, origins, characters, quality, production in scientific periodicals ond books published area, properties ond actions, indications, chemical constittt before the end of 1978. Includes structure, ents, ond representative formulas. Appendices include drug common nome, systematic nome, molecular function comparison tables, oshort description of drug formula, melting point, boiling point, optical processing, 356 formulas with ingredients ond indications, rotation, plant source and portion of the plant ond o glossary of Chinese medical terms. Plants ore indexed source in which the component is located. by English, latin, Pinyin, Japanese, ond Chinese names. Hardcover, 2 vol. set, 829 pp. $125. #8132 Hardcover, 383 pp. $79.95. #8158

Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 African------MEDICINAL PLANTS OF AHANDBOOK OF MEDICINAL PLANTS WEST AFRICA AFRICAN MEDICINAL OF NORTH AFRICA by Edward Ayensu. 1978. 187 PLANTS by Loutfy Boulos. 1983. plants that occur in West Africa, by Maurice M. lwu. 1990. Authoritative, systematic, end their uses, local names, end Reference text on ethnobotany, wide-ranging work, illustrated standard scientific binomials. chemical constituents, end with l 03 line drawings. Over Bibliography, glossary of probable therapeutic application 500 species. Medical, medical terms, medical end of African medicinal plants. common nome, end botanical botonicol indexes. Hardcover, 435 pp. indexes. Hardcover, 286 pp. 127 illus. Hardcover, $115.95 #8025 $39.95. #Bl25 330 pp. $39.95 #B094 .------The Pacific

KAVA· THE PACIFIC DRUG HANDBOOK OF by Vincent Lebot, Mark Merlin, and ALTERNATIVE CASH CROPS Lemont Undstrom. 1992. by James Duke & Judith duCellier. Research on botany, chemistry, 1993. Describes 128 tropical ethnobotony, pharmacology, social alternatives to conventional crops. usage, distribution, end economic Usted by genus end species with potential. B/W photos, information on ecology, cultivation, illus., Hardcover, 255 pp. harvesting, economics, and biotic $47.#8032 factors. lllus., Hardcover, 536 pp. HONEYBEE FLORA OF $150. #B045 ETHIOPIA by Reinhard Fichtl end Admosu Adi. 1994. Detailed descriptions of 400 herbs, shru bs end l 00 PLANTS FOR MEDICINES FIJIAN MEDICINAL trees. Includes cultural, by D. J. Collins et. a/. 1990. PLANTS traditional, end medicinal Chemical and pharmacological by R. C. Combie and J. Ash. values. Index of scientific, survey of plants in Australien 1994. Describes 450 species of vernacular, end plant names in region. Details of alkaloid end plants, arranged by family, that 27 Ethiopian languages. Color anti-tumor screening of nearly ore either endemic or hove been photos. Softcover. 51 0 pp. 2,000 species, phormocologicol introduced into Fiji. Information $107.#Bl23 testing of alkaloids of selected includes Fijian or local nome, o species, and chemical fractionation botanical description, medicinal with reproducible tumor-inhibiting uses, lists of the known chemical properties. Hardcover, 303 pp. constituents. Color photographs $110. #Bl 64 or water color engravings THE ABANDONED NARCOTIC: illustrate many of the plants. KAVA AND CULTURAL INSTABILITY IN MELANESIA Hardcover, 365 pp. $110. by Ron Brunton. 1989. To king the varying fortunes of kovo on the island of Tonne, Vonouto, #Bl78 os his starting point, the author suggests that kava's abandonment con best be explained in terms of its association with unstable religious cults ond is port of o brooder problem of why many traditional Melanesian societies were chorocteristicolly highly unstable. Hardcover, 219 pp. $4 9.95. #B 134 m~M ------MEDICINAL THE INDIAN A HANDBOOK OF PLANTS OF INDIA MATERIA MEDICA AYURVEDIC by S. K. Join ond Robert by Dr. Kim Nodkorni. Two volumes. MEDICINAL PLANTS H.\NDB00' Defilipps. 2 vol. set. 1991. 1993. This updated classic, known by L. D. Kapoor. 1990. Over Surveys the medicinal plant as the Ayurvedic Bible, contains 300 plants-providing the resources of Indio (including about 2,000 herbs by botanical vernacular names, habitat, ports Nogolond) ond Sikkim, nome, common Indian nome in used, morphological - - - - covering 860 species, and seven languages (including English), characteristics, description, listing plants used in Western, habitat, p11rts used, varieties, action, actions, uses, chemical Unoni, ond Ayurvedic end common historical uses. constituents, phormocologicol medicines. Includes medicinal Hardcover, 2,286 pp. $100. #B070 action, medicinal properties end , common names, botanical use, end dosage. lllus. '------' indexes, bibliography, and 133 Hardcover, 416 pp. ful~oge illustrations. Hardcover. 848 pp. $271.95 #B023 $94.95 Set. #812 1 Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 ------North Americ«n Fieltl Guitles MEDICINAL PLANTS MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF MEDICJ:'

DISCOVERING WILD FIELD GUIDE TO FIELD GUIDE TO PLANTS EASTERN/CENTRAL VENOMOUS ANIMALS & by Janice Schofield. 1989. MEDICINAL PLANTS POISONOUS PLANTS Describes 14 7 plants. Over 190 by Steven Foster ond Jomes Duke. by Steven Foster ond Roger color photographs. Common 1990. Pocket size guide Coros. 1994. Features 90 nome, species, other nomes, identifying 500 medicinal plants, venomous onimols ond over 250 family, habitat, growing pattern, • '>\ "' ... their uses, remedies, line drawings, poisonous plants ond fungi. 340 colendor, food use, medicinal In : :~ ~ ' ~~ .'';~:·:~·~ over 200 color photos. From the line drawings and 160 color

use, historical use, recipes, and . " o;r, ·· ~ ;. r"'a' Peterson Field Guide Series®. photos. From the Peterson Field "' 41":_ : '•~ it !\'~¥:~ Guide Series®. Hardcover, cautions. 8/W illus. Softcover. - '' t14 1'n\ ~ ' , Hardcover, 366 pp. $24.95 (. , ~ ... tl' - 354 pp. $26.95. #8109 /}\ ' 1\ #8096 244 pp. $24.95 #8097

THE USEFUL WILD PLANTS OF TEXAS, THE SOUTHEASTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES, THE SOUTHERN PLAINS AND NORTHERN MEXICO VOL I by Scooter Cheothom, Morsholl Johnston, ond lynn Morsholl. 1995. This first of o 12-volume set includes 268 species in 86 plant genero from WILD ROOTS AHANDBOOK Of Abronia to Arundo. Each species is illustrated with color photographs, o By Doug Elliott. EDIBLE WEEDS ronge mop, and .------,.,.------. 1995. Aforager 's James A. Duke. 1992. description. Widely guide to the edible 100 plants with divergent economic and medicinal roots, odetailed description, uses ore covered: from tubers, corms, and ports used, hobitot, food, medicine, and rhizomes of North region, safety precautions, cosmetics to building America. 69 roots historical use, current use, listed, outlining bo- ' ond illustration of each materials, ritual ond tonicol, family, and ....___.... ___...._ ____. religious, and plont. Hardcover, 246 pp. ogriculturol equipment. common nomes, hobitot, line drowing, ond edible and $44.#8024 Hardcover. S125. medici no I uses. 128 pp, Softcover. S14.95 . #8173 #8135 ------Natifle American MEDICINAL USES OF FOREST PHARMACY: AMERICAN INDIAN Muiicinol Ckts of P«uus PLANTS BY INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS IN MEDICINE bJI Indian Tnw of Nerxul4 TRIBES OF NEVADA AMERICAN FORESTS by Virgil Vogel. 1990. The by Percy Troin, James Henrichs, by Steven Foster. 1995. classic work in this field. lists ond W. Andrew Archer. 1957. Discusses historical ond the procticol ond Apermanent record of continued use of America's American~ pharmacological bases of approximately 200 native forest plants os powerful sources Indian~ treatment and cure. Essoy on plants considered to be of of medicine. Outlines early Medicine -.:iW the medico! aspects of Indian medicinal value by the Paiute, Native American use ond history, folklore, pharmacology, Shoshone, ond Washoe tribes of declines in research and ond botany. Softcover, 578 pp. Nevodo. Hardcover, 139 pp. Americans' resurgent interest in lljY~~g i i J . Vogel $24.95. #8131 $30.#8014 medicinal plants. Color photos. Softcover. 64 pp. $6.95. #8103 MEDICINAL AND OTHER USES OF NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS MEDICINAL WILD PLANTS OF THE PRAIRIE by Charlotte Erichsen-8rown. 1979. Focuses on the woys North American Indians, especially by Kelly Kindscher. 1992. Eastern tribes, hove used plants. Plants ore grouped according to habitat wet, open places, 203 native proirie plant species by Native Americans, setriers, ond doctors. Includes woods ond thickets, ond dry, open places. Adetailed line drawing of the plant's leaves, buds, botanical, Native American, ond common nome; description ond habitat, ports used, twigs, seeds, ond other characteristic features accompanies the textual descriptions. Softcover, Native American use, medical use; scientific research; ond cultivation. Softcover, 512pp.$12.95 . #B137 ~ 340 pp. $ 12.95 #8140 Credit Card holders call toll free: ~ Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 GeneraiBo~n, ------FLOWERING PLANTS INDEX OF BOTANY-AN OF THE WORLD GARDEN PLANTS INTRODUOION TO by V. H. Heywood. 1993. by Mark Griffiths. 1994. Over PLANT BIOLOGY Authoritative reference on 60,000 ornamental and by James D. Mouseth. 2nd angiosperms. Taxonomically economic plants. Each is Ed. 1995. Emphasis on arranged and generously described concisely including evolution by natural il lustrated, including entries range and hardiness. Names selection, analysis of on over 300 families now reiected by botanists ore botanical phenomena, and consisting of distribution, retained as crossieferences. diversity of organisms. Color diagnostic features, 30,000 cultivors and 12,000 photos and transparencies. classification, and economic common names ore listed . Glossary and index, uses. Over 200 illustrations. Hardcover. 1,234 pp. Hardcover, 800 pp. Hardcover, 335 pp. $59.95. #8106 $67.#8036 $45.#8089

THE PLANT BOOK, ONE HUNDRED AND GUIDE TO FLOWERING by D. J. Mobberley. 1987. ONE BOTANISTS PLANT FAMILIES Comprehensive portable dictionary by Duane lsely. 1994. From by Wendy Zomlefer. 1994. of flowering plants, conifers, and Aristorie to George Washington 130 temperate to tropical ferns will be of value to botanists, Carver and on to the present, families common to the U.S. zoologists, gardeners, foresters, this book surveys the with 158 b/w plates agriculturists, iournolists, and achievements of the men and depicting intricate dissections writers. Softcover, 706 pp. women who created and of 312 species. Extensive $44.95 #8001 sustained botanical science for illustrated glossary. over two millennia. Hardcover. Hardcover, 430 pp. 358 pp. $32.95. #8119 $55.#8128

CANCER AND CAMPTOTHECINS: NEW NATURAL MEDICINE ANTICANCER AGENTS by John Boik. 1995. Known Ed. by Milan Potrnesil and effects of natural therapies on Herbert Pinedo. 1995. First key biomechonicol nmr<>«O<'­ comprehensive overview of clini· active during cancer nrnnroctiinrr New col trials of camptothecins, syn­ AntiCancer thetic and semisynthetic deriva­ ATU1Moll .. llllck*" Based on published scientific data III.CtllllciiA ..If'dl obtained from over 1,200 refer­ Agents tives of o plant alkaloid from Jtlullollt ences. Comprehensive review of the Asian tree Camptotheco cancer physiology, covering such acuminata, that inhibit o cellular topics as differentiation, enzyme and trigger o cascade BOTANICAL LATIN angiogenesis, opoptosis, inva­ of events leading to pro- by William Stern. 1992. 4th sion, metastasis, and immune grammed cell death. Special attention to the adverse ef­ edition. Summarizes the and hormonal interactions. Natural therapies reviewed include fects of camptothecin treatment, as well os to prevention grammar and syntax of botanical herbs, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, cartilage, Chinese medicine, and control. Hardcover, 158 pp. $129.95. #8171 latin, and covers the roots and electrotherapy, antioxidants, flovonoids, and others. Softcover, origins of latin and Lotinized 315 pp. $45. #8161 geographical names, color terms, symbols and abbreviations, diagnoses and descriptions, the formation of names and epithets, ECONOMIC AND MEDICINAL PLANT RESEARCH VOL 6 and more. Hardcover, 546 pp. Ed. by Hildebert Wagner, Hiroshi Hikino and Norman Farnsworth. 1988. $39.95. #8143 This series identifies areas of research in natural plant products that ore of immediate or proiected importance. Goloctogogues; Alliums; Antidiabetic agents; Antimutogens; TAXOL. 1994. Hardcover. 394 pp. $99. #8146.

Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-71 OS or fax: 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 Etllnobot«nlJ ETHNOBOTANY: PLANTS AND PEOPLE OF ISLANDS, PLANTS, AND A METHODS MANUAL THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE­ POLYNESIAN5- by Gory Martin. 1995. ETHNOBOTANY OF THE HILL AN INTRODUOION TO First in o new series of practical TRIBES OF NORTHERN POLYNESIAN monuols in plant conservation, THAILAND ETHNOBOTANY th is book provides o detailed Edward F. Anderson. 1993. Ed. byPou l Alon Coxond overview of this emerging disci· Over 1,000 plant species used Sondra Anne 8onock. 1991 . pline. Primarilyfo r researchers by sixmajor tribes. Includes Symposium sponsored by lnst. beginning field studies. products from the forest such os of Polynesian Studies, 8YU, Descriptions of the skills ond fibers, dyes, ond medicines. Howoii. Discussions of plont methods employed by ethno­ Detailed appendix, illustrations, environments, herbal botonists. Field work ethics, ond 200 color plates. Hardcove r, medicine, linguisticono lysis, doto collection, hypothesis testing, ond pra ctical id eas on 279 pp. $69.95 #8043 ond more. lllus., 8/W applying ethnobotonicol results to conservation ond photos. Hardcover, 228 pp. community development initiatives. Softcover, 268 pp. $34.95 #8042 $29.95. #8163

ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNO-BOTANY OF THE ETHNOBOTANY THE SEARCH FOR BLACK AMERICANS Ed . by Richard E. Schultes ond NEW DRUGS by William Ed Grime. 1979. Siri von Reis. 1995. Evolution Gba Foundation Shows ·pioneering role of Afr~ of o discipline. Thirty-six Symposium 185. 1 cons in human odoptotion to chapters from contributors · This book examines how the noturol environment of the who present o tru ~ global ethnomedicol reports New World. Deals with plants perspective on the theory ond perrormwhen judged by slaves brought with them ond practice of todoy's scientific standards, ond indigenous plants used after ethnobotany. Hardcover, woys to develop the their orrivo l. Mony plant uses, 416 pp. $49.95. #8126 discipline of ethnobotony either os food sources or for for o more quantitative medici ne, ore sti ll unrem~r opprooch. Hardcover, nized, while the validity of 280 pp. other claims owoits verification. $7 6.#8095 Hardcover, 237 pp. $19.95. :------#8162 Cancer Rese«rch

Fouiil Phytoclte•lc•l• Fo Phytoclte•ic•l• . for C.IICer Pre1Htioll I for c. er Pre181lfiH n h11 , s,;,., , ,.j Horls froits 11d Yetela• l ll

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THE YEW TREE, CAMPTOTHECA ACUMINATA A THOUSAND WHISPERS FOOD PHYTOCHEMICALS FOR FOOD PHYTOCHEMICALS FOR DECAISNE, XI SHU: by Hoi Hartzell, Jr. 1991 . The bark of this CANCER PREVENTION, VOL I CANCER PREVENTION, VOL II A PROMISING ANTI-TUMOR tree is ot the center of ostruggle between by Huang, Osowo, Ho, Rosen. 1994. by Huang, Osowo, Ho, Rosen. 1994. AND ANTI-VIRAL TREE FOR those who wont to protect the slow Describes phytochemicols infruits ond Examines phytochemicols in THE 21ST CENTURY growing, endangered species ond the drug vegetables. Chapters on isolation, beverages, spices, ond Oriental herbs. by Shiyou Uond Kent Adair. 1994. companies which require it to moke taxol, purification, ond identification of Chapters on the suppressionof active Covers comptothecins: drug discovery on experimental on!Koncer drug. phytochemicols in foods. Hardcover, oxygen species by natural antioxidants. history, comparisons with toxol, Softcover, 319 pp. $19.95 #8066 427 pp. $99.95 #8075 Hardcove r, 367 pp. $89.95 #8076 mechanisms of action, preclinical ond clinical trials incancer treatment, antiviral activity, other uses, onddrug sources. TAXOL ct SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS Hardcove r, 24 9 pp. Ed. by Matthew Suffness. 1995. Covers the discovery ond development of Toxol, supp~, $45. #8145 biology (including biosynthesis ond biophormoceutics), chemistry (incl uding structure, detection ond isolation) , ond clinical studies. Hardcover, 426 pp. $136.95 #8142

Credit Card holders call toll free: Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-71 OS or fax: S12/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 S.cknn------BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR ARIDLAND BIOACTIVE VOLATILE BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS: HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICALLY PLANTS COMPOUNDS FROM PLANTS DETECTION, ISOLATION AND ACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL$ AND Ed. by Tom Ed. by Roy Teronishi, Ron Buttery, and STRUCTURAL DETERMINATION THEIR ACTIVITIES Mabry, Henry Hiroshi Sugisowo. 1993. Acollection of By Steven Colegote and Russell Molyneux. by James Duke. 1992. Nguyen, papers presented ot 203rd Notional 1993. Technical papers from 32 experts Chemical compoundsl isted olphobeticolly, with Richard Dixon, Meeting of the American Chemical Society on noturol plant compounds used os explanations ond Maureen in Son Francisco, April1992 . Hardcover, anticancer drugs, immune stimulators, of their biological activities. Hardcover, 183 pp. Bon ness. 309 pp. $79.95 #B019 sweeteners, insecticides. Hardcover, $115.95 #B02 7 1993. The 528 pp. s180 .95 #B068 proceedings from on AHANDBOOK OF DATABASE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE international PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS PHYTOCHEMICALS AND THEIR symposium to OF GRAS, HERBS, AND OTHER ACTIVITIES evoluote locol, ECONOMIC PLANTS For IBM (PC compatibles, Word Perfect 5.1 regional, ond international strategies for by James Duke. 1992. Chemical required). $217. #B028 biotechnology developments of ondlond plants. composition of 1,000 commonly used Softcover, 370 pp. $30. #B0 59 herbs and other plants of economic importance. Covers 3,000 compounds. ECONOMIC AND MEDICINAL PLANT Hardcover, 654 pp. $218. #B026 RESEARCH VOLS. 2·4 HANDBOOK OF MEDICINAL HERBS DATABASE OF PHYTOCHEMICAL Ed. by Hildebert Wagner, Hiroshi Hikino ond by James A. Duke. 1988. Description ond CONSTITUENTS OF GRAS, HERBS, Norman Farnsworth. 1988. This series line drawings of 365 folk medicinal species AND OTHER ECONOMIC PLANTS identifies oreos of research in natural plant with toxicity tables, chemistry, For IBM (PC compatibles, Word Perfect 5.1 products that ore of immediate or projected pharmacology, ethnobotony, and more. Soon required) . AMERICAN impo rtance. Hardcover. to be out of print. Hardcover, $217. #B026A WILDFLOWER FLORILEGIUM • Vol. 2: Potential Fertility-regulatingA gents 677 pp. $316. #B029 by Jean Andrews. 1992. The plants ore from Plants; Recent Developments in the HERBS, SPICES, & MEDICINAL portrayed in o woy that reveals those Chemistry of Plontilerived Anticancer PLANTS: RECENT ADVANCES IN characteristics important to o taxonomist and Agents. 201 pp. $80. #BO SS BOTANY, HORTICULTURE, AND those involved in the arts. Color reproductions. • Vol. 3: Plant Co mpounds os Sources ond PHARMACOLOGY . Models of Insect Control Agents. 150 pp. Hardcover, 125 pp. $50. #B033 Ed. by Lyle Croker and James Simon. 1991. $80.#B056 The series serves os on authoritative reference • Vol. 4: Medicinal Plants in Traditional for developments in botany, horticulture, and Medicine; additional chapters on troditionol pharmacology. Fully indexed. Hardcover. medicine in Chino, Ghono, Indio, Jopon, • Vol. 1: An Introduction to the Scientific Mexico, Ponomo, Somoo, ond Thailand. Uteroture on Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal JEPSON MANUAL: 17 4 pp. $83. #BOS7 Plants. 368 pp. #B060. HIGHER PLANTS OF CALIFORNIA • Vol. 2: The Alkaloids of the Popover Section Ed. by James Hickmon. 1993. Ozytono Bernh . 270 pp. #B061 . Nearly 8,000 varieties of native and • Vol. 3: Plant Flavonoid Effects on Mommolion naturalized plants. ldentificotions, Cell Systems. 232 pp. #B062. horticultural requirements, endangerment, • Vo l. 4: Phytogeographic and Botanical toxicity, and more. 4,000 B/W illus. TIBETAN MEDICAL PAINTINGS Considerations of Medicinal Plants inEastern Hardcover, 1, 400 pp. Ed. by Yuri Porfionovitch, Gyurme Dorje, and Asia and Eastern North America. 272 pp. $69.95 #B051 Fernond Meyer. Two volumes. 1992. #B063. Illustrates the entire contents of seventeenth • Complete set, $96, $30 per Vol. #B064 century Tibetan medicine. Very detailed with FLORA EUROPAEA, color plates, nomes, ond descriptions of oil the VOLUME 1: PSILOTACAE ingredients of the paintings. Hardcover. TO PLATANACEAE Slipcosed, 505 pp. $195. #B034 Second Edition, Ed. by T. G. Tutin. 1994. First published 29 years ago, th e new edition is a great step forward. 350 new FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA ASYNONYMIZED CHECKLIST OF THE taxa hove been included, hundreds new to NORTH OF MEXICO VASCULAR FLORA OF THE UNITED science. Hardcover, 581 pp. $200. #B078 Ed. by Floro of North America Editorial STATES, CANADA, AND GREENLAND TRADITIONAL PLANT FOODS OF Committee. 1993. Systemic general survey of by John Kortesz. 1994. These two volumes ore CANADIAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: plants in the continental U.S., Conodo, the most current and comprehensive summary of HANDBOOK OF ARABIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS NUTRITION, BOTANY AND USE Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon. Geogrophicol accepted names and their synonyms for plants of by Harriet Kuhn lein and Nancy by Shohino Ghozonfor. 1994. Identifies ronge mops. North America. Offers a taxonomic codre Turner. 1991 . Describes and references the Vol1: Introduction. Hardcover, 372 pp. $75. beginning with the division and subdivisions of over 250 species of plants, their medicinal uses, biochemical information and published literature on nutritional properties, #B037 the vascular plont kingdom and continuing with botanical characteristics, ond ethnic uses of Vol 2: Pteridophytes ond Gymnosperms. family, genus, species, subspecies, and variety. references. Guide to diseases and conditions, and on appendix of plant cures. traditional food plants. B/W photos, Hardcover, Hardcover, 475 pp. $75. #B038 Hardcover, 1,400 pp. $149.95 #B100 633 pp. $88. #B030 lllus. Hardcover, 265 pp. $104.9S #B092

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TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGY Contains 322 herbs, 137 for mulas, color illustrations, full text search, photo zoom, extensive help system, !rocking capability, printing, copying, bookmorking, and annotations. CD ROM, PC, $49.95. #C002

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EDIBLE WILD PLANTS NATURAL HEALTH WITH by Jim Duke 8. Jim Meuninck. 1988. MEDICINAL HERBS AND Identifies 100 edible wild plants, herbal teo HEALING FOODS recipes, uncovers Amerindian and fol ku ses, by Jim Meuninck, Ed Alstat, James identifies poisonous plants, and more. Bolch, Phyllis Bolch, Randall $24.95. #8 12 Bradley, Abdul Koiyum, Ed Smith and Mork Wheeler. 1992 . Uncovers 100 plants with health protecting chemistry. LITTLE MEDICINE: $24.95. #815 THE WISDOM TO AVOID BIG MEDICINE by Jim Meuninck and Theresa Barnes. 1995. Herbal wound treatments, repellents, health tips, and more. $24.95. #813 Audio

NATIVE AMERICAN MEDICINE THE MEDICINE GARDEN by Este lla Roman, Patsy Clark, Theresa Barnes, JimMeuninck . Written and produced by David Freudberg. Anew publicradio health special onh erbal 1995. Native American wisdom on herbal medicine, remedies, remedies. Hear some of the world's leading authorities on herbal medicine including health tips, identification, and more. $24.95. #814 physicians, pharmocognosists, botanists, and other scientists present the most comprehensive special on the sub ject ever broadcast. Set of 2 1-hour audio topes. $15.95. #701

Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free Spring/Summer 1996 800/373-7105 orfax 512/331-1924 E The Ger111an Commission E Monogmphs

the American Botanical Council's f\tv1ERIGAN English translation of the BOT~ICAL German Commission E Monographs COUNCIL

The most comprehensive Englisfi translation of the German government's monographs on herbal medicine Foreword by Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., Lilly Distinguished .------1 Professor of Pharmacognosy, Purdue University

• 41 0 Monographs • 324 herbs with recommended dosages • Glossary of medical, pharmacy and technical terms • Common, Latin, pharmacopeia! and German names cross referenced • Index of Approved uses • Index of contraindications • Index of side effects • Chemical index • General Index

The complete book only f..tv\ERICAN BoTfoNICAL $189°~em#8181 COUNCIL

Credit card holders order toll free Herbal Education Catalog 800/373-7105 orfax 512/331-1924 Spring/Summer 1996 General Information 3rd Party Literature Consumer Herbal Information Packet Coming this spring: Our Third Party literature consumer package produced by the American Botanical Council. Includes 1 each of the $1500 Botanical Booklet series, Research Review #1: Hawthorn, Melissa, Saw Palmetto and Ginkgo; Research Review #2: Garlic; Echinacea Review; and Herb and Health Series #1 : Common Herbs. #5400

---7=~~~ .------,_, ,..~ M l.oJtng Europ.or> phytom«/iei,.Jfromlh.ll.-ch R.

Botanical Seri~s No. 308 Botanical Booklet Series by Steven Foster The eight-page booklets in this series hove reproductions of each plant ond provide concise, authoritative ond F EVERFEW AMERICAN G INSENG accurate information on major medicinal plants. Tanacetum parthenium Panax quinquefolius

# 301 Echinacea # 302 Siberian Ginseng Individually # 303 Asian Ginseng priced at # 304 Ginkgo # 305 Milk Thistle $100 # 306 Peppermint Steven Foster # 307 Chamomiles Steven Foster # 308 American Ginseng # 309 Goldenseal All 12 for only # 31 0 Feverfew Botanical Sui~s No. 308 Botanical S~rin No. 308 # 311 Garlic $995 # 312 Valerian Item #300

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Echinacea-A Literature Review EACHBP by Christopher Hobbs Report Published in HERBALGRAM No.30 36-page Second Report of the I ECHINACEA • Referenced in the Dietary Supplement Expert Advisory Committee A LITERATURE REVIEW Health and Education Act of 1994 (appointed by the Canadian government) on Herbs and • A16-page review including four-color Botanical Preparations. representations of all nine species. Includes l.l.#705 and I.L. #771 . Deals primarily • Over 200 references. with safety concerns of medicinal plants. • Tables of Chemistry and Pharmacology available separately. ltem#406 16-page literature review Chemistry & Pharmacology tables ltem#405-A ltem#405-B $500 $500

EAPC Valerian Petition The Farnsworth Symposium European-American Phytomedicines Progress on Terrestrial and Marine Coalition Citizen Petition to Natural Products of Medicinal and Amend FDA's Monograph on Night-time Biological Interest, in honor of the 60th Sleep-aid Drug Products for Over-The­ birthday of Professor Norman R. Counter (OT() Human Use to Include Farnsworth. Includes 19 scientific Valerian. 24-page petition staling the papers, and 21 abstracts. efficacy and safety of valerian as a sleep Item #402 aid and requesting its inclusion in the existing FDA monograph. 1994. Item #412 EAPC Ginger Petition EAPC Petition European-American Phytomedicines Coalition The complete text of the European­ Citizen Petition to Amend FDA's Monograph American Phytomedicines Coalition on Antiemetic Drug Products for Over-The­ Petition to the USFDA. The petition Counter (OTC) Human Use to Include Ginger. requests inclusion of European OTC 31-page petition includes background, Phytomedicines (herbal medicines) chemistry, toxicology, pharmacology and to the OTC Drug Review. efficacy of ginger with regard to motion Item #404 sickness and nausea and vomiting in $1000 general, with proposed changes to federal regulations. 1995. 1tem #413

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Herb Checklist and Pharmacy from Cross-Reference the Rainforest Herbs • Checklist of over 550 species of primary A review of the 199 4 plant names of herbs in commerce in the of ABC/ACEER sponsored United States Commerce eco-tour to the • Over 1,800 cross-referenced names. • Common names, as well as outdated Latin Peruvian Amazon. names, currently used in the commercial Published by the Includes: herb market. American Herbal Products • Useful key for accurate identification of Association • Vorro Tyler's herbs presently on the market keynote address • Viable industry standard which will help • Kathy McKeown ond lon reduce confusion in the future. Hunter's description of o Riberenos Edited by botanist Steven Foster with the assistance medicinal garden of the following Scientific Advisory Panel: Dr. Dennis Awong (Bureau of Drug Research, Natural • Joy Hutchinson's Products Division, Health and Welfare Canada), Dr. norrotion of the Shin Ying Hu (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard ltem#403. University, retired), Dr. John Kartesz (North Carolina Amozonion trail Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at of useful plants Chapel Hill), Dr. Arthur 0. Tucker (Dept. of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State • Beautiful color photography. College), and Dr. Yarra E. Tyler (School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University). $50~m#409

Native American Medicinal Plant Note Cards #60 1 Purple coneflower Twelve designer cords (2 of each) featuring color photograph #602 Narrow-leaved Echinoceo and brief description of traditional use by botanist Steven Foster. #603 American Ginseng #604 Goldenseal #605 Passionflower #606 American Mayapple #607 Bloodroot #608 Pink Lady's Slipper #609 Sow Palmetto #61 0 Witch Hazel #611 Evening Primrose #612 Butterfly Weed

Set 1 - 601, 602, 604, 606, 607, 608. $9.95. Item #600-A Both sets only Set 2- 603,605,609,610,611,612. $150?,m#60o -c $9.95. Item #600-B Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free Spring/Summer 1996 800/373-7105 or fax 512/331-1924 Classic Botanical Reprints Classic Botanical Reprints I, II, Ill Volume I Volume II #20 1 - Traditional Medicines: The Indian Scenario #215- What is Herbal Medicine? by S. B.Goel. 4 pages. by R. F. Weiss. 12 pages. #202 - Introduction: Folk Lore and Folk Medicines #216 - Gifts of the Amazon Flora to the World by John Scarborough, editor. 8 pages. by R. E. Schultes. 16 pages. #203 - John Uri Lloyd, Phr.M., Ph.D., 1849 - 1936 #217 - Information Gathering and Data Bases that Are Pertinent by Varro E. Tyler and Virginia M. Tyler. 8 pages. to the Development of Plant-Derived Drugs #204 - High Pharmaceutical Prices Call for Government­ by N. R. Farnsworth and W. D. loub. 20 pages. Sponsored Natural Drug Research #218 -Ginseng Research: The Root of the Issue by James A. Duke, Ph.D. 4 pages. by Mark Blumenthal. 4 pages. #205 - The Economic Significance of Herbs #219 - The Need for Cooperation Between by Portio Meares. 8 pages. Modern and Traditional Medicine #206 - Ethnobotany: Historical Diversity and Synthesis by Aro Der Morderosion. 12 pages. by Richard I. Ford. 20 pages. #220 - Medicinal Plants and Primary Health Care: #20 7 - Plant Drugs in the 21st Century An Agenda for Action by Vorro E. Tyler, Ph.D. 12 pages. by 0. Akerele. 12 pages. #208 - Tropical Rain Forests: Potential Sources of New Drugs? #221 - Plant Pharmacy by D. D. Soe jorto and N. R. Farnsworth . 1989. 16 pages. by J. U. Lloyd. 8 pages. #209 - The Present and Future of Pharmacognosy #222 - Medicine and Drugs in Colonial America by N. R. Farnsworth. 8 pages. by Aro Der Morderosion and Mukund S. Yelvig i. 12 pages. #21 0 - A New Look at Botanical Medicine #223 - Debunking the Ginseng Abuse Syndrome by AndrewWeil . 8 pages. by Mark Blumenthal. 8 pages. #211 - Higher Plants: The Sleeping Giants of Drug Development #224 - Ginkgos and People:A Thousand Years of Interaction by N. R. Farnsworth and R. Morris. 8 pages. by Peter Del Tredici. 16 pages. #212 - Medicinal Plants in Therapy #225 - The Duke of Herbs by N. R. Farnswort h, 0. Akerele, A. S. Bingel, D. D. Soejorto, and by Richard Leviton. 8 pages. Z. G. Guo. 20 pages. #226- Classic Botanical Reprints- Vol. II Only $29 #213 - Conservation, Ethnobotany, and the Search for New Jungle Complete set of above articles in black binder. Medicines: Pharmacognosy Comes of Age ••• Again Reprints #2 15 - 225. by Mark J. Plotkin, Ph.D. 8 pages. #214 -Classic Botanical Reprints - Vol. I only $29 Complete set of above articles in block binder. Reprints #201 - 213. Volume Ill #227 - Natural Products and Medicine: An Overview, #234 - WHO Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines by Varro E. Tyler 8 pages. by 0. Akerele, M.D. 12 pages. #228 - Natural Products and the Potential Role of the #235 - The Materia Medica of Christopher Columbus Pharmaceutical Industry in Tropical Forest Conservation by George Griffenhogen. 16 pages. C. Findeisen, Sarah laird, Ed. 12 pages. #236 - Medicinal Ornamentals #229 - Ethnobotany and the Identification of Therapeutic by Steven Foster. 4 pages. Agents From the Rainforest, #237 - World Aspects of Phytotherapy by M. J. Bolick. 12 pages. by Barbaro Steinhoff. 4 pages. #230 - Medicinal Plant Production: Breaking into the Marketplace #238 - Materia Medica Americana: An Historical Review by Steven Foster. 8 pages. by John Uri Lloyd. 1900. 8 pages. #231 - Ancient and Medieval Chemotherapy for Cancer by John Riddle. 16 pages. #239- Classic Botanical Reprints- Vol. 3 Only$ 29 #232 - Oral Contraceptives in Ancient and Medieval Medicines Complete set of above articles in black binder. by John Riddle. 12 pages. Reprints #227 -238 #233 - Tales from the Healing Forest by John Simon. 12 pages.

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Classic Botanical Reprints

Volume IV

# 240 - A Plea to the Gtizens of the World #247 - Modern Botanical Medicine -An Overview by Peter H. Raven. Reprinted with permission from Diversity, by M. R. Werbach & M. T. Murray. Reprinted from Botanical Influences Vol. 9 (3), 1993. 4 pages. on Illness (1 994). 16 pages.

# 241 - The European Reception of the First Drugs #248 - Burning the Library of Amazonia from the New World by R. E. Schultes Reprinted with permission from The Sciences, by J. Worth Estes. Reprinted with permission from Pharmacy In March/ April, 1994. 8 pages. History, Vol. 37(1 ),1995 , the quarterly of the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. 24 pages. #249 - Ethnopharmacology: Design of an Undergraduate Course by S. G. Gillespie. From o presentation mode at "Pharmacy in the #242 - Proof of Efficacy of Plant Drugs Rainforest," Peru,October , 1994 with the author's permission. 8 pages. by Rudolph Fritz Weis. Reprinted from Herbal Medicine by R.F. Weiss, M.D., 1988. By permission of Beaconsfield Publishers, ltd., #2 50 - The Ethnobotanical Approach to Drug Discovery Beaconsfield, England. 8 pages. by P. A. Cox and M. J. Bolick. Reprinted with permission from Scientific American, June, 1994. 8 pages. #243 - Relative Safety of Herbal Medicines by N. R. Farnsworth. Reprinted from HerbaiGram # 29 Special Supplement pp. 36A- 36H, 1993. 8 pages. #2 51 - Phytomedicines in Western Europe: Their Potentiollmpoct on Herbal Medicine in the United Stoles by Vorro E. Tyler. Reprinted from Herba1Gram # 30 (1994). 12 pages. #244 - Using Plants as Drugs in Traditional Chinese Medicine by Yue Chongxi. Reprinted from Herbal Emissaries by S. Foster and C. Yue, Healing Arts Press, 1992. 8 pages. #253 - Classic Botanical Reprints - Vol. IV Complete set of above articles #245 - Drug Plants Under Cultivation in black binder. by W. W. Stockberger. Reprinted from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Reprints # 240 · 251 . Former's Bulletin No. 663 (Rev. 1935). 20 pages.

#246 - The Herbs of the Gods and Medicine, Botany,and Magic by J. D'Andrea. Reprinted from Ancient Herbs by J. D'Andrea. (1982) By permission of J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, CA. 20 pages.

COMPLETE SET (VOL. I, II, Ill AND IV) 0 hviERICAN BoT~ I CAL ONLY $1ll ~m#24o COUNCIL

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New Series Taken from ABC'S Classic Botanical Reprints: Module I "Overview and Background of Herbs in Pharmacy" ACPf# 188-154-95-090 [0.2 CEUs] (ABC Item# 901) Module II "Overview of the Assessment, Uses and Efficacy of Herbs in Pharmacy" ACPf# 188-154-95-093 [0.2 CEUs] (ABC Item# 902) Module Ill "Overview of Rainforest Research Issues" ACPf# 188-154-95-094 [0.15 CEUs] (ABC Item# 903) Each module costs $30 and comes with an answer sheet to be returned for pharmacy continuing education credit. Order sets now using the form on page 31.

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Herbal Education Catalog Credit card holders order toll free Spring/Summer 1996 800/373-7105 orfax 512/331-1924 Every issue of HERBALGRAM provides readers with a HERBALGRAM's comprehensive calendar of events wide spectrum of information on the medicinal uses of herbs. provides timely and specific information on herbal Whether it is legal and regulatory information, trends in conferences and symposiums in the U.S. and abroad. media coverage on herbs, reviews on herbal research, Published jointly by the American Botanical Council market reports, book reviews, or in-depth and the Herb Research Foundation, each reviews of specific herbs, it's in issue of HERBALGRAM is peer HERBALGRAM. reviewed for accuracy by an editorial Discover the important role herbs board composed of some of the leading play in global issues from the greenhouse researchers in the field. effect to the rainforests; from AIDS In short, HERBALGRAM is "the research to potential cancer cures. word" on the rapidly growing interest in herbs and their uses. HERBALGRAM is the most comprehensive and authoritative Word'' is herbal quarterly in the nation. tting around ...

" H erbalGram fills one of our gr eatest needs, "HerbaiGram is informative, which is to extract from the scientific literature comprehensive, objective, and well-written." valuable information and deliver it in a -Burton Kallman, Ph.D. , r eadable way. I keep ever y copy for future Director of Science and u se and index much of the sp ecific write-ups." Technology National -Holly H. Shimizu, former Curator, National Nutritional Foods Association Herb Garden U.S. Arboretum, Washington

" Excellent. Ther e is no question in my "Congratulations on the continuing mind that your publication is the b est success of HerbaiGram . I like to of its kind in the entire nation ... " think of it as a botanical smart -Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D. , bomb, somehow always hitting Lilly Distinguished Professor of the key issues ... " -Mark). Plotkin, Ph .D. Pharmacognosy Purdue University Ethnobotanist/ author

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AMERic.I'N BoTfNICAL COUNCIL -.....--.-...-._.- .A A A A A A A , A~ A A A. A A A ...... __... A. A (above) Voacanga africana, Cameroun, 1980.

(above) Strophanthus, Ivory Coast, 1961 .

(above) Adonis vernalis, Roma nia , 1970.

H ERBALGRAM 36 • 41 ARCH JIVES OF PHYTOMEDJICJINE

THE COJLJLECTKON OFT E JLJLOYD JLKBRARY AND MUSEUM liN CliNCKNNATli

by Michael A. Flannery Library Director Lloyd Library & Museum Cincinnati, Ohio

Photographs From the Lloyd Library Collection by Mary Lee Schmidt

In discussing Homer and Greek mythology, the eighteenth-century classical scholar John Lempriere states that Chiron, the son of Phillyra and Saturn, "taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs; and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age." 1 Indeed it was Chi ron, the ancients tell us, who taught Aesculapius, the god of medicine, the healing arts. This learned centaur had no physical structure ever erected in his honor and no Greco-Roman ruins remain to suggest his former glory. But a temple of sorts does commemorate and continue his instruction: the library spawned from the work of one of his devoted (if less mythical) disciples, John Uri Lloyd (1849-1936).

The story of the Lloyd Library is less romantic than Homer's gist and bibliophile, it was John's work with "Specific Medicines" epic poetry, although it is certainly not without interest for those which would launch Lloyd Brothers as the leading manufacturer of continuing the ageless quest for phytotherapeutics. Despite the gen­ eclectic preparations. erous bequest by Curtis Gates Lloyd (1859-1926) establishing the John Uri's Eclectic connections were established early. Intro­ trust in 1917 under which it operates even today, the library truly duced to the professional medical community by John King (1813- emanated from the research of the senior Lloyd brother John. While 1893) in the September, 1870, issue of the Eclectic Medical Journal his brother Nelson Ashley (1851-1926) displayed the business acu­ with a modest essay, "The Simple Syrup of Stillingia," Lloyd's as­ men that helped amass the Lloyds' fortunes and his youngest brother sociation with King and John Milton Scudder (1829-1894) sparked Curtis (often referred to simply as "C. G.") became an avid mycolo- his lifelong interest in vegetable materia medica. When the Lloyd

42 • HERBALGRAM 36 Brothers firm finally emerged were significantly enhanced out of former partnerships with when John Uri's old mentor Dr. H. M. Merrell and T. C. Thorp King left his entire personal li­ in 1885, its "Specific Medi­ brary to the Lloyds. cines" became the mainstay of In order to continually Eclectic therapeutics. Attack­ augment the collection Curtis ing the loose and unscientific would purchase needed titles practices of his predecessors' from the great booksellers of botanicals, Lloyd clearly stated Europe in Paris, London, his phytomedicinal credo in his Leipzig, Stockholm, and wher­ Dose Book: ever a tome thought useful might "It was folly to imagine be had. Working from prepared that a disease symptom could lists given to him by Sigmund be specifically aborted by any­ Waldbott and William Holden thing other than a remedy pos­ (first and second librarians re­ sessed of a specific value. The spectively), C. G. added to the li­ remedy must not be one thing brary. Coupled with his own ex­ today and another thing tomor­ pertise in mycology (the study of row, nor could specific actions fungi) and pharmacy, the travel­ be expected from a variety of ing Curtis efficiently and system­ discordant substances. The atically created a library that suf­ remedy must specifically rep­ fered severe growing pains by resent a known drug if it could the beginning of this century. Fi­ serve as a specific agent in dis­ nally, late in 1907 a four-story ease expression. building was erected solely to house a collection estimated at over "With the hope of supplying a line of remedies to fulfill these 22,000 books. conditions, came our [Lloyd Brothers] study of plants that finally By the 1920s Casewell Mayo indicated that the collection had resulted in the now celebrated Specific Medicines, which in a phar­ swelled to over 50,000 volumes. 3 In fact the library has enjoyed a macal sense are not cures, but specific representations of the drugs steady and continuous growth ever since John Milton Scudder made that yield them. These definite medicines are as necessary now as an initial call for all back issues of medical journals and books re­ formerly to the success of physicians. The Specific Medicines are lated to American medicine in the pages of the Eclectic Medical not commended to cure diseases by name, but to serve the medical Journal in the 1870s. Many of John Uri Lloyd's accomplishments profession desiring to use specific or definite preparations to meet were made possible by these acquisitions: his three Ebert Prizes for 2 specific symptoms in disease expression. " innovative research in the field of pharmacy ( 1882, 1891, and 1916); From Achillea (yarrow) to Zingiber (ginger) the Lloyd Broth­ his pioneer research on "mass action" hailed by Wolfgang Ostwald ers medicines were known for their purity and reliability of strength as important to his own work on colloidal chemistry; his "Cold Still" and composition. The success of these "Specifics" was due in no small part to John Uri's ceaseless research in formulating new prepa­ rations and in refining improved manufacturing processes for per­ colation and extraction of natural products. This kind of innovation A sample of lloyd Brothers Specific Medicines alongside the seal depended upon wide and varied reference sources, and his quest for of the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati. For most of its this material produced an ever growing collection of rare books on existence Eclecticism and Specific Medicines, like Hydrastia, pharmacy, botany, chemistry, and allied sciences. Those holdings shown above, went hand in hand.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 43 Mysticism was a part of the heal ing arts that endured into the sixteenth century, as shown in this 1517 book of secret remedies, Illuminati sacre, by the famed alchemist Raymond Lully (1235-1315). Lully's main practical contribution to the medical world was his introduction of tinctures which he called "Aqua vitae."

extractor used in the pharmaceutical in­ A CORNUCOPIA dustry for 70 years; and his many impor­ OF RARE HERBALS tant writings such as The Chemistry of Of considerable interest to the Medicines (8 eds., 1881-1897), Elixirs: readers of HerbalGram is the extensive Th eir History, Formulae, and Method of collection of herbals to be found in the Preparation (3 eds., 1883-1892), Drugs Lloyd stacks. These early compendiums and Medicines of North America (1884- of plant names and descriptions with 1887), Origin and History ofAll the Pharmacopeia[ Vegetable Drugs their associated medicinal values date (1921 ), and other works too numerous to mention here. It would from the first century of the Christian era. These important thera­ take a book-length volume itself to adequately assess the contribu­ peutic guides for the most part emanated from the work of tions of the man described in Kremers and Urdang's History of Phar­ Dioscorides, a Greek army surgeon under Nero's reign (A.D. 54- macy as "One of the greatest and most versatile pharmacists that 68). Indeed Dioscorides' description of over 600 medicinal plants America has had." With the passing of John Uri Lloyd on April 9, and his pharmacognostic skills have caused medical historians to 1936, the library could add to its treasures the letters, manuscripts, rank him as "the father of our materia medica."5 There is no authori­ and page proofs of its leading founder. tative text for Dioscorides' work, and versions of his De materia After Lloyd's death the library collection continued to grow. medica in numerous languages can be found. Dioscorides is well In 1941 the Lloyd Library and Museum (as it was now called) con­ represented at the Lloyd Library, including a 1558 edition of the tained over 100,000 books and 60,000 pamphlets. 4 Inevitably, the important Index libros, Dioscoridis, by Petrus Andreas Matthiolus. old West Court Street building which had served the library for over At least up until mid-seventeenth century, all herbals held to a 60 years had to be replaced. The shelves were full and the structure belief in Galenic humoralism which theorized that poor health came itself was no longer adequate to house such a valuable collection. from imbalances in the four elements of the body: blood, phlegm, Thirty-five years to the day after John Uri's death, the Lloyd Library bile, and black bile. Therapeutic efficacy was also hampered by officially opened its new building at persistent beliefs in the doctrine of 917 Plum Street. It was not a great signatures and mystical notions of move in di stance since the Plum virtu and vis occulta (o r "hidden Street building was actually located powers") ascribed to certain drugs.6 on the same comer, only consider­ Despite these limitations of the age, ably enlarged and turned to face the Dr. J. Worth Estes has observed that street which had run parallel with C({J)uLdl lbe C({J)ns iJereJ "each drug ingredient described in the east side of the old facility. herbals has, over a period of time, As important as adequate achieved some degree of acceptabil­ housing is to any library, its true ihe m({J)iher l({J)Je ity in medical practice."7 measure of greatness can be deter­ Besides the Matthiolus com­ mined only from the books it con­ mentary on Dioscorides, the library tains. Those who have been to the ({J)f also owns a number of important Lloyd know of its treasures, but for herbal works. Otto Brunfels's others a brief survey of some se­ (1488-1534) Herbarum vivte lected items should serve to convey nineieenih=ceniury econes is represented in a 1532 the nature and extent of its holdings. printing from Strasbourg. Hans Weiditz, illustrator for this title, American medicinal translated as Living Portrait of Plants, "opened the botanical re­ naissance" with his realistic por- JP> l an t inf ({J) r mat i ({J) n o

44 • HE RBALGRAM 36 Jl .., . Elizabeth Blackwell's illustrations, like this exqu isi te portrayal of Aloe vulgaris, have become classics of botanical art.

(Below) John Uri Lloyd (ca. 1920) in his laboratory in Cincinnati.

trayal of the plant world which London, 1737-1739) and her constituted a real improvement much larger Herbarium over the conventional stylized Blackwellianum (6 vol s., Lon­ plant caricatures of previous art­ don, 1750-1773). A Curious ists.8 Another significant herbal Herbal has a curious history it­ was produced by Rembert self. This book was written Dodoens in his 1554 Cruyboeck. largely to free her husband from Dodoens's interest in medicinal debtor's prison, and she pro­ plants sent him to the universities duced, according to one modem of France, Italy, and Germany and anal yst, "more than competent" he became the first Belgian bota­ artwork while her counterpart nist of world renown.9 Yet it was labored on the text from hi s the Reverend Henry Lyte's trans­ cell. 11 Finally, no coll ection of lation of Cruyboeck that kept it a herbal literature would be com­ useful companion to the practic­ plete without mentioning the ing herbali st. Lyte' s A New many manifestations of icho- Herbal, or Historie of Plants, of las Culpeper's works. Although which a 1619 printing can be this astrological botanist/self­ found on the Lloyd Library's rare book shelves, represents more styled healer wrote during the seventeenth century, hi s productions than a straightforward translation since the clergyman made numer­ (in numerous versions and permutations) have had persistent appeal ous corrections and additions as he transformed the Flemish text as home health companions. Thus it is difficult to find any peri od into English.10 Of equal interest is John where the name "Culpeper" has not Parkinson's (1567-1650) Th eatrum been appended to some version of an botanic urn: The Theater of Plants, or An herbal, and the Lloyd Library catalog Herbal of a Large Extent (London, includes "Culpeper books" datin g 1640). This herbalist to King Charles I from 1653 to the present. gave considerable attention to English Despite the continued popular­ plants. Humbly he writes, "I go not ity of herbals even today, thi s genre about to teach Doctors ... but to help would fade steadily as a viable medi­ their memories, and withal to shew them cal reference work fo r most physi­ in my judgement, that they mistake not cians. "By the late seventeenth cen­ one thing for another, or one man 's plant tury," writes J. Worth Estes, " the for another, which I hope will well de­ herbal tradition that had begun 200 serve their good liking: for the various years earlier was turning into scien­ conceites of men about Plants, is for the tific botany. At the same time the rise most part according to their knowledge of chemical therapeutics was render­ in them, and hath caused such ing the u e of herbals less practical for mistakings and controversie, as are to be physicians, even if Galenic humor­ seene in their writings." ali sm was still alive and well, albeit Moving forward a century (very somewhat attenuated." 12 By the end late and in some senses postdating the of the eighteenth century, Dr. Estes true herbal period) is Elizabeth declares the herbal in its classical sense Blackwell's A Curious Herbal (2 vols., for all intents and purposes obsolete. 13

HE RBALGRAM 36 • 45 Materia Medica on the Three Natural Kingdoms, Johann Christian Schreber, 1772.

Of course the end of the Lloyd also reprinted, from the herbal did not close serious in- originals in his collection, Ben­ quiry into plants for medicinal jamin Smith Barton's Collections purposes, and works bearing the distinct marks of systematic medi­ for an Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United States (Phila­ cal botany began to appear. There is perhaps no better example of delphia, 1798); Peter Smith's The Indian Doctor's Dispensatory (Cin­ this than in the work of Johann Christian Schreber (1707 -1778). An cinnati, 1812); and Samuel Thomson's New Guide to Health, or important figure in his own right especially with regard to the study Botanic Family Physician (Boston, 1835).15 of mosses, this former student of Linnaeus edited and revised his Himself a leading Eclectic, Lloyd amassed a large collection teacher's Materia Medica on the Three Natural Kingdoms. The close of his colleagues' works. Wooster Beach, John Milton Scudder, John link of botany with the healing arts is demonstrated in the fact that King, Finley Ellingwood, Harvey Wickes Felter, and other Eclectic this 1772 work devotes 200 pages to plants and their medicinal uses authors are prominent on the library's shelves. In fact, when the and actions; 30 pages to animal products for medicinal purposes; physical property of the Eclectic Medical College (renamed in 191 0) and a mere 27 pages to mineral therapeutics. was sold and otherwise disposed of in 1942 after its permanent clos­ Medical botany and the development of systematic pharma­ ing in 1939, the library ultimately became the beneficiary of the cognostic studies became important components of nineteenth-cen­ E.M.C. administrative and student records as well as the school's tury medicine. This is particularly true of early American medical library. practice. Confronted with a profusion of New World plants and an But it would be wrong to conclude that the Lloyd Library indigenous people who put them to a variety of uses in healing, holdings in nineteenth-century medical botany include only Eclec­ Americans became convinced that thi s new Edenic garden held vir­ tic materials. Early nineteenth century works abound, and a few are tuall y limitless promise to cure the especially worthy of mention. ills of humankind. Showing the application of the John Uri Lloyd himself felt a herbal to domestic uses in this new- justifiably close kinship with the tra­ est of republics is Samuel Henry's ditions of this botanico-medical A New and Complete American movement, and he sought to pre­ Medical Family Herbal (New York, serve them in a series of reprintings 1814). William P. C. Barton (1 786- from the originals he had acquired 1856), nephew of the famous Ben­ for his library. His Bulletin No. 6, jamin Smith Barton, one-time navy for example, reproduced Johann lbu t t((J) Jisc((J)Uilll t surgeon and professor of botany at David Schopf's important Materia the University of Pennsylvania, also Medica Americana (Erlangen, contributed to the growing interest 1787). Writing in 1903, Edward the v in any and Kentucky, he became fascinated and the ori ginal in the rare book with the reports he was receiving room bears Lloyd's flyleaf inscrip­ field is ]p>Jresentism ((J)f from the interior of this expanding tion which reads, "I consider this one nation. "Impressed with these of the rarest books in my collection. views," he writes in his introduction, If lost it is probably irreplaceable." the W((J)Jr§t JkinJo "I had determined, after embracing

46 • HERBALGRAM 36 The New World sparked a flurry of activity in medical botany, and William P. C. Barton was an important contributor to the field . This illustration of Lobelia cardinalis, taken from his Vegetable Materia Medico of the United States (Philadelphia, 1818), shows that beauty and medicine were not mutually exclusive . This scxalled "cardinal flower" was, according to Charles F. M illspaugh , introduced into Great Britain from Virginia because of the brilliant red hue of its blooms. Although Millspaugh admits that L. infloto had largely taken its place as a medicinal by the 1880s, it was still widely considered "to possess the whole of the medicinal marked anthelmintic, nervine, and plants of these states, to con­ antispasmodic properties." tinue the work by delineating all the dietetic native vegetables of our country, and giving of each a current coloured plate." Constantine Rafinesque ( 1783- 1840), the noted naturalist of Transylvania University at Lex­ American medicinal plant," ington, Kentucky, added tre­ John attempted to resurrect the mendously to the fi eld by iden­ project partially fulfilled in his tifying 6,700 plants in the re­ Drugs and Medicines of No rth gion and writing over 200 as­ America by enlisting the assis­ sorted books, essays, pam­ tance of the elderly Fluckiger. 17 phlets, and tracts. One of his ------r- -- We can only specul ate on the :.. C .IH! d..ll\ r NR!DIIN&.L..It4. major works was Medical important contribution that Flora, or Manual of the Medi­ might have been made by Lloyd cal Botany of the Un ited States and Fluckiger had the old pro­ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1828), a title fortunately held by the library in fessor lived longer. evertheless, his work is well represented to­ multiple copies. day in the library collection with such works as his Pharmacographia By the mid-nineteenth century the continued ri se of national­ (London, 187 4 ), The Principles ofPharma cognosy (New York, 1887), istic fervor and the persistent attack upon allopathic physicians as and other materi als. throwbacks to European elitism kept interest in indigenous plant Yet by the 1880s antipyrine, aminopyrine, and acetanilide com­ remedies high in the United States. Although the fo rtunes of the prised the first group of a long and continuous line of synthetic drugs sectarian practitioners spawned from this earlier activi ty and wit­ that captured ever increasing portions of the physicians' armamen­ nessed in the botanico-medical movement would change radically tarium. As more and more of these synthetics became available in the last half of the century, the study of vegetable products for through the burgeoning corporate pharmaceutical industry, alterations therapeutic efficacy continued. Of special note during this period is in the status of phytomedicines became most obvious in the chang­ homeopath Charles F. Millspaugh's American Medicinal Plants (2 ing officinals of the United States Pharmacopeia. By the dawn of vols., New York, 1887; 2nd ed., 1892). One modem analyst has this century Lee Anderson points out that "long-familiar mineral called this the "capstone to an important body of writing in 19th­ and vegetable drugs and preparations disappeared from its pages, century American medical botany" in which "the reader will find replaced by synthetic compounds created in research laboratories much valuable information on plant toxicity." 18 Add to this the com­ and manufactured in mass quantities for national markets." 19 prehensive works of the Eclecti cs and the Lloyd Library could be Despite the fact that synthetic drugs eclipsed the fo rmer glory considered the mother lode of nineteenth-century American medici­ of botanical preparations, the relentless growth in medicinal plant nal plant information. literature and the steady ex pansion of the Lloyd Library stacks (now Meanwhile, and indeed throughout the 1800s, significant phar­ holding upwards of 200,000 volumes and nearly 600 active journal macognostic work was being pursued in Europe by Nicolas J. B. G. titles) proves that phytomedicine is far from a dead relic of the past. Guibourt, Daniel Hanbury, and Alexander Tschirch, all of whi ch is The effectiveness of Commission E in Germany, the Euro­ represented in the Lloyd collection. The most important European pean Scientific Cooperative for Phytotherapy (ESCOP), the Ameri­ pharmacognosist from the library's perspective, however, is Frederich can Botanical Council and Herb Research Foundation, indeed the A. Fluckiger (1828-1894). After John Uri and C. G. realized the very success of HerbalGram all speak to the growing importance of overwhelming task of presenting "the hi storical record of every and interest in botanicals for the prevention and healing of disease.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 47 The Lloyd library and Museum at its current site on Plum Street in Cincinnati, Ohio.

The statistics cited recently by and space prohibits mentioning. Steven Foster clearly show that John Uri Lloyd will be there hi s title Herbal Renaissance re­ too, and if Chiron has a home flects more than a mere author's anywhere on this earthly plane, boast: herbal medicines are it surely must be the Lloyd posting $2.2 billion in annual Library and Museum. 0 sales in Europe; in just three years retail sales in herbs in the U.S. rose nearly 40 percent; and in 1991 herb and spice imports into the Endnotes U.S. were over 80 metric tons more than the 162.292 metric tons I. Lempriere's Classical Dictionary (1792; London: Bracken Books, 1984) 162. 20 2. Dose Book of Specific Medicines (Cincinnati: Lloyd Brothers, 1907) 4. imported in 1982. 3. Casewell Mayo, The Lloyd Library and Its Makers, Bulletin of the Lloyd Li­ As phytomedicine continues to expand, the challenge of the brary of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica, no. 28 (Cincinnati: The Lloyd Lloyd Library will be to keep abreast of the literature in all of its Library, 1928) 4 7. diversified formats-CD-ROM, electronic journals, WAN listserves, 4. Corinne Miller Simons, "The Lloyd Library and Museum-A Brief History of the World Wide Web, microfiche and film, and yes, as always, books Its Founders and Its Resources," College and Research Libraries 2 (June 1941 ): 3. 5. Erwin H. Ackerknecht, A Short History of Medicine, rev ed. (Baltimore: Johns and printed journals. Keeping current is crucial, but to discount the Hopkins UP, 1982) 72-73. vast body of previous scholarship in any field is presentism of the 6. See David L. Cowen, and William H. Helfand, Pharmacy: An Illustrated His­ worst kind. The historical richness of the Lloyd Library gives im­ tory (New York: Abrams, 1990) 56-57. portant context to its disciplinary interests and augments its current 7. J. Worth Estes, "To the Courteous and Well Willing Readers' Herbals and Their collection development. Audiences," The Watermark 18 (S ummer 1995) 63. 8. Agnes Arber, Herbals: Their Origin and Evolution, 2nd ed. ( 1938; Darien, CT: Thus no matter how fast this information explosion acceler­ Hafner Pub. Co., 1970) 206. Although somewhat dated, Arber's hi story is a ates, the library can serve as a vast repository of materials old and classic in its field and has been reprinted many times over; it is highl y recom­ new from which the researcher can choose. Such an activity can mended to anyone interested in pursuing the development of this fascinating protect against the solipsism which is suicidal to scientific inquiry. genre of medical literature. Lloyd knew that the library was no solitary place. He called his 9. Arber, 82. 10. Arber, 125. library "a mansion for the living." ll. Lys de Bray, The Art of Botanical Illustration: The Classic Illustrators and The seventeenth-century author Robert Burton suggests much Their Achievements, 1550-1900 (Secaucus, NJ: Wellfleet P, 1989) 72-73. the same in his Anatomy ofMelancholy, and perhaps we should take 12. Estes, 67. the prescription advised in a book that Sir William Osler once called 13. Estes, 69. "the greatest medical treatise written by a layman." 21 In it Burton 14. See Johann David Schopf, Materia Medica Americana, Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botan y, Pharmacy and Materi a Medica, no. 6 (Cincinnati: Lloyd makes reference to a Dutch librarian. "Heinsius, the keeper of the Library, 1903) 5. library at Leyden in Holland, was mewed up in it all year long; and I 5. See Bulletins no. l, 2, and II respectively. that to which thy thinking should have bred a loathing, caused in 16. For detai ls on both of their li ves and works see Ian MacPhail, Benjamin Smith him a greater liking. 'No sooner' (saith he) 'come into the library, Barton and William Paul Crillon Barton, The Sterling Morton Library Bibli­ ographies in Botany and Horticulture, no. 3 (Li sle, IL: The Morton Arbore­ but I bolt the door to me, excluding tum, 1986). lust, ambition, avarice, and all such 17. Charles Boewe, " Rafinesque, vices, whose nurse is idleness, the Constantine Samuel," The Kentucky En­ mother of ignorance, and melancholy cyclopedia, ed. John E. Kleber (Lexing­ herself, and in the very lap of eter­ ton: UP of Kentucky, 1992) 752. 18. See the review of the 1974 Dover re­ nity, amongst so many divine souls, print by Alex Berman, Economic Botany I take my seat, with so lofty a spirit 29.4 (1975) 305-306. and sweet content that I pity all our 19. Lee Anderson and Gregory J. Higby, great ones that know not this happi- The Spirit of Voluntarism: A Legacy of ness."'22 ll({J) s({J)li taury placcce o Commitment and Contribution: The United States Pharmacopeia, 1820- 1995 As library director I promise (Rockvi ll e, MD: United States 'not to bolt the door and I would not Pharmacopeia! Convention, 1995) 193. dare speak for another's vices, but Hce ccallceJ his lilbrary 20. Steven Foster, Herbal Renaissance: Growing, Using & Understanding Herbs one thing is certain: when you take 66 your seat (like Heinsius) you will not in the Modern World (Salt Lake City: & m_ansn_({J)n f({J)Jr thee Gibbs-Smith, 1993) 6-7. be alone; you will be amongst 21. Qtd. in Holbrook Jackson, introduction, friends, friends described in this ar­ Anatomy ofMelancholy , by Robert Bur­ ticle and thousands of others that time ton, 3 vols. (1621 ; London: Everyman's Library, 1932) I: xiii. 22. Ibid, vol. 2: 91. 48 • HERBALGRAM 36 SPECIAL MARKET REPORT The U.S. Botanical Market An Overview -

by Peggy Brevoort, CEO, East Earth Herb Inc. Past-President, American Herbal Products Association

The commercial What are the factors herbal industry as we know that have caused this new it today began from two di­ industry to emerge in the verse segments of the U.S. past 25 years? There are population: one, the group several major reasons. of back-to-the-land, natu­ • Consumers are in­ ral-remedy folks who came terested in returning to a out of the late 1960s and an­ more natural style of life. other, quite different yet • Consumers are equally sincere group, a more and more dissatisfied segment of our population with modern health care in Utah who embraced a when they perceive it as in­ natural life style as part of effective, expensive, and their heritage and devel­ carrying unwanted side af­ oped an industry based on fects. natural remedies. • As Americans ob­ One of the largest tain more leisure time, their herbal companies in the interests tum toward health U.S. today, Madaus and fitness. Murdock Schwabe, started • As the modern when Mrs. Murdock was world becomes more com­ diagnosed with cancer in plex, people are interested the mid-1960s and was sent in returning to their roots. home with no hope for re­ • We have a popula­ covery. She was told that a © 1996 by Regan Garrett for Herbo/Grom tion of aging baby boomers tea made from chaparral, an herb indigenous to North America, had who want to prolong their good health and active lifestyle into a been used by the native American population to cure cancer, and, health-filled old age. with nothing to lose, her family began giving her chaparral tea. It • An example of the size and intensity of this consumer inter­ tasted terrible. But, six months later, her cancer was in remission est in botanicals was exemplified in 1994 when this small industry and she lived for another 25 years. After her recovery, word spread successfully lobbied to pass legislation which dramatically changed among the neighbors and the Murdock family soon found them­ the way botanicals are regulated. Congress received more mail on selves packaging capsules of chaparral on their kitchen table. To­ the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) day, Madaus Murdock Schwabe, better known as "Nature's Way," than on any subject since the Vietnam war. The subject even outdid is the largest herbal company in the United States. the National Rifle Association in volume and intensity of grass roots This article will focus on the medicinal herbal market and will support. not deal with culinary spices, herbs used primarily for flavoring, potpourri, aromatherapy, or herbs used primarily in cosmetics. Nor There are also reasons why the industry has not grown more does it cover homeopathic remedies which have their own regula­ rapidly, nor been incorporated more readily into mainstream America. tory niche and, because of their composition, contain virtually no • One has to do with the lack of cultural understanding neces­ actual herbal material. The size and scope of this market must be sary to incorporate these products into daily life. We lost our cul­ narrowly defined in order to focus on the economic significance of tural background of these herbs as our parents and grandparents emi­ botanicals in the U.S. (Meares 1987) grated from other cultures and wanted to leave "the old ways" be-

HERBALGRAM 36 • 49 In 1993, the New England Journal of Medicine published a Table 1 - Food Label Use and Nutritional Education Survey survey, conducted by David Eisenberg, M.D., of Harvard Univer­ si ty, on the usage of unconventional medicine in the United States. Prevalence of selected dietary practices: According to Dr. Eisenberg's research, 34 percent of all Americans Supplement Use: reported usi ng some type of unconventional medicine in the previ­ ous 12 months. Of this, 3 percent said they had used herbal medi­ None 47% cine and 10 percent saw a provider of herbal medicine. Total expen­ Any supplement 53% ditures for unconventional therapy amounted to approximately $13.7 Vitamin/mineral supplement 42% billion of which three quarters was paid for out-of-pocket-herbal Amino acid supplement 6% remedies are not reimbursable under insurance today. (Eisenberg, et Herbal supplement 8% al. , 1993) According to a survey conducted by the Food and Drug Ad­ Conducted in March, April, 1994; 30-minute telephone survey by FDA/CFSAN ; 1, 653 adults ministration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), in the spring of 1994 (See Table 1), eight percent of respondents reported using an herbal supplement in the previous 12 months. If hind. Although herbs were an intrinsic part of life 100 years ago, the estimated number of adults in the U.S. is approximately 200 they fell into disuse with the advent of the modem Western scien­ million, that would extrapolate to 16 million adult Americans using tific allopathic medical mode. I believe that until we have a true an herbal supplement. (FLUNES Report 1994) cultural grasp and acceptance of these products they will not be­ In general, the U.S. herbal market is difficult to assess. Much come mainstream. There is evidence that ethnic populations in the of the economic activity is not econometrically tracked as is the case U.S. are some of the largest purchasers of botanicals today-there for conventional drugs and other consumer goods in mass market are even companies who now publish a bilingual label for their prod­ and other retail outlets. This is in sharp contrast to Western Europe ucts to appeal to this market. where herbal medicines (phytomedicines) are often approved as le­ • The U.S. is, in many ways, behind other countries in their gitimate nonprescription drugs. Thus, there are reliable statistics use, understanding, and regulation of botanical products and has, in regarding their sales volumes and market percentages (Grunwald, fact, been labeled a "third world country" when it comes to the use 1995). of botanicals. We will discuss regulatory modes later in the text. • Growth has also been hampered by a regulatory climate that COST: PHARMACEUTICALS VS. BOTANICALS disallowed any health information to accompany the product. Imag­ A cost comparison by dose of some well-known conventional ine trying to sell a product which by law you could not promote. pharmaceuticals vs. their botanical counterparts is shown in Table 2. Granted, this industry became very effective at the non-claim ("Cold As is plainly evident, botanicals are significantly lower in cost plus" and "Immunease" type of labeling); but up until last fall, we than their conventional drug counterparts, at least as far as these walked in a gray area of regulation. examples are concerned. This comparison does not necessarily as­ sume that botanicals are equivalent to the conventional drugs in safety and efficacy, but that many consumers per­ ceive them to be and thus use them ac­ Table 2 - Cost: cordingly. Some research shows that a vs. phytomedicine can actually be more safe Pharmaceuticals Botanicals* than a conventional drug and still be as effective (e.g., saw palmetto extract vs. Cost/ Day finasteride). Cholesterol Mevacor® $ 1.92 COMPARATIVE COST Garlic .56 OF HERBAL MEDICINES Table 3 offers a comparative cost Sleep Aid analysis of some of the categories of herbal Halcion ® . 89 medicines sold in the U.S. today . Valerian .14 Who buys these products and what is the size of the industry? The data on Prostate Medication the size of the industry and demographics Proscar® 2.17 on its consumers is not that extensive. Saw Palmetto .86 There are several reasons for this. 1. The industry has grown very rapidly Topical Ointment and it is difficult to get a handle on the Zostrix® 15.50 change. Cayenne & Lanolin .05 2. The market is made up of a few large and many small closely held compa­ * (As of March 8, 1994) nies who consider their financial in­ © 1995, Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb Inc . formation highly proprietary and do not willingly share it.

50 • HERBALGRAM 36 Table 3 - Comparative Cost Herbal Medicines - U.S.A.

Cold and Flu Headache Sleep Aid European Source Phytopharmedicines Echinaguard 1OO 's Mygrafew 90's Valerian nighttime 1OO 's Cost per pkg . $19.99 $17.99 $19.95 Each dose .20 .20 .20 American Dried Herb Echinacea herb 180's Feverfew leaf 100 ' s Valerian root 1OO 's Cost per pkg . $14.95 $10.49 $7.49 Each dose .08 .10 .07 Homeopathic B&T Echinacea 1OO 's B&T Migrade 1OO 's Boiron Quietude 60's Cost per pkg . $4.75 $6.95 $7.00 Each dose .05 .07 .12 Herbal base OTC Cold Care 20's Sinus stop 20's No equ ivalent Cost per pkg . $7.00 $6.49 Each dose .35 .32

Standard OTC Contac 20's Advill OO's Unisom 32's Cost per pkg. $4.98 $6.75 $6.99 Each dose .24 .07 .21

© 1995, Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb Inc .

Table 4 - Medicinal Herb Buyer The information acquired showed that: • 50 percent use medicinal herbs every day • 70 percent buy regularly • 31 percent have used medicinal herbs for more than 15 years • 72 percent were concerned about price • 61 percent were concerned about quality • 32 percent were concerned about safety • 24 percent were concerned about packaging (recycling/ environmental effect) • the average expenditure per month totaled $30

Natural Foods Merchandiser, New Hope Communications

3. There has as yet been no successful effort by a trade group to compile reliable statistics on their members' sales. 4. The industry has been too small to afford to do its own market research. 5. Individual companies may sell at several different levels of the market chain, for example, they may: - sell bulk material to another packager, - manufacture private label products for another commer- cial customer, - have a branded line they sell to a wholesaler for retail distribution, Above: Feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium - sell a separate line to health professionals, and Page 50 bottom left - offer direct consumer sales of a branded product as well. Top : Valerian, Valeriano officina/is Center: Cayenne, Capsicum annuum 6. Lack of good differentiation at the purchase point for the herbal Bottom : Saw Palmetto, Serenoa repens category either in mass market or in the natural foods industry, Photos © 1995 Steven Foster for example: H ERBA LGRAM 36 • 51 Table S - U.S. 11Medidnal" Herb Industry - There is often an overlap into Estimate-1994 vitamin and mineral sales data when U.S. $at Retail: $1,602,790,726 U.S. Dollars herbs are combined with these ingre­ dients in the final product. Natural Foods Stores $651 ,300,000 - The largest single market, the source: New Hope Communications retail survey Natural Foods market, does not have scanners with the capability to break Mass Market 89,150,000 out herbal sales. Food and Drug with sales > $2M, includes Garlic and Ginseng 7. The fact that the industry has not source : Towne-Oller from electronic scanners been large enough to attract a national market data research company to in­ Mass Merchandise 29,333,000 vest in in-depth analysis. However, source: Business Genetics extrapolated from Towne Oiler this is beginning to change. The following generalized pieces of Herbal Beverage Tea 213,007,726 information have been compiled from source: U.S. Tea is 'Hot' Report a variety of sources. We have not at­ Traditional Chinese Herbs 30,000,000 tempted to do statistical analysis. The Patient sales information compiled comes mostly as secondary data from a wide spectrum source: industry estimate of industry sources, including: Mail Order 200,000,000 • marketing reports, source: Business Genetics from public company financials • trade magazine reports, • individuals, Multilevel 300,000,000 • trade associations, source: Business Genetics from public company financials • individual companies, • scientific articles, Asian Herb Shops 90,000,000 • government reports, and source: Business Genetics from AHPA report • supplier catalogs. This information simply © 1995, Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb Inc. represents some "snapshots," since the complete picture has not yet been developed.

Table 7 - Herb Product Usage by Type-Health Food Market Delivery Forms Herb Supplement Types

Table 6 - Where Are Herbs Purchased? Capsules 53% Single herbs 52.5% Tablets 15% Herb combinations 34.8% • Drug Store/Pharmacy Teas 11 .4% Herbs combined with non-herbal • Conventional Supermarket Tinctures 7 .3% ingredients 11 .5% • Natural Food Store Extracts 7.4% Other 1.2% - Health Food Store (emphasis on dietary Bulk herbs 5 .3% supplements sales) Other 0 .6% - Health Food Chain (GNC) - Natural Groceries (Whole Foods) Based on Whole Foods magazine survey, 163 stores responding (Richman and • Mail Order Witkowski, 1995). • Multilevel Marketers • Convenience Stores • Traditional Chinese Herb Pharmacy THE NATURAL FOODS SHOPPER • Ethnic Food Stores such as Mexican, Greek, Who shops in a natural foods store? Information was derived Japanese from a survey conducted by New Hope Communications through its • Natural Pharmacies - Newest Category consumer magazine Delicious! which is offered free to consumers • Health Practitioners at natural food stores. They used a mail-in survey form sent in by - Conventional readers. There were 2,250 respondents tabulated from a national - Complementary audience of 350,000. Responses showed that 80 percent were fe­ • "New Age" Product Stores male; 64 percent had two or more adults in the family; 53 percent were college graduates; 52 percent were married and 31 percent had © 1995 Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb Inc. attended college. Median household income was $30,866 and aver­ age age of respondents was 38.7 years.

52 • HERBALGRAM 36 The Nutraceutical Corporation is a conglomerate of several manu­ Table 8 - Products That May Include Medicinal Herbs facturing/marketing companies (Solaray, K.AL , Premier One) all bought out and brought under one umbrella by an outside invest­ • Aromatherapy ment group. • Essential oils • Lozenges TYPES OF HERB PRODUCTS • M assage oils Table 7 shows types of herb product delivery forms and supplement • M edicinal ointments and salves types as shown in the Whole Foods survey of over 2,000 health food • Personal care stores, with 163 responding. Single herbs consitute a majority of -hair care sales (52.5 percent); capsules are the most popular delivery form -oral care (53 percent) with tablets coming in second (15 percent), the two - bath preparations solid dosage forms totalling 68 percent. This indicates a clear pref­ -skin care erence over teas ( 11.4 percent) and liquid tinctures and extracts (com­ • Pet food bined 14.7 percent) (Richman and Witkowski, 1995). • "Smart" drinks • Soft drinks PRODUCTS THAT MAY INCLUDE MEDICINAL HERBS • Sports fitness products These product types now on the market may include medicinal herbs. Table 8 shows examples of some of these typical • Syrups categories. • Teas • Throat sp rays HERBAL CATEGORIES • Vitamin/Supplement formulas Functional categories covered by botanicals in the market place • Weight loss/gain products are listed in Table 9. Despite regulatory approval of herbs for these From The Medicinal Herb Market, Jan.l995. uses in most cases, many consumers have developed an increasing New Hope Communications preference for herbs as substitutes for conventional medicines.

TOP SELLING HERBS IN U.S. COMMERCE Table lOa shows those botanicals which are considered the best-selling herbs today, including their wholesale cost per pound. Herbs are not just sold individually-they may be sold as part of a THE MEDICINAL HERB BUYER complex herbal formula and/or with other non-herbal ingredients. Table 4 shows a medicinal herb buyer sub-group of the natu­ Manufacturers are finding that they must differentiate their product ral food shopper, taken from the Delicious! survey. This is a very and are using quality to show that differentiation. For example, many specialized group. It is doubtful that the average American spends products now claim to be "standardized" to a particular marker chemi­ $30 per month on herbal products. If they did, we could extrapolate cal or active component. This is particularly true of the European that somewhere between 3 percent and 8 percent of the population phyto-pharmaceuticals which produce standardized extracts of spent $360 per year on herbal products, and that the industry would echinacea, valerian, saw palmetto, and gingko, just to name a few. be valued at around $4,500,000,000 at retail. This is not a reason­ Table lOb shows the top single herb sales in health food stores able figure as the entire natural foods industry (which constitutes grocery, cosmetics, and all dietary supplements) is estimated to be about $7.5 billion at retail in 1994. (Natural Foods Merchandiser, New Hope Communications; NNFA.) Table 9 - Categories of Medicinal Herb Products

THE U.S. MEDICINAL HERB INDUSTRY • Cardiovascul ar heal th Table 5, compiled from several different sources, estimates • Cold/ Flu the size of the botanical market. Note particularly the mass market • Detox figures. Five years ago, this was virtually a non-existent category. • Di et It has grown 300 percent since 1992. Many large companies which • Digestive aid have historically sold mainly vitamin supplements in mass market • En ergy store (e.g., Leiner Health Products, Pharmavite, and Nature's Bounty) • Immune protecti on have entered this market with a line of herbal products. • Laxative • Memory aid WHERE ARE HERBS PURCHASED? • Sleep aid Where are these herbs purchased? Table 6 lists a variety of • Sports fitness the current market channels for botanicals. The marketplace for • Sore throat botanicals is becoming increasingly sophisticated. The natural foods • Stress reduction industry has witnessed individual stores incorporate, go public, and • Women's hea lth engage in takeovers. Two examples are Whole Foods Market of - PMS Austin, Texas, that started as a single store and now is a 40-plus - Menopause public company with a sophisticated market plan to become a na­ tionwide chain and the Wild Oats chain (Commerce City, Colorado), © 1995, Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb lnc . which has purchased smaller stores and increased its market share.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 53 Table 1Oa - Top Selling Herbs in U.S. Commerce (Bulk)

Name Botanical Name Commercial Price Per Lb.*

Aloe Aloe vera $10.50 Astragalus Astragalus membranaceus 7.50 Cayenne Capsicum spp . 3.20 Chamomile Matricaria recutita 4.70 Dong Quai Angelica sinensis 8.75 Echinacea Echinacea angustifolia 42.00 Echinacea Echinacea purpurea, (leaf) 4.40 (root) 24.00 Ephedra Ephedra sinica 4.50 Feverfew Tanacetum parthenium 9.75 Garlic Allium sativum 2.60 Ginger Zingiber officinale 3.75 Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba 5.50 Ginseng Panax ginseng Chinese Red Kirin, medium grade 28.00 Korean red, good grade 219.00 Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis 50.00 Gotu Kola Centella asiatica 3.50 Hawthorn Berries Crataegus oxycantha 3.60 Hops Humulus lupulus 6.00 Licorice Glycyrrhiza glabra 5.25 Milk Thistle Silybum marianum 8.00 Pau d'arco Tabebuia impetiginosa 4.25 Peppermint Mentha piperita (Egyptian) 5.25 (U .S.A.) 2.95 Red Clover Trifolium pratense (tops) 14.00 (herb) 4.00 Saw Palmetto Serenoa repens 22.00 (subiect to availability and price changes) Siberian Ginseng Eleutherococcus senticosus 7.50 Valerian Valeriano officina/is (Europe) 6.00 (U.S .A.) 2.90 White Willow bark Salix alba 2.70 As ingredients in OTC Preparations: Cascara sagrada Rhamnus purshiana n/a Senna Cassia senna n/a Psyllium Plantago spp. n/a Slippery Elm Ulmus fulva n/a Witch Hazel Hamamelis virginiana n/a

© 1995- Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb Inc.

From top to bottom : Table 1Ob - Top Ten Herb Sales in Selected Health Food Stores Milk Thistle, Silybum marianum; Garlic, Echinacea 9.9% Aloe 4.3 Allium sativum; Willow, Salix alba; Garlic 9.8 Ma huang and other Ginkgo, Goldenseal 7.0 ephedra products 3.5 Ginkgo biloba; Ginseng* 5.9 Siberian ginseng 3.1 Red Clover, Ginkgo biloba 4.5 Cranberry 3.0 Trifolium pratense; Saw palmetto 4.4 Goldenseal root, Hydrastis Top ten herbs constitute 55.4% of estimated individual herb sales . canadensis; Top five herbs consitute 37.1 % of estimated individual herb sales. Echinacea, Second five herbs constitute 18.3% of estimated individual herb sales. Echinacea *Type of ginseng unspecified; presumably bath species of Panax are included, angustifolia. i.e. Asian (Panax ginseng), American (P. quinquefolius) . Based on Whole All photos ©1995 Foods magazine survey, 163 stores r~sponding (Richman and Witkowski, Steven Foster. 1995).

5 4 • H ERBALG RAM 36 Table 11 - Medicinal Herbs Originating in the U.S. accordingto a survey conducted by Whole Foods magazine. Cultivated Wildcrafted Exported Surveys were sent to over 2,000 stores with 163 responding (Richman and Witkowski, 1995). Aloe (Aloe vera) X American ginseng MEDICINAL HERB IMPORT STATISTICS (Panax quinquefolius) X X to Orient Another way to look at the size of the botanical market Burdock (Arctium lappa) X is to evaluate import statistics. These are compiled from the Echinacea (species) X X to Europe U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Department of the Census. They are Garlic (Allium sativum) X not complete, because, again, G inkgo (G inkgo biloba) X to Europe • the category of medicinal herbs is not clearly broken Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) X out by the Department of Commerce, Hops (Humulus lupulus) X • herbal powders may not be labeled to indicate they Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) X to Europe will go into the medicinal market, and Red clover (Trifolium pratense) X • the customs value may be underestimated (this is par­ Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) X to Eu rope ticularly true in the case of wild Chinese ginseng (Pana.x gin­ Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) X seng), the most expensive botanical in the world). True, rare, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) X wild Chinese ginseng will sell for up to $1,000 per gram. Va lerian (Valeriano officina/is) X Unofficial industry estimates say that 7 5 percent of the © 1995 -Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb Inc. botanicals used in medicinal products are imported and 25 percent are domestically grown. Table 11 shows the Table 12 - Medicinal Herb Import Statistics - 1994 main medicinal herbs origi­ from U.S. Department of Commerce Census Bureau Trade Data nating in the U.S. The main herbs that are Quantity Customs Va lue grown domestically are (in pounds) (in U.S. dollars) echinacea, goldenseal, hops, peppermint, slippery elm, Licorice Roots 37,962,703 $11 ,470,267 valerian, and aloe. Of these, Fresh/Dried/Crushed, Powdered echinacea, goldenseal, and Ginseng Roots, cultivated 1,094,852 6,721 ,522 slippery elm are wild-crafted as well as cultivated. Ginkgo, Fresh/Dried/Cut, Crushed, Powdered echinacea, and peppermint are Ginseng Roots, wild 63,593 319,317 commercially grown in the Fresh/Dried/Crushed, Powdered U. S. and saw palmetto is wild crafted and exported to Eu­ Mint Leaves 446,734 830,321 rope for manufacture into ad­ Fresh - Dried as herbal teas and Infusions vanced phytomedicines. American ginseng (P. Substances, principally used as medicaments 2,448,303 5,056,431 quinquefolius) is exported to Fresh/Dried the Orient. In 1994, almost 2.4 million pounds of Ameri­ Plants and Parts/excluding mint Leaves 6,520,353 8,936,804 can ginseng were exported Used as Herbal Teas with a declared value of $76 million . In some sense, the Ephedra powder 210,111 157,583 U.S. has become a commod­

Compiled from : U.S. Census Trade Data, Foreign Trade Division, RM 2179 FB/ 3, Washington D.C. 20233-1200 ity supplier for the industrial world market for processed herbal medicines.

TOP-SELLING CHINESE HERBS

Left, Peppermint, Mentha x piperita. Photo © 1 99 5 Stevern Foster

HERBALGRAM 36 • 55 Top : Table 13 - Most Frequently Sold Chinese Herbs Astragalus, Astragalus Botanical Wholesale price membranaceus; (per pound)

Bottom : Astragalus Astragalus membranaceus $7.50 Licorice, Dong Quai Angelica sinensis 8.75 Glycyrrhiza Ginger Zingiber officinale 3.75 uralensis Ho Shou Wu (Foti) Polygonum multiflorum 6.58 Jujube Ziziphus jujuba 4 .00 Photos ©1 995 Licorice Glycyrrhiza uralensis 3.25 Steven Foster Peony Paeonia obovata 4 .00 Chinese Shiu Chu Panax ginseng 79.00 Rehmannia Rehmannia glutinosa 5 .92 Schizandra Schizandra chinensis 7 .89

© 1995, Peggy Brevoort, Ea st Earth Herb, In c.

Table 14 - Traditional Chinese Herb Health Practitioner U.S. Market Information

Number of Licensed Practitioners 1 8,000 to 10,000 % Prescribing Botanicals3 70%- 80% Number of Patient/Office Visits per year2 10,000,000 Patient $ for botanicals 3 $30,000,000 Approximate number of individual herbs used5 400 Approximate number of formulas used 5 400 Categories most frequently addressed:4 Immune compromise (HIV, AIDS, chronic fatigue) 15% Women's Health 20% Stress 20% Debility (lack of energy) 20%

1 . National Commission for Certifications of Acupuncturists 2. U.S. Departmen t of Health and Human Services 3. Industry estimate 4. Crane Enterprises, Plymouth , MA 5. Brion Herbs, Irvine, CA

Chinese herbs are a special subcategory of the American herb CHINESE HERB HEALTH PRACTITIONER market. Twenty years ago, Chinese herbs were rarely seen outside Table 14 shows a few statistics on the usage of Chinese herbs of the Oriental ethnic community. Today, they are seen in natural by health practitioners. This information is significant because it food stores both in bulk and in formulas, they are sold by health shows actual usage in a clinical setting for a category of herbs. There practitioners (e.g., acupuncturists) trained in their usage,. and they is also usage by naturopathic physicians and some conventional phy­ are imported as packaged products from the Orient, called "patent sicians. Aside from the retail sales of these formulas, many are dis­ medicines" and sold in natural food stores and natural pharmacies. pensed by acupuncturists and naturopathic physicians. Acupunc­ Table 13 lists the most popular Chinese herbs on the market, with turists can practice in 27 states, but can only recommend herbs as their wholesale cost per pound. Most Chinese herbs are used in dietary supplements in ten (Turner, Skelton, Mitchell, and formulas rather than as single herbs. Aside from the retail sales of Finkelstein, 1995). On the other hand, naturopathic physicians are these formulas, many are dispensed by acupuncturists, and naturo­ licensed to practice in only 12 states, but can prescribe (rather than pathic physicians who are licensed to dispense herbs in at least 12 recommend) dietary supplements (including herbs and herbal for­ states (Turner, et al., 1995) although the practice is, no doubt, more mulas) as part of their scope of practice. prevalent.

56 • HERBALGRAM 36 HERBS OF COMMERCE Because of the growing need for guidelines in the sale of bo­ Table 1S - Market Surveys of the Herbal Industry tanicals, the American Herbal Products Association has undertaken a comprehensive review of the traditional literature on 600 of the Directory of the Dietary Supplements Industry, 1995 most widely sold herbs in America. The list was compiled from Covering sellers of vitamin supplements, homeopathic their document, Herbs of Commerce, which lists by botanical and and herbal products, and nutritionals. common name 600 herbs on the market. This list has subsequently $125.00 + $5 S/H. ITCM, 25 Hanford Drive, been expanded to include over 1,800 herbs and will be republished Fairfield, CT 06430 in 1996. It is also being used as the basis of a listing of all herbs in commerce prior to October 15, 1994, which under the provisions of The Herbal Supplement Market. November 1995. the DSHEA legislation of 1994 will be "grand fathered" (or $2, 150.00. Packaged Facts, 581 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 1001 . Phone 212-627-3228 "grandmothered") in as approved substances by FDA. The Medicinal Herb Market. An Analysis of Sales, MARKET SURVEYS Trends, and Research. June 1995. Table 15 shows a listing of the market surveys of the medici­ $600.00. Natural Foods Merchandiser, New Hope nal botanical market. All of these are available for sale. Please note Communications, 1301 Spruce Street, Boulder, CO the various publication dates which further point up the interest in 80302. Phone 303-939-8440 this area and methods companies are using in attempting to accu­ mulate this data. Natural Medicines and Supplements Study. August 1995. FUTURE MARKET TRENDS $2, 195.00. Frost & Sull ivan, 2525 Charleston Road , Several trends appear to be developing 1n the U.S. Mountain View, CA 94043 herbal market: • An increased emphasis on high quality products OTC Market Report. June 1995. • An increased emphasis on scientific validation for products in the Update USA-Herbal/Homeopathic Magazine with subscription $1 ,595/(r. U. S. funds . market place Single issue, $175.00. Nicholas Hal and Company, • More liberal regulations in regard to botanicals 35 Alexandria Street, Southend-on-sea, Essex, • More consolidation, take-over, and buy-out of companies in the SS 1 IBW, England retail, wholesale, and supply side channels • More emphasis on the phyto-pharmaceutical model-based on stan­ U.S . Tea is "Hot" Report . dardized active ingredients within an herbal base $175.00. Sage Group, 1928 8th Ave .W ., Seattle, • Increased interest in nutraceuticals-foods containing ingredients WA 98119. Phone 206-282-1789. that have been scientifically proven to improve health • More mainstream companies entering the marketplace Who's Who in the World Herbal Medica/Industry. • More funded research on the long-term health benefits of botani­ 1994-1995. cals as well as their curative properties Complete Guide to and Analysis of the International Herbal Medical Industry. $798.00. McAlpine Thorpe The herbal products market emerged out of the idealism of a & Worrier, The Herbal Medical Database Ltd., 50 few into a billion-dollar-plus market. It has developed and experi­ Penywern Road, London SW5 9SX England. FAX 44-171-370-5157. enced its growing pains. Some of the next steps are still up to the industry: quality, ©1 995, Peggy Brevoort, East Earth Herb Inc . standards, safety, proof of efficacy. A lot of the future will lie within companies which have the foresight to explore this new product arena. The market is on the brink of a new age for botanicals-great excitement and potential lie ahead.D References (A small portion of this article has been published in Phar­ Akerele, 0 . Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines. 1991. Reprinted in HerbalGram #28: 17-20( 1993). maceutical News 3.1, January 1996.) Eisenberg, D, M.D., eta/. 1993. Unconventional Medicine in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, Jan. 28. Peggy Brevoort is CEO of East Earth Herb, In c. , manufac­ Food Label Use and Nutritional Education Survey (FLUNES Report). turer and processor of Chinese herbs and herbal formulas as prod­ 1994. Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, FDA/CFSAN, Washing­ ucts for a global market. She and her husband founded this com­ ton, D.C. pany in I971. Ms. Brevoort was President of the American Herbal Geiger & Associates extrapolated data from Food Label Use and Nutri­ Products Association, the national trade group for herbal product tional Education Survey. FDA/CFSAN. 1995. Grunwald, J. 1995. The European Phytomedicines Market: Figures, manufacturers from 1990 to 1994. Most recently Ms. Brevoort pre­ Trends, Analyses. HerbalGram #34:60-66. sented a paper on the economics of the American herbal market at Meares, P. 1987. The Economic Significance of Herbs. HerbalGram the OAMIN1H Conference on Botanicals: a Role in Health Care. #13: I, 6-8. Reprinted in Classic Botanical Reprints #205, American Ms. Brevoort lectures on the U.S. botanical market and the U. S. Botanical Council, Austin, TX. Chinese herb market to professional groups in the U.S. and abroad. Richman, A. and J.P. Witkowski. 1995. Analyzing the Herb Market. Whole In her spare time, she cultivates a home herb garden. Foods. Oct.: 44-52. Turner, J., Skelton, W., Mitchell, B. B., and Finkelstein, M. 1995. State Acupuncture Laws. Washington, D.C. National Acupuncture Foun­ dation.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 57 Let's Live Reader Herbal Survey

The results are in for the herbal survey tive. No respondents indicate the herbs they taken by Let's Live in March 1995. The over­ use are not effective. whelming majority of the 333 respondents re­ What do you use them for? Results · ported that they started using herbs for a wide here vary widely. Most, however, indicate they variety of conditions within the past five years. use herbs to promote energy and well-being While 27 percent have been using herbs for (22 percent); 18 percent use herbs to boost more than 10 years, a growing number (21 the immune system; 14 percent use herbs as a percent) have only recently begun. Here is the cold/flu remedy; 11 percent use herbs for Let's Live summary of findings. stress relief; and 10 percent use herbs as a What's your favorite herb? Although stomach/digestive aid. many responders use a variety of herbs, most How do you take them? Most respon­ (18 percent) use garlic. The next most popu­ dents (62 percent) take herbs in combination, lar herbs (in descending order) are: echinacea while 30 percent prefer to use them singly. (15 percent); ginseng (14 percent); chamomile Nonetheless, 45 percent say they prefer herbs (11 percent); Ginkgo biloba (11 percent); aloe in powdered extract form; 23 percent use herbs vera (9 percent); and goldenseal (8 percent). as a tea; 9 percent use a standardized extract; How effective are herbs? The majority and 8 percent prefer to use a cream or lotion. of respondents ( 40 percent) say herbs are very Reprinted by permission from Let's Live, Au­ effective; 32 percent find herbs extremely ef­ gust 1995. fective; and 20 percent find them fairly effec-

© 1996 by Regan Garrett for Herba/Gram

Top Sellers in ABC Book Store September through December 1995 Last quarter standing shown in ( ). 1. Herbs of Choice: Tyler (1) 2. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients: Leung & Foster (new listing) 3. Complete Medicinal Herbal: Ody (4) 4. Herbal Drugs And Phytopharmaceuticals:Wichtl & Bisset (2) tied with 4. Herbal Medicine: Weiss (3) 5. American Ginseng: Green Gold: Persons (14) 6. Medicinal Mushrooms: Hobbs (11) tied with 6. Medicinal Plants OfThe Pacific West: Moore (new listing) 7. Botanical Influences On Illness: Werbach & Murray (7) 8. Forest Pharmacy: Foster (12) 9. The Honest Herbal: Tyler (5) For ordering information, 10. Pau D 'arco: Jones (13) please see the special 11. Herbal Renaissance: Foster ( 6) pull-out catalog in the 12. Sastun, My Apprenticeship: Arvigo (new listing) center of this issue. Or ca/1800/373-7105 13. Rainforest Remedies; Arvigo & Balick (9)

58 • HERBALGRAM 36 MARKET REPORT

DIVERSE fACTORS DRIVING BURGEONING U. S. TEA INDUSTRY

by Brian Keating and Mike Razor

After decades of slow to moderate sive tea-producing regions or estates FACTORS DRIVING INCREASED TEA growth, current demand for most categories around the world (e.g., TGFOP CONSUMPTION of tea beverages is increasing at a steady Darjeeling). • Scientific validation of healthy attributes pace. Sales of U.S. tea products are experi­ • Herbal-Single or blended "teas" con­ being covered in major U.S. media on a encing record sales growth. There is con­ taining no caffeine, made by infusing consistent basis siderable debate regarding what factors are leaves, fruits, barks and/or flowers of al­ • An endless diversity of flavors, scents, driving the consumer thirst for tea. most any edible, non-tea (Camellia and accessories to enhance the While Ready-To-Drink (RTD) tea bev­ sinensis) plant. consumer's tea experience erage consumption is increasing, the typical • Functional-Any type of tea or herbal • Increased education by trade associa­ RTD consu mer-a younger male who pre­ "tea," blended or fo rtified to produce tions, tea houses, and cafes regarding fers sweeter, flavored drinks-is rarely the specific physiological benefits. This proper tea preparation and serving is re­ same consumer who prefers high quality, category includes diet, athletic, medici­ sulting in better quality tea offerings loose leaf or bagged tea. Increasing con­ nal, and longevity formulations. Many • Broader worldwide tea supply keeps cost sumption of higher quality flavored and of these teas are included by market re­ per serving generally lower than coffee unflavored teas is a developing trend much searchers in the herbal or gourmet mar­ with its fluctuating prices. like the specialty coffee market of I 0 years ket figures. ago. Specialty coffee segment sales now EMERGING TEA TRENDS account for 30 percent of the entire coffee Indicators of burgeoning growth and • A proliferation of flavored and unflavored market. The consumers who will likely awareness from U.S . tea consumers include Green teas and their use in new con­ stimulate tea industry growth are the spe­ the vast amount of popular media dedicated sumer products cialty-gourmet customers, not RTD tea fans. to following tea trends and tea culture, RTD's • Specialty ethnic teas, including Chai, The non-RTD tea consumer demands better growth, hundreds of coffee establishments, Thai, and South American blends preparation, tea quality, and generally takes including Starbucks, adding tea to their prod­ • Nutrients and herbal concentrates being time to appreciate properly prepared tea at uct mixes, and dozens of new wholesale tea added to tea to fortify human health. home or in food-service settings. companies nationwide. The Northwest U.S., Surprisingly, the nomenclature of tea typically known as coffee country, is rapidly Sage Group offers diversified product develop­ ment and marketing services for tea and func­ has not been standardized within the U.S. tea becoming the "tea capital" of the U.S., with tional-nutraceutical products. Th e company's industry, adding confusion to many of the at least seven new wholesale tea companies U.S. Tea is 'Hot' Report provides in-depth analy­ emerging non-RTD categories. Among those started in the last three years. sis of the U.S tea market. Sage Group, 206/282- experiencing excellent growth are: In response to the expanding demand 1789; 206/282-2594 fax for more information. • Gourmet Tea-Non-herbal, typicall y for fi ner quality tea products, producers of Each tea report sale generates a $5.00 donation black teas, that are naturally or artificially gourmet and specialty tea have created a non­ to the Herb Research Foundation, Boulder, CO. flavored (e.g., cinnamon spice black tea) profit tea association (American Premium 3 References or simply packaged in whole leaf form Tea Institute ) for the purposes of educating I. Gourmet Retailer, Nov. 1995, p. 52. after harvesting and drying. consumers in the area of fine/gourmet tea, 2. Ibid, Nov. 1995, p. 52. • Specialty Tea-Sub-segment of the while stimulating demand through media and 3. American Premium Tea institute Estimate, gourmet category considered to be trade related publicity. 156 Arch St., Redwood City, CA 94062, higher quality, limited production teas, Phone 415/367-7601 . typically unflavored blacks, from exclu- 4. 1994 Yellow Pages survey.

U.S. Tea Market Statistics Estimated Tea Shops and Cafes Serving Tea 4 Fastest Growing Markets Overall U.S . Tea Industry Tea-Only Establishments 500 RTD includ ing RTD $3 ,908,398,6401 20% annua lly th rough year 20002 Specialty Coffee Hou ses Overall U.S . Tea Industry with Tea 6000+ Flavored Black Food-service Iced Tea without RTD $1 ,908,398,640 Establishments Offering 12% annua lly through year 2000 Gourmet and Specialty Segment Fine Tea Service 1000 Gourmet and Specialty Segments 3 Volume $ 389,465,844 Specialty Coffee & Tea Retailer 1500+ Minimum 4-5% an nually ( 10 % of total tea market) (includes bean/ tea retail and limited orr-site consumption)

HERBALGRAM 36 • 59 CONFERENCE REPORT SECONDARY PRODUCTS: PHYS I OLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS A CONGRESS REVIEW

by Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D.

Approximately 500 scientists from sequently isolated from the bark had noth­ around the world attended the 43rd Annual ing to do with its original use. The authors Congress on Medicinal Plant Research held concluded that if willow bark is effective for in Hall e (Saale), Germany, September 3-7, the treatment of rheumatic disease-and that 1995. Sponsored jointly this year by the remains to be proven- the small amounts of Gesellschaft fi.ir Arzneipflanzenforschung salicin present are not solely responsible. and Martin Luther University, these annual Extracts of artichoke leaves have long congresses draw scientists fro m many coun­ been used for their choleretic activity, thereby tries because all proceedings and presenta­ facilitating elimination of cholesterol from tions take place in the universall y understood the organism. Now, R. Gehardt (Ti.ibingen) English language. This year, an especially has demonstrated that, in vitro, this effect is large number of the principal lectures dealt complemented by a direct inhibition of he­ with genetics and gene technology, patic cholesterol sy nthesis. Standardized enzymatics, and biosynthesis, reflecting the artichoke extract produced a di stinct concen­ special interests of Professor Dr. Martin tration-dependent reduction of the incorpo­ Luck:ner whose 60th birthday was recognized ration of 14C-Iabeled acetate into cholesterol by a special pre-Congress symposium on in serum-free cultures of rat hepatocytes. September 2nd . Inhibition was biphasic with moderate (20 Perhaps the most interesting feature of percent) inhibition at concentrations ofO.Ol many of the presentations, at least to thi s to 0.1 mg of extract per mi. of culture me­ writer, who was thoroughly indoctrinated in dium and total (I 00 percent) lack of incor­ the Kurt Mothes school to believe that sec­ poration at 1 mg/ml. Willow, Salix spp. © 1995 Steven Foster ondary metabolites of pl ants are little more J. J. Lichius and colleagues (Marburg), than waste products or "metabolic errors," following up the suggestion that benign pro­ was the extreme emphasis placed on their concluded that allicin and other thiosulfinates static hyperplasia is comparable to a ability to confer survival value upon the spe­ are responsible for the antimicrobial, reawakening of embryonic growth potential, cies producing them. Professor Dr. Meinhart antihypercholesterolemic, and anticancer used urogenital sinuses dissected from 16- Zenk, in a brilliant presentation at the pre­ effects of the herb, but not for its hypoten­ day-old mice implanted in adult hosts to test Congress symposium, traced the history of sive action. The announcement of a soon­ the efficacy of nettle root extract. Oral ad­ thought concerning the value or non-value to-be-published book on this botanical by ministration of a 20-percent methanolic ex­ to the producing plant of such secondary Lawson and Koch (Vienna) was good news tract, in an amount corresponding to about metabolites. Hi s conclusion regarding the for herbal enthusiasts. 10 times the recommended dose for human utility of such constituents in species sur­ B. Schmid and L. Heide (both of beings, resulted in a 51.4 percent inhibition vival, while bordering on teleology, was ech­ Ti.ibingen) had a most interesting display re­ of growth in comparison to the controls at oed by presentation after presentation garding the use of willow bark in the treat­ the conclusion of a 28-day period. The ac­ throughout the Congress. ment of rheumatic afflictions. It turns out tive principles responsible for this reduction Naturally, many of the 325 posters dis­ that herb was originally used for such condi­ remain unidentified. played during the meeting dealt with the tions, not because of its demonstrated effec­ The wound-healing effects of local same themes emphasized in the oral presen­ tiveness but because of the Doctrine of Sig­ applications of various fractions of gotu kola tations. However, a relatively large number natures. Willow was deemed an inexpen­ leaves were reported by P. Booncong (Thai­ also presented important new advances in sive substitute for cinchona bark in the treat­ land) and W. H. Esbaugh and D. Ogzewalla phytomedicine. A limited selection of some ment of malaria because both malaria and (both U.S.A.). Mature mice were wounded of the more interesting of these follows. the willow tree were often associated with with nitric acid in a modified Draize method L. D. Lawson (U.S.A.), in summariz­ wet places. The fact that small, and the resulting lesions treated with oint­ ing some 1,100 research papers on garlic, nontherapeutic amounts of salicin were sub- ments containing (1) the crude terpene frac-

60 • H ERBALGRAM 36 CONFERENCE REPORT

tion of the plant, (2) the glycosides, and (3) ketamin, a synthetic anesthetic. The ac­ the triterpene acids. The sizes of the wounds tivity of the extract clearly exceeded that were read daily. It was determined that 50 of its hypericin content. Hypericin-free percent wound healing was effected in 9.3 extracts were also active. Bupropion, a days in the controls, 6.5 days with the crude synthetic antidepressant, also produced a triterpene fraction, 9.7 days with the glyco­ comparable reduction in sleeping time, sides, and 4.6 days with the acid fraction. confirming that both it and St. John's wort The authors concluded that the triterpene have a central stimulating effect. acids of gotu kola are responsible for its Information regarding the wound-healing properties. phytomedicinal regulatory scene in Ger­ In recent years, neem seed oil has been many and the future activity of Commis­ reported to be an effective mosquito repel­ sion E was obtained at the Congress from Jant. However, U. Vieweger and colleagues Prof. Dr. H. Schilcher, a member of the (Regensburg) using two test systems-a Commission. That body will not write fur­ newly developed tube model and a cage test ther monographs of a generic nature but model-tested a series of neem oils of In­ will tum its attention to the evaluation of dian origin against the yellow fever mosquito individual products. Also-and this must (Aedes aegypti) and found only a weak re­ be viewed as a giant step backward in the pellant activity for some of the oils. These German regulatory process-all herbs findings, in contrast to Indian studies re­ sold prior to 1961 can continue to be sold ported in 1993, may be due to differences in without any studies regarding safety and the extraction techniques utilized for the oils efficacy. This action will presumably in the different experiments. place the traditional German remedies on The gingerols of ginger rhizome de­ a par with those in England and France, compose to shogaols during storage or inap­ where such permissive sale is already al­ propriate processing of the botanical. There­ lowed. It therefore behooves one wish­ fore, S. Germer and colleagues ing to use a German phytomedicine to (Regensburg), have developed TLC and make certain that it is one that has been HPLC processes to determine the relative approved, in general or in specific, by amounts of these pungent principles and re­ Commission E, and not one that is being lated compounds to provide an indication of marketed solely on the basis of its pre- the quality of the herb. Utilizing these ana­ 1961 usage. 0 lytical procedures, it should now be possible to identify the constituents responsible for the anti-emetic properties of ginger. St. John's wort is now widely used on the Continent for the treatment of mild forms of depression. In September 1995, a propri­ etary version of the herb was being featured in the show windows of many of the phar­ macies throughout Germany. V. Butterweck and colleagues (Munster) were able to dem­ Above: Artichoke, Cynara sco/ymus onstrate that both an extract of the herb and © 1995 Steven Foster hypericin itself administered orally to mice Right: Stinging Nettles, Urtica dioica shortened the sleeping time induced by © 199 5 Steven Foster

H ERBALGRAM 36 • 61 CONFERENCE REPORT GARLIC SYMPOSIUM OF 6TH ANNUAL PHYTOTHERAPY CONGRESS, BERLIN

by Ginger Webb

he Garlic Symposium of the 6th an­ muscle cells derived from atherosclerotic to alleviate such complications. nual Phytotherapy Congress was held plaques of human aorta, with an incubation B. J. Holub from the University of Tin Berlin, Germany in October 1995. period of 24 hours. During that time, the Guelph in Canada presented a study wherein Eleven medical researchers gathered together garlic powder extract significantly reduced the effects of garlic and fish oil supplemen­ from the United Kingdom, Germany, Rus­ the level of cholesteryl esters and free cho­ tation, alone and in combination, on serum sia, the United States, and Canada to present lesterol in the cultured atherosclerotic cells lipids and lipoproteins in hypercholester­ scientific studies on the health benefits of gar­ and also inhibited their proliferation. A simi­ olemic subjects were exarnined.3 The main lic supplements. The conference was funded lar garlic extract used in a culture of normal purpose of the study was to determine the by Lichtwer Pharma GmbH of Berlin, whose healthy cells incubated for 24 hours signifi­ potential for a combination of garlic and fish powdered garlic supplement Kwai® was cantly reduced atherogenic manifestations of oil to control elevated total cholesterol, LDL used in all of the studies. Lichtwer claims the blood serum. Thus, the garlic powder cholesterol, and triglyceride levels simulta­ that K wai is standardized for its allicin yield, extract caused both directly anti-atheroscle­ neously. The investigator also sought to de­ considered to be the active constituent of gar­ rotic-related action as well as anti-athero­ termine if garlic could offset the commonly lic responsible for its pharmacological ac­ genic-related (preventive) action, reducing observed rise in LDL cholesterol induced by tivity. atherogenic manifestations at the cellular fish oil supplementation alone. Fifty male Garlic supplements are the top-selling level. subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia over-the-counter medicine in German phar­ A group from Charing Cross and were randomized for twelve weeks to one of macies, where the government (Commission Westminster Medical School in London re­ four groups: (1) garlic placebo with fish oil E of the Federal Health Agency) approves ported on their investigation of the platelet placebo (GP/FOP); (2) garlic with fish oil claims for cardiovascular benefits. In the aggregation inhibiting effect of garlic, and placebo (G/FOP); (3) garlic placebo with fish U.S., garlic products are the largest-selling whether it was due to activation of nitric oil (GP/FO); and (4) garlic with fish oil (G/ dietary supplement in pharmacies. Under the oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme which FO). Dietary Supplement Health and Education produces nitric oxide (N0).2 Both water and Garlic supplementation alone (G/OP) Act of 1994, garlic marketers in the U.S. have alcohol extracts of garlic are potent inhibi­ significantly decreased both total cholesterol begun to advertise and label their products tors of platelet aggregation; similar dilutions and LDL cholesterol levels. Fish oil supple­ with "structure and function" claims that in­ have also activated NOS activity in isolated mentation alone (GP/FO) significantly de­ dicate some of garlic's actions on the car­ platelets. In their study, the researchers de­ creased triglyceride levels but increased LDL diovascular system, based on the growing termined the effects of garlic extract (pre­ cholesterol levels. In combination, the G/ body of scientific research suggesting such pared from fresh cloves of garlic or from FO supplementation prevented the fish oil benefits. Thus, the following research pre­ Kwai garlic tablets) on calcium-dependent induced rise in LDL cholesterol, and gave sented at the Berlin Garlic Conference be­ NOS activity in two different in vitro sys­ an overall decrease. The combination ex­ comes increasingly relevant to public health tems. Another parallel experiment was car­ hibited a beneficial effect on serum lipid and concerns over the high incidence of cardio­ ried out in vivo, with blood samples being lipoprotein levels by providing a combined vascular disease in the U.S. collected before and after from subjects in­ lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, A. Orekhov from the Russian Acad­ gesting fresh garlic cloves. The results of and triglyceride levels as well as lowering emy of Medical Sciences in Moscow pre­ these investigations showed a correlation total cholesterol-HDL and LDL-HDL ratios sented his group's study on the direct anti­ between inhibition of platelet aggregation in the subjects. atherosclerotic effects of garlic. 1 The posi­ and activation of NOS by very similar con­ · R. Gebhardt from the University of tive influence of garlic on cardiovascular risk centrations of garlic extract. Corresponding Ttibingen in Germany, interested in the factors having previously been reported in activation was also observed when garlic hypocholesteremic effects of garlic, exam­ numerous studies, this investigation was con­ cloves were ingested. ined the interactions of garlic-derived ducted to determine whether the anti-athero­ They noted that these findings could organosulfur compounds such as allicin, sclerotic effect of garlic can be explained by be relevant in pregnancy; NOS activity has ajoene, and diallyldisulfide [DADS] with the its direct action on the arterial wall or by in­ been found to be decreased in placental tis­ biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol in vitro, direct influences. An aqueous extract of gar­ sues of pregnancies complicated by pre-ec­ using cultured rat hepatocytes.4 The results lic powder obtained from Lichtwer Pharma lampsia and growth retardation. Due to its of the investigation showed that different GmbH was used in a culture of smooth ability to activate NOS, garlic may be able garlic compounds exert various effects on

62 • HERBALGRAM 36 CONFERENCE REPORT

hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, and that garlic powder preparations may produce a ease. Compared to placebo, the Kwai garlic these effects result in a "fine-tuned modula­ decreased stiffness of the aorta, and thereby tablets had no significant effect on serum tion of the physiological regulation of this lower the risk of atherosclerosis. total cholesterol, serum trigl ycerides, other pathway." By interacting with intercellular Results of a randomized, double-blind, lipid subfractions, blood pressure, fasting signaling pathways, the garlic compounds placebo-controlled study, conducted in a blood glucose, HbAlo, serum insulin or C­ effectively influence several metabolic func­ Toronto, Canada clinical setting, on the ef­ peptide. The garlic treatment did, however, tions. The researcher suggested that these fects of garlic powder tablets on patients reduce the LDL cholesterol levels, and raise effects may make garlic a unique therapeu­ (both male and female) with hyperlipidemia the HDL cholesterol level slightly. The au­ tic tool for treatment of mild cases of hyper­ were presented.7 A statistically significant thors of the study concluded that dried gar­ cholesterolemia. average of 12% reduction in plasma choles­ lic tablets have a beneficial effect on LDL­ G. Siegel and U. Casper from the Freie terol was shown with ingestion of 900 mg/ HDL cholesterol ratios and thereby decrease Universitat in Berlin investigated the influ­ day of Kwai garlic powder tablets over the the risk factor for cardiovascular disease in ence of garlic constituents allicin and ajoene 120 day trial period, suggesting that garlic "moderately dyslipidemic, non-insulin de­ and of an aqueous extract of garlic on the powder supplementation may provide a use­ pendent diabetic patients." [Ed. note- The vascular tone of human coronary vessels.5 ful adjunctive therapy to conventional lipid conclusions cannot be drawn for all patients Vascular strips were isolated from heart trans­ lowering medication. but only for male patients ofthis description, plant operations for use in these experiments. While there is a great deal of evidence since women were not included in the study.] K wai garlic powder in aqueous extracts pro­ supporting the effectiveness of standardized C. Silagy (University of South Aus­ duced a vasodilating effect on the smooth dried garlic supplements, little data is avail­ tralia) and A. Neil (University of Oxford) pre­ muscle cells and reduced wall tension in a able for garlic oils, and there are no reported sented their findings of a meta-analysis of 10 11 concentration-dependent manner. The ef­ comparative studies; these facts render broad garlic as a lipid-lowering agent. · This fects of allicin and ajoene were reported to generalizations about garlic preparations un­ study has already been covered in a previ­ be similar to those of the aqueous garlic ex­ substantiated. In a randomized investigation, ous issue; see Herbalgram #33, page 13, for tract, and to be sufficient to explain quanti­ a researcher in Birmingham, England com­ a more complete review.D tatively the whole vasodilating effect of the pared the effects of K wai dried garlic pow­ References extract. der and garlic oil (Hofels, Seven Seas) on I. Orekhov, Alexander N., eta/. 1995. Direct Anti­ Briethaupt, Ling, Wolf, and Belz from blood lipids and blood pressure in patients atherosclerosis-related Effects of Garlic. Annals of Medicine. Vol. 27: 63-65 . Germany presented their study on the effects randomly allocated to one or the other prepa­ 2. Das, Indrajit, Nusrat S. Khan, and Suren R. of long-term garlic intake on pulse wave ve­ ration.8 Sooranna. 1995. Potent ac ti vation of nitric ox­ ide synthase by garlic: a basis for its therapeutic locity along the aorta, considered to be a Both medications were dosed three applications. Current Medical Research and Opin­ reliable index of the assessment of the de­ times daily for a period of four months. To­ ion. Vol. 13, No.5: 257-263. 6 3. Holub, B. J. Effect of garlic and fis h oil supple­ gree of atherosclerosis. Significant correla­ tal cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, mentation on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels tions between the degree of atherosclerosis and body mass were measured at entry and in hypocholesterolaemic men. Zeitschrift fiir of the aorta or the coronary arteries and the monthly. The two groups were comparable Phytotherapie. 4. Gebhardt, R. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis pulse wave velocity have been found in epi­ at baseline with respect to lipid values, but by garlic compounds. Zeitschrift fiir demiological studies. Aorta elastic proper­ patients randomized to receive garlic pow­ Phytotherapie. 5. Siegel, G. , and U. Casper. Changes in vascular tone ties are characterized by: (1) pulse wave ve­ der had significantly higher blood pressures. and calcium metaboli sm. Zeitschrift f ii r locity (PWV); (2) the blood pressure nor­ Results were tabulated and summa­ Phytotherapie. 6. Breithaupt, K., Ling, M., Wolf, G. K., and G. G. malized elastic vascular resistance index rized, showing significant decreases for cho­ Belz. Influence of longterm garlic intake on pulse (EVR); and (3) by these parameters adjusted lesterol, LDL, and systolic and diastolic wave velocity along the aorta. Zeitschrift fiir Phytotherapie. for age. The effects of a chronic intake of blood pressure in the Kwai garlic powder 7. Mel vin, K. R. Cross-over study in patients with Kwai garlic powder preparation in 100 patients. These same levels were not affected elevated cholesterol levels. Zeitschrift fii r healthy individuals (aged 50 to 80 years) significantly in the patients receiving Hofels Phytotherapie. 8. De A Santos, 0 . S. Garlic supplements- Compara­ were compared to a control group of healthy garlic oil. The researcher concluded that if ti ve effectiveness in cardiovascul ar care. individuals reporting garlic intake as not cardiovascular benefits are desired, only Zeitschrift for Phytotherapie. 9. Mansell , P., LeatherdaJe, B. , Lloyd, J. , and J. P. D. above the usual German average. Kwai standardized garlic powder can be ex­ Reckless. Garlic , serum lipids and cardiovascu­ The results, based on a fraction of the pected to produce significant results. lar risk factors in diabetes. Zeitschrift fiir Phytotherapie. final group, show a tendency towards an age In a study presented by researchers I 0. Silagy, Christopher, and Andrew Neil. Garlic as a dependent increase of PWV and EVR indi­ from hospitals in both Southampton and Bath lipid lowering agent - a meta-analysis. The Jour­ cating increased aortic stiffness with pro­ in the U.K., the effects of dried garlic were nal of the Royal College of Physicians. Vol. 28, o. I, January/February 1994, pp. 2-8. gressing age, with the EVR lower in the gar­ investigated in non-insulin dependent, dia­ II. Sil agy, Christopher A. , and Andrew W. Nei l. A lic group. The researchers concluded that betic male patients.9 Diabetics have a 2-3 fold meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pres­ sure. Journal of Hypertension. Vol. 12, 1994, pp. regular, long-term intake of standardized increased incidence of cardiovascular dis- 463-468.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 63 Joseph Landes 1905-1995 A Personal Tribute

Among the memories ofjoe Landes that I will always cherish is one afternnon in 1994 when I sat in his Maspeth, New York office and listened to him telling stories ofthe spice trade in Hungary between the two World Wars. His exclamations ofgreat humor in a thick Hungarian accent, his laughter, and a twinkle in his eye punctuated the fascinating anecdotes.

joe Landes represents one ofthe last ofthe European-born spice and herb merchants who helped build the basis for the botanical trade in the US. today. Millions ofAmerican health consumers who use herbal products for health and Joseph Landes was born in Hungary on June 17, 1905. He pleasure owe a debt ofgratitude to men like joe joined his father's firm, S. Landesman & Son, as an apprentice in Landes, whose vision and determination created part 1919 and later, after completing his education, took over the export ofthe foundation ofa new model ofhealth care for the sales department of that firm. The firm dealt as grain traders and next century-a paradigm ofhealth that has its origins millers, also specializing in the import and export of spices and bo­ tanicals in central and western Europe and the U.S. Always innova­ in the old herbal traditions ofEurope and other tive, Joseph Landes developed and marketed the best-selling herbal cultures. -Mark Blumenthal tea, Planta Tea, which is still sold in eastern Europe today. After losi ng everything to a communist take-over in Hungary in 1948 and unable to get a visa for the U.S. due to strict quotas, Mr. Landes emigrated to Canada. He immediately took up where he had left off, working briefly for Norda in Toronto and Montreal, devel­ oping botanical crops, before launching a Canadian spice trading and chocolate manufacturing company in partnership with his brother, long-time American Spice Trade Association member, Dr. Karl B. Landes. After Dr. Landes's partner, Irnre Balint, passed away in 1958, Joseph Landes joined hi s brother in the firm of Karl H. Landes & Co., and developed K. H. L. Flavors, Inc. , as a subsidiary. With the sale of Karl H. Landes & Co., in 1968 to Mincing Trading Corp. and the retirement due to ill health of Karl Landes, Joseph turned his full energies to the development of K.H.L. Flavors, Inc. Always quality-oriented, he emphasized essence, flavor, and cleanliness in his merchandise. In working with suppliers worldwide with whom he had built lifelong relationships (in some cases over several gen­ erations) and making his goals theirs, he was able to accomplish substantial improvement in the quality of materials that he imported. Working full days at the age of 90, he remained at his desk at K.H.L. Flavors, Inc., until just before Labor Day of this year. Known literally throughout the world for his kindness, generosity, intelli­ gence, honesty, and good humor, Joseph Landes will be missed as a good friend and a fine business partner. He was an invaluable link to the past who always looked to the future. - Peter Landes

Peppermint, Mentha x piperta © Peggy Duke

64 • HERBALGRAM 36 BOOK REVIEWS

USAGE AND ABUSAGE

nies that help to organize and structure the users' lives. Ritual can extend from the use of wine in the Christian mass or tea in the Japanese tea ceremony at one end of the spec­ trum, where the use of the psychoactive agent becomes secondary to the occasion, to the recent U.S. creation of a coffee ceremony at the other, where the thing-in-itself is the cen­ tral point. This movement, originating in Seattle, has developed its own language (who in England-Dr Italy- would know the dif­ ference between "wet" and "dry" cappuccino?) and involves paying vast pre­ plexity of the issues involved, as substances Consuming Habits: Drugs in History miums for complex preparations such as a wander in and out of legality with time and and Anthropology. Edited by Jordan double mocha latte with whipped cream and place. Goodman, Paul E. Lovejoy, and Andrew nutmeg. Following a trip to Italy, I told my The other volume, Drugs and Nar­ Sherraff. Routledge: 1995. 244 pp. local coffee vendor that I had been in the land cotics in History, complements many of the of true cappuccino. "Really?" he asked. "You topics covered in the first. Two of the au­ Drugs and Narcotics in History. Ed­ just got back from Seattle?" This increas­ thors of this book write separate dust jacket ited by Roy Porter and Mikulas Reich. Cam­ bridge University Press: 1995. 227 pp. ingly ritualistic U.S. pastime is still centered blurbs for the fust. Much the same agents on the psychoactive nature of coffee, as are discussed, but the approach is historical Reprinted with permission from Nature, Vol. shown by the advertisement of one company: rather than anthropological or sociological. 377, September 7, 1995. © 1995 "After my morning cup of Bad Ass coffee, I One consequence is vagueness in the use of Macmillan Magazines Limited. go to the park and feed the birds ... to my cat." pharmacological terms. John Scarborough Consuming Habits is intended to en­ talks of "so-called 'addictive' substances," Coca-Cola has "something other than courage research on the anthropology of psy­ and compares the daily taking of salicylate just the taste; the accumulated memory of choactive substances and on the historical for cardiac and vascular problems with an all those ball games and good experiences and cultural contexts of their uses. Although addiction. This is unfortunate on a number as children which coke was a part of." This punning book titles are usually off-putting of levels, not least of which is that salicylate quotation from the Wall Street Journal epito­ outside fictional works such as Finnegan's is inactive as a vascular agent and cannot be mizes the complexity of issues concerning Wake the two senses of habits of consump­ equated with aspirin (acetylsalicylate). Fur­ the use of psychoactive substances. The tion and of habits that consume the user are thermore, most regular users of aspirin are original Coca-Cola, of course, contained co­ equally appropriate in the title of the book taking it to prevent vascular problems (that caine from the cola (Erythrxylum) extracts under consideration. Although it derives from is, as a prophylactic) rather than to treat them. used in its formulation. This psychoactive a conference, containing ten chapters by vari­ As with the wine of the Christian mass, alkaloid has long vanished from the drink to ous authors, the book avoids the usual draw­ the cultural and social contexts are often be replaced by another psychoactive sub­ backs of the genre. The complexity of the more important than the psychoactive agent stance, caffeine, but the tenacity of issues is suggested not by any integrated at­ used. If the medium can be the message, Coca-Cola devotees was shown by the up­ tempt to cover the whole field but by case then the context and package can be the 're­ roar when the formula was changed in 1985. studies of selected substances in selected ward.' Thus, the West Coast coffee 'cer­ New Coke had to be withdrawn, even though societies. The first five chapters are con­ emony' can involve decaffeinated coffee. most drinkers, tested objectively, could not cerned with traditional societies outside Concern about health and postprandial func­ distinguish between the old and new Cokes. Western Europe, and the last five with the tioning has led many to eschew the lunch But to change the formulation was to rob economically interdependent societies that time cocktail for an expensive glass of at­ consumers of a comforting echo of their have arisen since the increase in global trade tractively packaged water. Cults have arisen childhood. relationships of the past half millennium. around the mystique of Evian and Perrier. This example points to the impossibil­ These ten chapters are bracketed by intro­ The reason for this transference, as pointed ity of considering the use of psychoactive ductory and concluding chapters. The ap­ out by Andrew Sherratt in his introduction, substances from a solely pharmacological proach ranges from a consideration of the use derives from the fact that "the substances viewpoint. Their use incorporates social, of processed plants, such as tea, to the use of themselves are often taken as a metaphor for economic, legal, and public health aspects, purified extras, such as cocaine. Through­ a variety of social relationships." A cup of and is associated with rituals and ceremo- out, however, there is a stress on the com- tea can be emblematic of the highest values

HERBALGRAM 36 • 65 BOOK REVIEWS

of civilization, whether taken in an English of drug use more malign than the pharma­ drawing room or a Japanese tea house. cological consequences. The economies of Coca-Cola can recreate one's past, when "to producing countries are distorted, and food be young was very heaven." Wine can be crops for local consumption are displaced the blood of Christ, or southern sunshine. by drug crops for foreign markets. The high Indeed, it has been said that wine in the Medi­ retail cost of illegal agents forces users to terranean is practically synonymous with crime and prostitution to raise the money civilization. An Italian acquaintance who needed. The latter does not apply to coffee was advised to stop imbibing for health rea­ and tea, of course, where free-market eco­ sons sadly remarked to me: "I suppose it's nomics match supply and demand. It is no possible to live without wine, but what's the wonder that, as Ann Dally points out, the point?" The social significance of "wine that people who would least like to see drugs Pau D' Area, by Kenneth Jones. Healing maketh glad the heart of man" is exempli­ decriminalized are those who make their Arts Press, One Park Street, Rochester, VT fied by the symposium, so important to money from them. 05767. 1994. 152 pp. Paper, $8.95. twentieth-century scientists. This derives Both books have the same attitude to­ ISBN 0-89281-497-7. Available from ABC from the Greek symposion, or drinking party. wards the criminalization of drugs, suggest­ Bookstore #B 120. Like the ancient Greeks, modem scientists ing that drugs are made dangerous by myth, If there's one plant that remains an also find that the symposium can give rise to politics, illegality, and social factors rather enigma after more than a decade in the mar­ philosophy, politics, and other extrapharma­ than by their psychoactive or pharma­ ketplace it is pau d'arco, sourced from cological activities. cological properties. Drugs and Narcotics In Tabebuia species, members of the Discussions in the first volume make History contains a polemical and spirited Bignoniaceae primarily from the American clear that the wandering legalities of psycho­ attack by Dally on the establishment ap­ tropics. After thirteen years of studying this active agents, licit in some societies, illicit proach to drug use in Britain. She accuses plant group, Kenneth Jones has produced an in others, have little to do with pharmacol­ the government of using the drug issue to excellent readable survey of pau d'arco, its ogy, whether they concern the banning of divert attention from the real issues. One can development and use. The bark of these trees alcohol in some Muslim countries or the ban­ certainly sympathize with her attitude from has been touted as a veritable cure-all-used ning of cocaine in the United Kingdom and the perspective of the United States, when for everything from cancers to diabetes to the United States. As Rudi Matthee suggests one considers the rhetoric and resources ap­ ulcers and rheumatism. Jones's account be­ in the second volume, illegality has more to plied to the drug "problem" alongside the gins with sensational stories in the Brazilian do with social factors. Muslim religious lead­ neglect of other important social issues, such press about the plant's curative powers, be­ ers originally objected to the coffee house as prenatal and antenatal health care. ginning in 1967. The story then moves to because it competed with the mosque. In Consuming Habits is a learned and Argentina, where once again clinical reports eighteenth-century England, an association thoughtful book, one that will stimulate read­ and sensational news coverage catapulted use was made between coffee houses and sedi­ ers from a variety of professional back­ of the herb into the popular mind. In intro­ tion, because of the free political discussion grounds. Drugs and Narcotics In History is ducing the story, Jones has ferreted out many that occurred in them. But the ability to raise both more technical and less integrated, with obscure bits of information from contacts in money competitively antagonizes morality. chapters on drug regulation in Victorian En­ South America, including dosage informa­ Taxation replaces prohibition in many soci­ gland and changes in alcohol use among Ari­ tion and personal experience. eties. zona Indians seeming to reflect availability In the second chapter, "Pau D' Arco in Most psychoactive agents-coffee, of authors rather than the exigencies of the the North," we are given an account of the tea, heroin, cocaine---Qriginate from under­ subject. Both books raise and discuss many herb's introduction in both the Canadian and developed countries. After oil, coffee is the more issues than can be mentioned in a short American markets (beginning in 1981), with second most important export from the de­ review. If you can afford only one book, the barrage of anecdotal evidence and case veloping world to the first, employing some buy the first. Together, however, they make reports of cancer remissions that were soon 20 million people. The combined trade in a good pair.- Ryan Huxtable, Ph.D. to follow. In chapter three, "Forest Phar­ both legal and illegal psychoactive sub­ macy," we are given good background de­ stances probably far outweighs the value of Ryan J. Huxtable is in the Department of tails on the botany, distribution, various oil from developing countries. The amplifi­ Pharmacology, College ofMedicine, Univer­ source species, their biology, ethnobotany, cation in value between producer and con­ sity ofArizona, Tucson, Arizona. and biological activity. The next chapter sumer-between the poppy or coca grower outlines more information on chemistry as and the Manhattan mainliner or Angeleno well as more pharmacological data. The fi­ snorter-makes the economic consequences nal chapter, "Thieves in the Forest," is an

66 • HERBALGRAM 36 BOOK REVIEWS

excellent general discussion of tropical con­ like it anyhow) "What commercial drug they offer over and beyond the interesting servation issues as the relate to Tabebuia, as dealer is going to want to prove that saw offerings in Hoffmann's best-selling books. well as the vanishing peoples who have uti­ palmetto is better than his multimillion dol­ Except for the illustration labeled Milk lized it from time immemorial. Finally, the lar drug, when you and I can go to Florida Thistle (p. 267), the Herbal Medicine chap­ book is referenced throughout with hundreds and harvest our own Saw palmetto?" I have ter is relatively conservative and sound. of citations in the end notes. wagered my prostate, however, that The Contributing Writer of the Ken Jones has unlocked the mysteries FDA-disapproved saw palmetto will do the Ayurvedic Section is Vasant Lad, M.A. Sc., of the medical enigmas known as pau d' Arco. same thing as the newly FDA-approved with Virender Sodhi, M. D. (Ayurveda), The reader comes away with a fulfilling sense multimillion-dollar drug, finasteride. N.D., Deepak Chopra, M.D., and David of knowledge on the subject (and many tan­ I'm afraid that this useful book, like Frawley, O.M .D., as consultants. But most gential medicinal plant topics). This is the the useful alternative medicine program at of the Ayurvedic formulations and recom­ best single source of information on pau N.I.H., will be used by conventional medi­ mendations are attributed to Sodhi. d' Arco, of use to all with an interest in the cine to deride alternative medicine. But in a The Contributing Writer of Nutritional subject.- Steven Foster book trying to cover all facets of alternative Supplements is Jeffrey Bland, Ph. D,.with D. medicine, including many facets about which Lindsay Berkson, D.C., M.A., and Paul I know nothing, I find many things that I too McTaggert as consultants. -James A. Duke view as extremely flaky. I won't comment on those things, so far outside my meager field of expertise. 300 Le:!ding Ed!o,'l· Physicians Although the cover claims that "350 explain tru'lr treatments. Leading Edge Physicians explain their treat­ ments," I find fewer than 125 of the editorial board members, contributors, and consult­ ants bear the title M.D. There is a potpourri of abbreviations, only a few of which I am sure of the meanings. Ph.D., D.O., D.D.S., R.N., all convey a message to me, but I have written a letter to the editor requesting the explanation of all the titular acronyms or abbreviations following the names of these "Leading Edge Physicians." In spite of there being so many con­ tributors, I get the feeling that most of the aromatherapeutic info comes from three CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash people, Kurt Schnaubelt (Dr. rer. nat.), Rob­ Crops, by James A Duke and Judith L. Alternative Medicines, the Definitive ert Tisserand, M. H. and author, Editor, In­ duCellier. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Guide. Goldberg, B. et of. 1993. Future ternational Journal of Aromatherapy , and Blvd., N. W., Boca Raton, FL33431. 1993. Medicine Publishing Co., Puyallup, WA. Ann Berwick, B.S.C. I am indexing all the 536 pp. Cloth, $150.00. ISBN 0- 1068 pp. information to see what, if anything, is new 84933620-1 . ABC Bookstore #B045. Snowed in for three days during a here. Duke and deuCellier have produced a snow/sleet/ice storm, I was sure glad that edi­ The Contributing Writers to the sec­ book that will be of interest to anyone in­ tor James Strohecker had sent me a copy of tion on Herbal Medicine were Mark volved in the commercial production of al­ this book a few days earlier. With three days Blumenthal and David Hoffmann, B. Sc., ternative crops. The title, however, is a little and cabin fever, I scanned the book three M.N.I.M.H. with three N.D.s, Donald misleading, as it fails to clarify that the 128 times, for new aromathera-peutic, Ayurvedic, Brown, Mary Bove, and John Sherman, listed plants detailed in the work are tropical alter­ herbal, and nutritional information. Took a with me, Ph. D., as consultants. My conclu­ natives to conventional tropical crops. lot of notes, too. Even though I am one of sion after three days with the book is that Therefore, if you are expecting to find well­ the more than 400 people listed as consult­ most of the herbs mentioned are those fre­ known medicinal herbs such as Echinacea, ants, editors, writers and/or contributors I quented by David Hoffmann, a very articu­ Ginkgo, or Milk Thistle, you will be disap­ don't seem to remember the contribution I late and skillful herbalist who has helped lot pointed. However, for the plant material that made. I did not see any of my footprints of people. I will be carefully comparing the is included in the book, you will find more except the one quote (I don't remember but I herbal recommendations here to see what

HERBALGRAM 36 • 67 BOOK REVIEWS

detailed information on production param­ rial. Next comes energy, providing statisti­ remarkable publishing feat. In addition to eters than in any other single volume. cal data on what it takes to produce a crop in the encyclopedic A-Z treatment of over 1,000 Take Capsicum annuum for example. terms of water needs, and biomass contribu­ plants, the book includes chapters on history, Under this entry, as in the other entries in tions to production. The biotic facts section myth and legend, herbal books, and herbs that the book, is information on uses which pro­ provides a detailed and complete listing of changed the world. An excellent chapter on vides a good overview of diverse utilization the organisms known to pollinate, or attack designing an herb garden is included. There of the plant group and its many cultivars. the plant. Under Capsicum annuum 150 are also general treatments of using herbs for Following uses are details on folk medicine species of fungi, insects, and bacteria are in­ culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes. in various traditional medicine systems, in­ cluded. The book is referenced throughout, A section on "herbs in the wild" has sepa­ cluding those of China, Indonesia, South and the extensive bibliography contains more rate spreads on the environments and herbs America, Central Africa, Hawaii, and else­ than 600 entries. harvested from continents or major regions where. While focusing on better-docu­ In short, if you are involved in crop of the world, each brilliantly illustrated with mented folk uses, the authors also strive to production, use, development, or are just in­ color photographs, and providing a list of uncover the obscure, as possible research terested in detailed information on economi­ major herbs in world commerce to come leads for scientists using the book. Data on cally important plant species, this volume is from each gion. There are a few errors of chemistry follows, with a complete rundown a necessary addition to your library. While fact here and there. For example, evening of vitamin and minerals found in the fruits, you won't find all of the plants in this book primrose is listed as a major herb of the Eu­ along with bioactive compounds, and de­ that you may like information on, you will ropean region. While it is commonly natu­ tailed information on specific uses of indi­ find few other references which include as ralized in Europe, it is a species of North vidual compounds or chemical groups, in­ much detail as this important work. -Steven American origin. Nevertheless, this section cluding pharmacological data. A good over­ Foster provides the reader with excellent and en­ view of toxicity reports is included at the end tertaining background information on eco­ of the chemistry section. Next comes a de­ nomic plants. tailed description of the plant, including es­ The bulk of the book is in two ency­ sential information for clearly identifying the clopedic sections. "The Herb Catalog" pro­ plants encompassed in the taxon. vides botanical descriptions, photos and a Germ plasm follow the description entry, enu­ guide to hardiness and uses for hundreds of merating cultivars of sweet peppers, infor­ herbs. This is great quick-reference infor­ mation on cultivars of the Mango Pepper, its mation on individual plants, their origins, and centers of diversity and tolerance to diseases, descriptive features. The botanical descrip­ pests, smog, and other parameters. It also tions give the gardener essential information reports on isoenzyme studies used to distin­ on how tall a plant will get, when it flowers, guish various taxonomic delineations. Dis­ and where it comes from. The fact that each tribution information describes regions in herb is illustrated with a color photograph in which the plant group originates and other the same box as the descriptive information parts of the world in which it is grown. Ecol­ is an enormously useful feature. ogy follows distribution. This section con­ The second major section, "The Herb tains excellent figures on high and low tem­ Dictionary" has less visual appeal, and in­ peratures affecting both plant growth and cludes details on use, history, and "concise The Herb Society of America Encyclo­ fruit set, soil parameters, irrigation data, and pedia of Herbs & Their Uses, by Deni instructions for growing and harvesting." life zones, among other information. The Brown. Darling Kindersley Adult Books, 95 The publisher would have served the reader cultivation facts which follow provide the Madison Avenue, New York, NY 100 16. by combining the two sections so that one potential grower with all the minutae neces­ 422pp. Cloth . $39.95. ISBN 0-7894-0 784- would not have to look up a single plant in sary for decision processes at each stage of 3. Available from ABC Book Store #B 156. two or more places in the book. Why not propagation and growth. The harvesting sec­ The Herb Society ofAmerica Encyclo­ keep the entries on one plant in one place? tion details time periods of fruit maturity, pedia of Herbs & Their Uses is the single Species entries, arranged alphabetically by optimum harvesting conditions, drying pa­ most comprehensive illustrated volume on plant genus, are preceded by a description rameters, and post harvest handling methods. "herbs and their uses" to be published in de­ of the genus, with general facts about the Yields and economics enumerates countries cades. It covers more than 1,000 plant spe­ plant group, and cross referencing to other of production, yield data, prices, and world cies, and is a veritable visual feast with over parts of the book, or other species, if appli­ statistics, along with sources of the extract, 1,500 color photographs. All this in one vol­ cable. The individual species entries include oleoresin, capsaicin, and crude plant mate- ume for a price of under $40.00 is truly a the scientific name followed by common

68 • HERBALGRAM 36 BOOK REVIEWS

names, parts used, properties, and uses of the carotenoids. Finally, Part IV deals with vari­ herb (medici nal , economic, aromatic, warn­ ous types of alkaloids (tropane, pyrrolizidine, ings, etc.). A short descriptive section on etc.). growth and harvest is set off in its own box This book is one of the most massive beneath the species entry. The information compil ations avai lable in the subject area and is succinct and useful, especially the grow­ is destined to become an important reference. ing information. However, if one were looking for an intro­ There is a tremendous amount of hu­ ductory to pharmacognosy for students, Tyler man interest facts in this section, particularly or Trease and Evans would still be the pre­ on medicinal use. The medicinal informa­ ferred reference. Nevertheless, the chemi­ tion, while of human interest value, falls short cal orientation of this book has considerable of practical value in that the reader is not in­ benefits to offer all researchers in the rap­ Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, idly expanding area of herbs and medicinal structed on how to actually use the herb. Medicinal Plants, by Jean Bruneton . While generally providing good quick-ref­ 1995. Andover, Hampshire, England, Inter­ plants. -Mark Blumenthal erence medicinal information, some of the cept, Ltd. Illustrated. 909 pp. $196. ISBN material is dated and inaccurate. Medicinal 1-898298- 13-0. Available from ABC Book uses for echinacea enumerated include the Store #B149. now obscure use for treating gangrene, with As an official member of the unoffi­ no mention of current use as a cold and flu cial club that could be known as the "Bo­ preventative. The author tells us that the tanical Bibiliophiles," I am always grateful "active constituents of Eleutherococcus for another book on herbs and medicinal senticosus are similar in effect to those of plants to add to my growing library. How­ Panax species, but stronger." The constitu­ ever, just when I thought that almost every­ ents are neither similar nor stronger. Under thing that could be written on herbs has been St. John's Wort there is no mention of anti­ done, especially in the area of pharmacog­ depressant activity other than the curious nosy texts, comes a surprise that is almost comment, "Not given to patients with chronic earthshaking in magnitude. This weighty depression." In fact, it is the phytomedicinal volume consists of probably the most exten­ choice for depression. Since the book is not sive review on the phytochemistry and phar­ referenced, and the bibliography is scant, macology of medicinal plants available in questions arise over the origin, hence reli­ English in an up-to-date format. Arranged ability, of some of the medicinal informa­ in chapters according to basic chemistry, this tion. The book bears the name of The Herb book offers a wealth of information on each Society of America, and is meant for an class or compound and its botanical origin. American audience, but the content often They appear to surpass Tyler, Brady, and reflects the book's thoroughly British origins. Robbers; Trease and Evans; and Samuelson's The Illustrated Chinese Materia Despite these largely hidden, picky points, English language book on Pharmacognosy Medica: Crude and Prepared, by Kun­ as a popular, general, all-round herbal, you in the wealth of chemical data, a fact that Ying Yen and by Nigel Wiseman {Trans.) . won't find another herb book which covers should not be too surprising as the latter 1992. SMC Publishing, Inc. Taipei, Taiwan , as many plants, with descriptions, good cul­ books are pharmacognosy texts with specific Republic of China. Color photos. 383 pp. tivation information, medicinal use, histori­ orientation towards the plants, while the $79.95. ISBN 957-638-076-6. Available cal facts, and color photographs. Deni Brown present volume appears to be more intention­ from ABC Book Store, #B 158. has completed a monumental, massive work, ally phytochemical in its orientation. As herbs become more popular in the which any herb consumer will be delighted The book deals in Part I with Com­ United States and other parts of the West, to own. -Steven Foster pounds of Primary Metabolism: carbohy­ consumers and health practitioners are be­ drates, lipids, amino acids, peptides, proteins, corning increasingly interested in Chinese and enzymes. Part II deals with phenolics, herbs. The Chinese have developed an ex­ shikimates, and acetates, including fla­ ceedingly sophisticated use of over 5,000 vonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins. Part ill natural products based on thousands of years covers triterpenes and steroids, including of traditional Chinese medicine. However, iridoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and most books dealing with Chinese herbs pro­ vide little ability for the reader to have the

HERBALGRAM 36 • 69 BOOK REVIEWS

benefits of the visual appearance of the herbs and lists 51 different actions and then shows when used in their medical or drug form. in a chart format which herbs produce hwich That is, most volumes provide few graphics action. The actions are explained according except perhaps a few, often old, line draw­ to traditional Chinese medicine, e.g. "blood­ ings, some of which may be incomplete and nourishing agent," "interior-warming botanically inaccurate. agents," "liver-calming and wind-extinguish­ Some of the chief benefits of this book, ing agents," and so on. This chart lists not aside from the authoritative information, are only the plant name, but also the plant func­ the color photographs on each page corre­ tions, indications, contraindications, and sponding to each monograph for the herb daily dosage for quick reference. being described. Unlike other works in Appendix II deals with methods of which the actual plant is pictured, this book drug processing, including cutting, eating, ships between culture, plants, humans, and shows the plant part in its crude and/or pro­ additives like ginger, honey, vinegar, wine, our environment. It is a wonderful volume cessed form the same way that a Chinese etc.; stir-frying, roasting, and so on . that literally traces the scientific development pharmacist, practitioner, or herbal manufac­ Appendix III deals with 356 classic of the discipline. At last, when anyone asks turer would view the product prior to pre­ herb combinations used in traditional Chi­ the question, "What is ethnobotany?", there paring in a tea or manufacturing in an herbal nese medicine listing the actual herbal ingre­ is one book that can provide the answer. product or drug form. dient and the amount in grams to produce This delightful book contains 36 ar­ The book is divided into 13 sections, the formula. Dosages for each formula and ticles from multiple perspectives all focus­ based on the type of material corresponding the indications are included. ing on ethnobotany. The articles are divided to a particular plant part. For example, the Appendix IV is a welcome and well­ into ten parts including sections on General first section deals with bark, the second with written glossary of Chinese medical terms Ethnobotany, Socioethnobotany, Historical stems and wood, the third with roots, the with particular value to those not extensively Ethnobotany, Ethnobotanical Conservation, fourth with rhizomes, then leaves, flowers, trained in this area. Ethnobotany in Education, Ethnobotanical fruits, seeds, herbs, resins and balsams. The Finally, there are several indexes of Contributions to General Botany, Crop Im­ book also has brief monographs on animal Chinese names written in Chinese charac­ provement, and Ecology, Ethnobotany and parts, minerals, and fungi. Each plant part is ters as well as an index of English, Latin, Geography, Ethnopharmacology, Ethnomy­ listed by its pharmacoepial name, with Chi­ Pinyin, and Japanese names, all cross-refer­ cology, and Archaeothnobotany. All of these nese characters, pinyin names, English enced to a specific plant by number, referred chapters are interwoven with information names, and Japanese names (this latter addi­ to the monographs in the text. from the disciplines of anthropology, arche­ tion being quite useful for those interested This book is not only valuable for the ology, botany, conservation, pharmacology, in the increasingly popular Kampo medicine, experienced practitioner of Oriental medi­ geography, history, medicine, psychology, the traditional medicine of Japan which re­ cine, including the growing number of acu­ religion, and sociology. It is the very nature lies primarily on Chinese materia medica). puncturists in the U.S., but to people in the of ethnobotany to be intensively The brief monograph also includes a descrip­ herb industry as well. As such, it promises multi-disciplinary. As we see increasing spe­ tion of the botanical characteristics of the to become one of the more respected and cialization in higher education in the U.S. and herbal material (i .e., short chunks 1 centi­ widely referred to reference books in this fas­ Europe, we find in this volume the impor­ meter long, 0.5 millimeters thick, etc.); herb cinating subject area.- Mark Blumenthal tance of not losing site of the interconnec­ is sourced; where there is information on the tions between knowledge and many disci­ qualitative aspects of the herb; the produc­ plines. We also see the extraordinary sophis­ tion areas for commercial sources; proper­ tication of the indigenous peoples of the ties and actions according to traditional Chi­ world who have developed a tremendously Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Disci­ nese medicine; indications for appropriate pline, by R. E. Schultes, S. von Reis. 7995. complex and sophisticated knowledge about medicinal use, including dosages and Dioscorides Press; Timber Press, Inc., 7 33 their environment. contraindications; and additional remarks on S. W. Second Avenue, Suite 450, Portland, The first section on general ethno­ each plant (e.g., chemical characteristics, OR 97204-3527. 4 76pp. $49.95. ISBN botany is an excellent overview of some of etc.). 0-93 774 6-28-3. the leading thinkers and contributors in the The book also contains a number of This volume links together some of the field . This enables students, scientists and appendixes which provide excellent and au­ most outstanding scientific works and think­ any general reader to get a good sense of the thoritative information for practitioners and ers involved in the discipline of ethnobotany. kind of work that has been done and it in­ non-practitioners alike. The first appendix The book can be seen as a key to expanding cludes very detailed bibliographies enabling deals with "Drug Function Comparisons" our awareness about the intricate relation- individuals to pursue this work further.

70 • HERBALGRAM 36 BOOK REVIEWS

The second section, on socioethno­ abies the reader to focus in on the signifi­ plants, and our environment. botany, is a wonderful exploration of a dis­ cance of ethnobotanical studies and achieve­ This book will make an excellent pri­ tinct perspective on the nature and impor­ ments of indigenous and local peoples in a mary reader for any and all courses dealing tance of ethnobotany within a dynamically variety of different habitats and geographic with ethnobotany, traditional cultures, native evolving society that consists of a tremen­ areas. peoples, ethnomedicine, and the history of dous proportion of indigenous and local Section eight discusses ethnopharm­ medicine, as well as courses associated with people. It presents the viewpoint of a re­ acology with a series of absolutely fascinat­ development, conservation, environmental nowned Mexican ethnobotanist who has in­ ing articles that show the evolution of many management and people working to sustain, tegrated ethnobotanical research with current different modern therapeutic agents. These in a respectful way, the achievements of lo­ sociological, ecological, and ethical issues. series of articles demonstrate the intricate cal and indigenous people. Section three, historical ethnobotany, knowledge of indigenous people about the The authors are world renowned. Ri­ provides a creative and artistic display of the biodynamic constituents of plants that yield chard Evans Schultes has been named the relationships between plants, culture, art and physiological effects. These chapters un­ "Father of Ethnobotany" by many different religion. The focus on art and artifact in the equivocally demonstrate the fact that much people. If there should be any doubt about ancient and near East is a critical reminder of modern pharmaceutical discovery owes a the devotion, fascination, and pleasure that about the antiquity of knowledge and use of debt to the knowledge of indigenous people. the study of ethnobotany has provided to Dr. plants for a wide diversity of purposes. The This author provides fascinating background Schultes, one need only look at the picture focus on plants described in the Badianus on some of the most perplexing questions on the back cover of this book. The co-editor, manuscript further reminds us of the pro­ associated with the use of plants known to Siri von Reis, and all the contributors to this found knowledge of the indigenous people be used in rituals throughout the New World. book have created a tribute to the significance of the Americas prior to contact with the Old These articles present great challenges of ethnobotany to past, present, and future World. to the scientific community to remove their generations. Section four, ethnobotanical conserva­ bias and prejudice about the type of knowl­ Anyone reading this book will come tion, demonstrates in a rigorous fashion the edge that is and has been found among a wide away with a greatly enhanced appreciation importance of tropical forests to tropical for­ diversity of local and indigenous people. It of the interconnected nature of humans, est peoples. It articulates how interdependent also further strengthens the need to conserve plants, and our environment. I can think of the local people are with their environment. both the cultural knowledge as well as the no more significant message, at this point in The quantitative assessment of the impor­ habitats in which that knowledge and people time, for our species. - Steven R. King, tance of species to indigenous cultures pro­ have evolved. Ph.D., vice-president of Ethnobotany and vides much needed data which strengthens Section nine, archaeoethnobotany, conservation, Shaman Pharmaceuticals the case for including indigenous and local helps articulate the time course and role of people in all types of management, conser­ plants in the evolution of various cultural vation, or development programs. groups. Clearly, discoveries about the evo­ Section five discusses ethnobotany in lution of food, medicine and other plants will education, which is a vitally important sub­ be expanded by archae-ethnobotanical dis­ ject for students of all ages. There has been coveries throughout the planet. The recent a great growth in interest in this field from discovery of a viable germinating 1,200 year­ educators as well as students. This section old lotus seed further amplifies the tremen­ provides approaches by which Ethnobotany dous inherent power of plants and nature to can become part of general curriculums for respond and be resilient to extraordinary cir­ all ages. cumstances. The fact that a seed could stay Section six describes the ethnobotani­ dormant for more than a millennium holds Aromatherapy, A Complete Guide cal contribution to botany, crop improve­ great physical and metaphorical promise for to the Healing Art, by Kathi Keville ment, and ecology. The focus on germplasm our planet. and Mindy Green. The Crossing Press, and the domestication of food plants reminds Virtually all these chapters are written Fredom, CA, 1995. Softcover. 156 pp. us of the ethnobotanical origin of the world's by experts in the field of ethnobotany. Many, $14.95. ISBN 0-89594.092.0. Available food supply. if not all, of these individuals have devoted from ABC Bookstore #B 179. Section seven, ethnobotany and geog­ their entire scientific career to studying the Use of essential oil is increasing at a raphy, provides an excellent overview from multiple interrelated aspects of ethnobotany. rapid rate in the U S. and this how to book several different regions of the world, includ­ This volume is truly a culmination of the last fills a niche for the layperson. "In the garden ing North America, Colombia, the Western hundred years of scientific inquiry into un­ of the senses lies the pathway to the spirit," hemisphere, India, and Malaysia. This en- derstanding the complexities of humans, is a sign pictured at the beginning of the book,

HERBALGRAM36 • 71 BOOK REVIEWS

historical information, family, extraction ity, with an ability to control or repel numer­ method, medicinal action, emotional attribute ous insect pests, with little or no adverse en­ (unproved territory, anecdotal information), vironmental impact. Pyrethrin experts John general considerations, and an interesting E. Casida and Gary B. Quistad have edited section called "Associated Oils" (oils of the the fust comprehensive review on pyrethrum same family or similar scents). to appear in over 20 years. Casida and Included is information which will be Quistad are Director and Co-director, respec­ invaluable to the newcomer to aroma­ tively, of the Environmental Chemistry and therapy-{:harts broken down by "condition" Toxicology Laboratory at the University of and chemical groups, and resources such as California, Berkeley. periodicals, education, supplies, and of spe­ The book is based on an interna­ cial note. Occasionally, the index appears to tional symposium, "Pyr~thrum Flowers: Pro­ fall short: some of the aroma therapy recipe duction, Chemistry, Toxicology and Uses," and this statement sets the stage for the con­ ingredients are not found in the index. held in August 1992 in Hawaii. The event tent. Kathi Keville and Mindy Green, both With personal comments by the au­ was held in conjunction with the American herbalists with a long history in the herb and thors on their experiences with the varied Institute of Biological Sciences' annual meet­ aromatherapy business, have created a uses of aromatherapy in everyday life, this ing. Additional contributions were gathered, user-friendly practical manual on book represents the use of essential oils from revised, and expanded through September of aromatherapy for the 90s. the perspective of two highly qualified herb­ 1993. The authors of the 19 chapters are each There is a brief chapter on the history alists. -Penny King specialists in their respective areas of exper­ of fragrance, the physiology of smell, thera­ tise. peutic applications of essential oils, and their You don't have to be a pyrethrum psychological impact. Perfumery is well ad­ expert to find this book of value. Producers, dressed with basic guidelines on fragrance growers, and suppliers will find the detailed categories, perfume notes, and beginning background information also useful. Chap­ blending. There is an ingredient and note ter one, "Chemicals in Insect Control," con­ (or evaporation rate) list of some of the most tains an excellent review of the main classes popular commercial perfumes of today, in of insecticides, details on synthetic pyre­ addition to a list of perfume formulas throids, resistance and mode of action of in­ throughout history (1800 B.C. to the 1980s). secticides, and comparisons of classes of in­ For the aromatherapy enthusiast interested secticides. Chapter two provides an in -epth in what makes essential oils aromatic, there look at the use of pyrethrums, and their pro­ is a chapter on chemical groups. Of special duction in various countries in the 1970s and note to past and future participants of the '80s. Production in Africa and Australia is American Botanical Council's ethnobotani­ detailed in chapters four and five. Breeding cal trips are the recipes for "Insect-Aside Bug methodologies are detailed in the fifth chap­ Repellant," "Cootie Oil," "Antifungal Pow­ ter; information that is useful for understand­ der," and "Soak Those Pups." ing the evolution of breeding programs for The majority of the book deals with other bioactive plant species as well. Chap­ what the authors know best-aromatherapy ters six through nine cover the chemistry of in body care. A plethora of guidelines and pyrethrins, including their extraction, analy­ Pyrethrum Flowers. Production, recipes are given for massages, baths, Chemistry Toxicology, and Uses. Ed­ sis, constituents, and environmental fate. The creams, and oil combinations to treat all sys­ ited by John E. Casida and Gary B. Quistad. fourth section of the book,"Toxicology of tems of the body. Therapeutic uses of oils Oxford University Press, 200 Madison Av­ Pyrethrins and Pyrethrum Extract," includes are discussed in relation to body systems. enue, New York, N Y 10016. 1995. 356 five chapters on the mode of action, insect The authors are careful to stress caution when pp. Cloth, $55.00. IS BN 0-19-508210-9. resistance, mammalian toxicology, metabo­ using essential oils. A chapter presenting Pyrethrum, derived from Chrysanthe­ lism and synergism of pyrethrins, plus envi­ kitchen use of essential oils in recipes is a mum cinerariifolium, has been used safely ronmental toxicology. Chapters 15 through much needed area, somewhat scarce in and effectively as an insecticide for over 160 18 focus on the use of pyrethrums for pest today's general herb books. years. Pyrethrins, a mixture of fragrant es­ control in agricultural and stored products, The "Materia Medica" of essential oils ters found in this member of the aster fam­ medical and veterinary clinical situations, is grouped by each plant's genus and includes ily, have highly unusual insecticidal activ- and insects in the home. Chapter 18 is are-

72 • HERBALGRAM 36 view of research on residues and tolerances MAHUANG References continued from page 23 Anon. 1995. Ephedra. AHPA Update. Fourth Quarter: established for various food or crops. The 4. final chapter is a summary of the book pre­ Blumenthal, M. and P. King. 1995. Ma huang: An­ cient Herb, Modern Medicine, Regul atory Di­ pared by editors Casida and Quistad. lemma. HerbalGram 34:23. This a most important book on the (Peterson, 1995), despite the fact that no new Blumenthal, M., G. Webb and P. King. 1995. Ma most important botanical insecticide. It is regulations have been published yet as a re­ Huang Update: Industry Group Submits Ma Huang Safery Data to Texas Department of Health. more than that, however. The detailed re­ sult of this meeting. HerbalGram 35:21-22. search, production, extraction, chemical, and HerbalGram made numerous attempts Croom, E.M. 1995. letter to Fred R. Shank, Novem­ ber 15. use data contained in this book sets a high to obtain directly from FDA a statement McGuffin, M. 1995. personal communication. Dec. standard of excellence for comprehensive about the proceedings and any results of the 18. Peterson, N. 1995. FDA Hearing Yields Ephedra Regu­ reviews of other widely used botanical ma­ hearing. However, we were advised to file a lati ons. Natural Foods Merchandiser. Decem­ terials. It is an important volume for anyone Freedom of Information request with the ber: I ,25 . involved in production or storage of agricul­ agency-a process that usually requires Shapiro, S. 1995. FDA Meeting Focuses on Status of Ephedra-contai ning Supplements. Health Supple­ tural products. -Steven Foster weeks or months, well beyond HerbalGram ment Retailer, December: 17. press deadline. Further updates will be pub­ Shapiro, S. 1995 . personal communication, Decem­ ber 26. lished as events warrant. 0 Texas Department of Health. 1995. Notice of with­ draw al of proposed regulation: Regulation of Foods, Dietary Supplements and Drugs Contai n­ ing Ephedrine. Austin, TX, Oct. 17. Tyler, V. E. 1995. personal communication, January 5. Young, T. 1995. personal communication, December 26.

CONSUMER REPORTS continued from page 73 tion about it is often the first obstacle for the To consumers interested in purchasing consumer. The article states that many herbs herbs, the article offers several suggestions "have been promoted on the basis of anec­ for "playing it safe," and recommends that concerned about how much evidence is nec­ dotal accounts - sometimes centuries of consumers seek out accurate, independent essary to document such a claim. anecdotes." Even when dietary supplements sources about herbal dietary supplements, However, as many HerbalGram read­ are studied scientifically, promoters may ex­ such as some of the books by Varro Tyler ers are aware, there is more to the story. Any­ aggerate the results. And health food store (available from ABC).-Mark Blumenthal one knowledgeable about the recent Con­ personnel, pharmacists, and physicians may and Ginge r Webb. gressional debate on DSHEA should realize have inaccurate or no information to share [Anonymous. Herbal Roulette. Con­ that there is considerable justification for the about the health effects of dietary supple­ sumer Reports, November 1995, pp. 698- industry's position wanting a mechanism for ments. 705 .] 0 making health-oriented product label claims In fairness to some of the leading herbs ("statements of nutritional support" and for which substantial documentation of "structure and function" claims) that are not safety and efficacy is available, CR features subject to prior FDA approval. DSHEA calls some "winners": chamomile, echinacea, fe­ for post-market notification of a verfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, hawthorn, manufacturer's intention to market a prod­ milk thistle, saw palmetto, and valerian. uct with such a claim. Supporters of DSHEA (ABC and other groups and individuals had ERRATA felt this was essential because of the previ­ supplied author Bill Apple with a consider­ In paragraph 3, left column, page ous experience with FDA over the Nutrition able amount of information on these herbs.) 37 of HerbalGram #35, in our article Labeling and Education Act of 1990 Consumer Reports advises Congress about Belize, the first sentence should (NLEA), wherein FDA made it virtually im­ to "clean up the mess it's made of supple­ read, "With respect to the common possible for a manufacturer of supplements ment regulation" by requiring products to herb thyme, Duke noted that a study (especially herbals) to make a "health claim" carry clearer disclaimers, supporting the es­ by Turkish scientsts studied aromatic despite what appeared to be Congress's in­ tablishment of manufacturing standards, and compounds in individual plants and tent to provide more health oriented label­ banning what it considers dangerous herbs found a 14,000 times variation in ing for consumers. To date, five years after like chaparral and ephedra (rna huang) im­ chemicals like thymol." We errone­ the passage of NLEA, FDA has still only mediately. Interestingly, as noted elsewhere ously quoted a figure of 40,000 time approved health claims for two dietary in this issue of HerbalGram, scientific ex­ variation. Also, Dr. Duke pointed out supplements (calcium and folic acid). perts, including Prof. Varro Tyler, have to us (paragraph 5 in the same column) We feel that CR is justified in calling testified to FDA that ephedra should not be that the xanthine alkaloids caffeine, attention to the possibility that some supple­ banned, but labeled with appropriate theophylline, and theobromine are the ment manufacturers may abuse the new law warnings and dose limits. As for chaparral, exceptions and are less costly to syn­ by making unjustified claims. CR says that an expert panel of three physicians has thesize than to ex tract. knowing what a dietary supplement is sup­ concluded that it not be banned, but merely posed to do and finding accurate informa- properly labeled.

HERBALGRAM 36 • 73 LETTERS

Ivy Block and Poison Oak Silphion Project Update I just finished reading the HerbalGram article on Poison Oalc Your writer mentioned We are starting the groundwork for a product called Ivy-Block which forms a planting our reference collection of North barrier to urushiol and chemically binds with American medicinal plants at Brackenhurst ~ ...... ,....., ...... ,.,., ... ; it to inactivate the urushio-l. It might inter­ Agricultural College, Southwell, near est your readers to know that sodium bento­ Nottingham. The site will be designed as nite clay can be used in a similar way. The American woodland. One of their mature Ivy-Block contains clay. I have seen over = students is spending a year's Work Experi­ 100 cases of poison oak due to my involve­ ence developing the collection. ment at a first aid station during an herbal We are very hopeful that we will be gathering. able to start pilot cultivation trials at the Col­ We used a variety of items to treat the lege. We will include Hydrastis canadensis many cases of poison oak which were pre­ (Goldenseal), Caulophyllum thalictroides sented to us. The one treatment which (Blue Cohosh), Cimicifuga racemosa (Black worked best was sodium bentonite clay (al­ Cohosh), Grindelia robusta (Gum plant), though other clays may work, as well). Symplocarpus foetidus (Skunk cabbage), The moistened clay is applied thickly possibly Chamaelirium luteum (Blazing star, to the areas involved, then covered to keep it Unicorn root), and also Ulmus rubra (Slip­ from drying out and falling off. If you are pery elm) because of its particular medici­ treating a small area, keeping moist clay on nal importance. the area is easy. You can remove old clay ~ Alison Denham, MNINH and replace it with new clay as often as nec­ • Horsforth, Leeds, England essary. With large areas it is best to cover the clay with plastic wrap to keep the clay (See HerbalGram #35, pp. 52-53, for moi st longer. Cover the plastic wrap with a ~-··---Adsonia digitata,- --Somalia,------1958. ~ information on this project.) cloth or bandage to keep the clay adhered to the area. (This is difficult with some body parts. You will need to be creative.) Herbal Monographs in India When the clay starts to dry or feels hot, it is Moreover, we found that linalool's ef­ I would like to congratulate you and time to change it. fect is likely to be based upon its interaction your scientific team for corning out with an This treatment appears to prevent com­ with glutamate transmission, since it inhib­ excellent publication titled, HerbalGram. plications and decrease the irritation. The its glutamate binding in central nervous sys­ The magazine provides important relevant sooner it is applied, the better your results. tem membrane preparation. The interaction information on herbal drugs. I, myself, Sharol Tilgner, N.D. of GABA with linalool cannot be ruled out, firmly believe that such type of publication Portland, Oregon but certainly anti-convulsant agents that act would certainly play a positive role in through inhibition of excitatory amino acids upliftment of herbal medicine and its appli­ are highly desirable since potentially useful cation. Linalool Sedative Resea rch to epilepsy refractory to existent agents You might be aware of the fact the In­ In HerbalGram #33, on page 14, there (some estimate these to be as high as 30 per­ dian subcontinent comprising the vast terrain is a note on lavender's effect as an anti-con­ cent!) mainly acting through GABA poten­ of land with extremely diverse climatic and vulsant. I am writing to let you know of data tiation. ecological conditions has given us a rich and from our studies that complement and up­ What I find amazing in this research, valuable flora. The incessant efforts of man­ date that information. is that linalool being such well known and kind to conquer death and disease with the One of the major constituents (almost common as it is, it was not worthy of inves­ usage of plant preparations and passing the 40 percent) of the essential oil of lavender is tigations of this kind. I hope you find this experience from generation to generation linalool. The sedative effect of inhaling lav­ useful information. science the last three thousand years has cul­ ender essential oil was published by Elaine Elisabetsky, Ph.D. minated in Ayurveda-a broad Indian sys­ 1 Buchbauer and colleagues in 1991 • Port Alegre RS, Brazil tem of health. Following a lead from traditional use In India, about 2,500 plant species are of Aeolanthus suaveolens (Larniaceae) as an References being used for the preparation of drugs. Most I. Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Jager, W. , Dietrich, H., Pl ank, anticonvulsant by Amazonian peasants, we C., Karamat, E. 199 1. Aromatherapy: evidence fo r seda­ of these plants have been investigated ex­ identified linalool as one of the active anti­ tive effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhala­ haustively for their chemical constituents and tion. Z. Naturforsch, 46c., 1067- 1072. convulsant constituents. Linalool systemi­ 2. Eli sabetsky, E., G. P. Coelho de Souza, M.A. C. dos Santos, biological activities. cally administered has strong sedative prop­ I. R. Siqueira, T. A. Amador & Nunes, D.S. 1995. Seda­ Your publication has inspired us to erties, including protection against metrazol ti ve Properties of Linalool, Fitoterapia. No.5. write monographs on some of important In­ Further reading and electroshock induced convulsions in Eli sabetsky, E., Marschner, J. and Souza, D. 1995. Effects of dian herbal drugs which have been re­ mice. These data are in the process of publi­ Linalool on Glutamatergic system in the Rat Cerebral searched and documented for their specified Cortex. Neurochemical Research, Vol. 20, No. 4. 461- cation2. 465. 74 • HERBALGRAM 36 LETTERS

biological activities. I believe publication (Viburnum opulus), and squaw vine ofthese monographs in HerbalGram would (Mitchella repens). She too ceased cramp­ provide recognition to one of the most im­ ing and bleeding and proceeded with a nor­ portant herbal drugs of India all over the mal pregnancy. This formula seems to pre­ world. vent miscarriages often, but not always . One such monograph is on winter • It wasn't until my own miscarriage cherry ( Withania somnife ra aka • three months ago that I began to wonder ashwaganda). This plant has been shown to about the possible correlation between HCG have anti-stress, immnomodulatory, and and Helonias. At six weeks gestation, I be­ adaptogenic properties. I am thereby enclos­ gan to bleed. I took the wild yam, cramp ing a monograph on this plant for kind con­ bark, false unicorn, squaw vine formula. I sideration and evaluation. didn't have any cramps, but continued to M. J. Saxena, Ayurvet bleed. After four days of this I went to my New Delhi, India • OB/GYN. She measured my HCG level, it • was 9,000, and she suggested that perhaps •.. wouldn't have a miscarriage because my FDA & Stevia • HCG level was completely adequate; I had The format of your magazine is the • no previous level to compare it to but never­ most professional of its kind. I am sending Convallaria maio/is, Jugoslavia, 1963. theless it was in good range. Still bleeding you a copy of an article I wrote on stevia. (no cramps-probably due to cramp bark and The purpose of the article is to inform people wild yam). She did an ultrasound and stated in the health industry of a major break­ The first case was eight years ago. A that the amniotic sac was small, but present. through in the FDA in favor of the herbal friend had been trying unsuccessfully to get That night I had a miscarriage and quit tak­ industry! pregnant. She went to a fertility expert and ing the herbal formula. Still heavily bleed­ Jackie Mellyn was on Parlodel and bromocriptine for a ing the next week, I suspected I had some Mesa, Arizona while with no results. Interestingly, she con­ retained ti ssue. Maybe the uterine ceived after being off all drugs for 2 months. anti-spasmotics in the formula didn't allow (Ed note: For an up-to-date account She was carefully monitored, but at 2 months my uterus to contract as strongly as it should of FDA approval of stevia, see Herbal Gram gestation she began to cramp and bleed. Her have. I took about 3 teaspoons of gossipum #35, pages 17 and 18. doctor drew an HCG level; it had dropped (cotton root branch), and a few hours later from her previous level. (Sorry, I don't have the rest of the tissue was expelled, and things Tarahumara Thanks the lab val ues available.) HCG doesn't drop were back on the road to normal. Many thanks for your generous gift. in the first trimester, it only increases, dou­ All of this doesn't prove anything, but This will be used to help with food distribu­ bling about every 48 hours of a healthy preg­ I think it would be interesting to know if oth­ tion and care of sick children of which we nancy. Any drop at this stage represents ter­ ers have had similar experiences. Not all have many in our hospital. I have sent out mination of the pregnancy. Her doctor ad­ spontaneous abortions are due to problems by our truck over 500 metric tons of food, vised her that if she didn't have a spontane­ with HCG-as mine probably was not. It com, beans, and supplies to the faraway vil­ ous abortion by the following week, he might be a worthwhile research project to lages. I have to use our truck, fuel , chauf­ would have to perform a D and C (dilata­ study the possible role that helonias may play feur and aides for this project. Thanks to the tion and curettage). I immediately brought in supporting HCG. many people who help as you. her tincture of helonias. Not sure what dose I've also thought perhaps the use of Fr. Luiz G. Verplancken, S.J. to use, I instructed her to take a dropperful uterine anti-spasmotics in impending miscar­ Creel, Chihuahua, Mexico every hour. (What did she have to lose?) riage, while in many instances helpful, at She did this faithfully, and at her M.D. ap­ times may prevent the uterus from com­ pointment 4 days later, she had less cramp­ pletely expelling embryonic tissue. ing and bleeding. She asked her doctor to Deborah Brandt, R. N. A Clinician's View draw another HCG level. It had gone back Las Cruces, NM Over the years, my occasional experi­ up! He was amazed and said he had never ences using Helonias (Helonias L. ) has led seen an HCG level go back up after going me to suspect a possible correlation between down. She went on to deliver a healthy Reader Input on HerbalGram #35 Helonias and HCG (human chorionic gona­ daughter. May I comment on Research Reviews: dotropin, a hormone produced by the pla­ My next case is more obscure. A few "Topical Tea Tree Oil for Nail Fungus" re­ centa) levels in pregnant women. months ago a woman in her first trimester sults merit some discussion. While my data is far from extensive came to me with cramping and bleeding. I Onychomycosis treatment is frustrat­ or well documented, let me present what I gave her a combination formula of helonias, ing because of poor response rates and need do have to you for your consideration. wild yam (Diascorea spp.), cramp bark for long course of treatment. Typically we

HERBALGRAM 36 • 75 LETTERS

treat for nine months, roughly the time it etc." may be quite useful. Send your answer takes for a new toenail to grow out. I suspect to Nadja's E-mail address. that the 55 percent rates for both treatment Nadja Cech, AOL groups reflect debridement of the nails dur­ [email protected]. ing the three months of followup rather than actual effect of the drugs. There should have been a comparison with placebo. In any case Growth Rate of European I would be interested to know how the sub­ Phytomedicines Market jects fared after one year. The growth of the overall European Re: Chinese Herbal Combination for pharmaceutical market is approximately Acute Bronchiolitis in Children eight percent and the growth of The herbal combination was compared phytopharmaceuticals is in the two-digit with antibiotic treatment. My understanding numbers. There is no very exact statistic is that antibiotics are useless against bron­ since phytomedicines are registered drugs in chiolitis. It would have been more useful to some countries, food supplements in others, compare the herbs against placebo and/or and therefore it is hard to evaluate the over­ bronchodilator. all growth rate. Single products show a tre­ Cheers to Drs. Packer and Brandt for mendous increase. the delightful and informative "Ophthal­ You might be interested in the infor­ mology's Botanical Heritage," what a treat! mation that our hypericum (St. John's Wort) I enjoy your publication, my subscrip- preparation, Jarsin®300, prescribed by phy­ Adonis vernalis, German tion will be in the mail. sicians for the treatment of mild to moderate Democra tic Republic, 1969 . Jerry Manoukian, M.D. depression, has become the number one pre­ Internal Medicine scribed antidepressant in Germany. The tum­ Mountain View, CA over per month with more than 2.6 million [email protected] the not-so-immediate antique mode we German Marks is ahead of all other antide­ know of as U.S. mail, but since I had access pressants, also ahead of Prozac. More im­ Herbalist's Assistance Desired to this interesting method of more immedi­ pressive is the number of sold packages per I am heading an effort to identify "en­ ate communication, I thought I might pick month; Jarsin® 300 sells 132,300 packs per dangered" medicinal plants in the North your brain about any pre-existing lists of month while Prozac sells only 24,000. This American bioregions. I decided to post a such plants. Of course, there is a federal list product is growing at a rate over 70 percent letter to all the herbalists I know nationwide under endangered species, but this is nearly per year but most other phytomedicines are and ask them what plants they see diminish­ useless to me due to the (typically) short­ in the range between 10 and 20 percent. ing in supply from their local ecologies, sighted nature of the list, and the lack of Dr. Ranate Boesel whether from diminution or habitat or over­ emphasis on medicinals, although the fed­ Lichtwer PharmaGmbH harvest. I will send you my cover letter via eral definitions of "threatened, endangered, Berlin

Send your letters to the editor via e-mail: [email protected] ACCESS In this department of Herba/Grom , we list resources such as publications, organizations, seminars, and networking for our readers. A li sting in this section does not constitute any endorsement or approval by Herbo/Grom , ABC, HRF, or the HRF Profess ional Advisory Board.

A Guide to Resources on the History of the of herbal residency programs, correspondence Recommended Herb Book Reading List, com­ Food and Drug Administration, issued by the programs, apprenticeships, and lecturers. $7.95. piled by the Education Committee of the Ameri­ History Office of the FDA. Provides informa­ Contact AHG, Box 1683, Soquel, CA 95073, can Herbalists Gui ld. Valuable resource infor­ tion about the origi ns of the FDA, tips on how Ph ./Fax, 408/464-2441 , E-mail,[email protected]. mation with books divided into different catego­ to do research on the FDA and descriptions of ries depending upon what aspect of herbal medi­ published and unpublished sources on the Prescription For Extinction: Endangered Spe­ cine the book relates to including the education agency. Twenty-eight pages. Contact the His­ cies and Patented Oriental Medicines in Trade , level. $2.00. ContactAHG, Box 1683, Soquel, tory Office, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, a newsletter published periodically by World CA 95073, Ph./Fax, 408/464-244 1, E­ HFC-24, Room 13-51 , 5600 Fishers Lane, Wildlife Fund (WWF) and IUCN (World Con­ mail,herbs@ got. net. Rockville, MD 20857. servation Union) on the trade in threatened fauna and flora. $10.00; Subscribers should write Directory of Herbal Education Programs, Ex­ CC#240000 on check or money order. Contact panded and Revised, 1995. New listing com­ World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street, Wash­ piled by the American Herbalists Guild (AHG) ington, D.C. 20037.

76 • HE RBA LGR AM 36 CLASSIFIED A listing in this classi fied section does not constitute any endorsement or approval by Herba/Gram, the American Botanical Council, the Herb Research Foundation , or the HRF Professional Advisory Board . Herba/Grom Classified ad rates : $1 .25 per word; $35 minimum . Contact Margaret Wright, P.O . Box 201660, Au stin , TX 78720. 512/ 331-8868. Fax 512/ 331 -1 924.

BOOKS PUBLICATIONS things herbal-gardening, medicinals, crafts, folk­ American Ginseng in America. Revised Edition, American Herb Association Quarterly Newslet­ lore, alternative uses of herbs, and more. Rates Free, with two-year membership of $20. Mem­ ter- $20/yr. AHA, P.O. Box 1673, Nevada City, Sample issue $5; introductory subscription (5 is­ bers receive our newsletter, The Ginseng Seed, CA 95959. sues) $19.95. P. 0. Box 689, San Anselmo, CA four times each year. Newsletter has articles on 94979. 1/800/371-HERB. people's experience with American ginseng, Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism growing suggestions, short stories, letters, and quarterly publication of the National Herbalists International Journal of Aromatherapy - Ed­ questions. Send $20 to American Ginseng Soci­ Association of Australia (founded in 1920). Deals ited by aromatherapy author Robert Tisserand. ety, Inc., PO Box 0754, Brooklyn, MI 49230- with all aspects of Medical Herbalism, including Articles and information on uses of essential oils 0754. Money-back guarantee. latest medicinal plant research findings. Regular in well-being. Designed for practitioners, teach­ features include Australian medicinal plants, con­ ers, suppliers, writers, etc. $30/yr. International Egyptian Herbal. Medical/religious/culinary ferences, conference reports, book reviews, rare Journal of Aromatherapy, 1129 Industrial Ave. herb uses in ancient Egypt. Female Egyptologist books, case study and medicinal plant review. #200, Petaluma, CA 94952. 7071769-51 20. draws from ancient/modem sources. Egyptian/ Aus/$40 plus Aus/$15 if required by airmail. Latin/English nomenclature. $21.95 + $2.95 National Herbalists Association of Australia, Suite Medical Herbalism - Subtitled "A Clinical S&H. Optimum Health, 172-B Dowe Road, 305, 3 Smail St., Broadway, NSW 2007, Austra· Newsletter for the Herbal Practitioner." Edited Ellenville, NY 12428. lia. by Paul Bergner. $24/yr, $42/2 yrs . Canada $29/ yr. Overseas $39/yr. Sample/$4. Medical CORRESPONDENCE COURSES The Bu$iness of Herbs - Comprehensive re­ Herbal ism, P. 0. Box 33080, Portland, OR 97233. AND SEMINARS porting, business news, marketing hints, sources, Green Terrestrial offers herbal and earth aware­ and resources. Subscription $20/yr. Brochure/ Nature's Field- Contemporary journal of herbs ness workshops, quality herbal products, and ap· SASE from Northwind Farm, Rt. 2, Box 246(0), and natural healing. Free sample. I /800/4 1- prenticeships in an atmosphere of co-creative Shevlin, MN 56676. NATU R. partnering with the Earth. Pam Montgomery, P.O. Box 266, Milton, NY 12547. 9141795-5238. Foster's Botanical and Herb Reviews- Infor­ Herbal animal care, offering safe alternatives to mation resources, book reviews, new periodicals, drugs and chemicals. Six issues annually, $20. Grow Gourmet & Medicinal Mushrooms. etc. Quarterly, $10/yr from Steven Foster, P.O. Natural Pet Magazine, PO Box 351 , Trilby, FL Shiitake, Reishi , Morels, Oysters... . Seminars Box 1343, Fayetteville, AR 72702. 501 /521- 33593. 904/583-2770. on cultivation. Free brochure. Commercial cata· 5887. Fax 50 I /521-6369. log $4.50. Fungi Perfecti, P.O. Box 7634HG, Washington Insight - a quarterly newsletter Olympia, WA 98507. Call 8001780-9126. Fax HerbalGram - Quarterly journal published by designed to keep natural products scienti sts 360/426-9377. the American Botanical Council and the Herb abreast of funding opportunities and other impor­ Research Foundation. $25/yr., $45/2 yrs, $60/3 tant happenings in Washington, D.C., including Natural Healing Home Study - Australasian yrs. P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX 78720. See interviews with Congressmen, Senators, or other College of Herbal Studies offers dynamic, writ­ pages 86-87 for ordering information. government officials, that may affect them and ten, audio & video course materials. Diploma & their institution. In addition to the newsletter, Certificate curriculum. Free Prospectus. 800/ HerbalVoices -A network of amateur and pro­ subscribers receive Funding Alert, which provides 48-STUDY. fessional herbalists sharing the medicinal, culi­ pre-advertised information on funding opportu· nary, wildcrafting, and organic growing arts of nities, and Compound Alert, listing of compounds The School of Natural Healing was founded in herbs. Members write in their experiences, re· of interest to the National Cancer Institute which 1953 by Dr. John R. Christopher, M.H., N.D., and ceive support and feedback, and seek assistance. need research to insure adequate supplies-an­ continues in his time-tested modalities. The SNH Our quarterly publication is $12/yr. Sample $3. other opportunity for research grants. Annual offers Master Herbalist (M.H.) training in 14 3936 Mt. Bliss Rd., East Jordan, MI 49727. subscription, U.S. personal/$43; institutional/$85. course levels at $100 each. This full spectrum of Foreign: personal/$50; institutional/$95. Con· courses is taught by expert instructors, in the Herban Lifestyles- Bimonthly newsletter with tact: Washington Insight, 11000 Waycroft Way, convenience of your own home, on professionally entertaining, eclectic, and sometimes esoteric re­ North Bethesda, MD 20852. 30 I /88 1-6720, Fax produced video and audio tapes. Books, workbooks, ports on how we li ve, work, and play with herbs. 301/984-7372. and home assignments are also provided. Upon Money-back guarantee. Sample $3. $18/yr. Free completion of the 14 courses, students are eli­ brochure. Stone Acre Press, 84 Carpenter Rd. , Wildflower - North America's onl y popular gible to attend the intensive certification seminar Apt. 78711-1 , New Hartford, CT 06057. magazine devoted solely to the study, conserva­ held at our own beautiful retreat in the majestic tion, and cultivation of our continent's native flora. Wasatch Mountains. For free information, call The Herb Growing and Marketing Network­ Offering an appealing blend of art and science, 1/800/372-8255 or write to The School of Natu­ An information service for herb businesses and this 48-page quarterly examines all aspects of ral Healing, P.O. Box 412, Springville, UT 84663. serious hobbyists. Includes The Herbal Connec­ popular botany in North America from the rain tion, a 36-page bimonthly trade journal, The forests of Panama to the mi cro-mosses of the Wild Rose College of Natural Healing- es­ Herbal Green Pages, annual resource gu ide with Arctic tundra; from gardening with native trees, tablished 1975, offering classroom and correspon­ over 5,000 listings, free classified advertising for shrubs, wildflowers, and ferns to the latest projects dence courses in Herbology, Pharmacognosy, subscribers, and more. Entire package $60/yr. in habitat and native pl ant conservation. The green Nutrition, Wholistic Health, Biology, Physiology, (Higher outside North America) Sample news­ revolution begins in our own backyard. Wild· Iridology, and many other fields . Programs for letter, $4. The Herbal Connection, P. 0. Box 245, fl ower is published by the Canadi an Wildflower Master Herbalist (two years), Wholistic Health Silver Spring, PA 17575. 717/393-3295. MC/ Society, 90 Wolfrey Ave ., Toronto, Ontario, Therapist (three years), Clinical Herbalist (three Visa accepted. Canada M4K IK8. Te1:416/466-6428. Subscrip· years), Practical Herbalist (8 months), Counseling tions and membership are $25/1 yr., $45/2 yrs. (one and three years). Send $3 for detailed calen­ The Herb Quarterly -When the world wearies Sample copy $5. dar, #400, 1228 Kensington Rd. NW, Calgary, and ceases to satisfy, there's always Th e Herb Alberta, CANADA T2N 4P9. 403/270-0936. Quarterly, a beautiful magazine dedicated to all HERBALGRAM 36 • 77 Wildflower - North America's only popular in Indian villages. Explore unknown territory. preparation, wildcrafting. Begins May 25. magazine devoted solely to the study, conserva­ Participate in all-night Ayahuasca ceremonies Classes include field trips and student clinic. tion, and cultivation of our continent's native flora. guided by real Amazonian shamans while cruis­ ?Song, P.O. Box 6626, Ithaca, NY 14851. 607/ Offering an appealing blend of art and science, ing in comfort with a crew of I 0, all natural gour­ 564-1023. this 48-page quarterly examines all aspects of met meals, open bar, laundry service, and a fleet popular botany in North America from the rain of motorized canoes. $3,800 includes round-trip The Rocky Mountain Center for Botanical forests of Panama to the micro-mosses of the airfare from Miami, tips, transportation, lodging, Studies - comprehensive, balanced herbal cur­ Arctic tundra; from gardening with native trees, food, and drink. A suitcase full of trade goods is riculum of academic and earth-centered studies. shrubs, wildflowers, and ferns to the latest projects suggested. Call or write Chris or Gerry Miller, Certification programs and advanced clinical in­ in habitat and native plant conservation. The green P.O. Box 126, East Haddam, CT 06423. 203/ ternship available. Call 303/442-6861 or write revolution begins in our own backyard. Wild­ 873-8268. But do it soon, the trips fill fast! for brochure, P.O. Box 19254, Boulder, CO flower is published by the Canadian Wildflower 80308-2254. Society, 90 Wolfrey Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Herbage v2.0 for Windows-Comprehensive, Canada M4K 1K8. Tel: 416/466-6428. Subscrip­ flexible, fully customizable ethnobotanical re­ Southern California Botanical Studies Cen­ tions and membership are $2511 yr., $45/2 yrs. search tool by a database expert. Functions in­ ter-Onsite lectures on homeopathy, herbalism, Sample copy $5. clude indexing and instantaneous worldwide data aromatherapy, medicinals, crafts. Free book list. sharing via Internet. Comes with 2,600 plant spe­ Rare herbalism supplies. informative catalogue OTHER cies. $100. Overmind Software, 1388 Haight St., $2. herbal pharmacy internships available. Free Amazon: Take the Shamanic Voyage of Discov­ #161 , San Francisco, CA 94117. overmind sample of Herb Pickers newsletter with legal size ery. Travel with artist and mycologist Gerry Miller @hooked. net-http:/ /www.hooked. net/users/ SASE. SCBSC, 13306 Whittier Blvd., Whittier, and the "Wild Mushroom Traveling Road Show" overmind/ CA 90602. 310/698-0922. aboard our beautiful mahogany riverboat for two incredible weeks on the Peruvian Amazon accom­ Northeast School of Botanical Medicine-Six­ panied by Amazonian Shamans expert in the use month program emphasizing clinical skills, bo­ of magical and medicinal rainforest plants. Trade tanical identification, materia medica, medicine

CALENDAR

March 15: Fourth International ESCOP Sym­ how modern scientific practice complements For information: Ph. 703/280-1512. Fax 703/ posium, (Phytomedicines: Quality, Safety, and traditional clinical experience, this conference 280-5437. [email protected] Efficacy," Maternushaus, Cologne, Germany. will be invaluable to all practitioners and stu­ For professionals in phytotherapy and dents of herbal medicine and natural therapies. May 29-June2: 3rd European Ethnophar­ phytomedicines. Speaker: Dr. B. Steinhoff, Dr. Contact: MediHerb Pty. Ltd. , P.O. Box 713 , macological Colloquium and the 1st Interna­ J. GrUnewald, Dr. P. A. G. M. deSmet,and Dr. Warwick QLD 4370, Ph. (076) 61 4900, Fax tional Conference of Anthropology and the X. Zhang. Contact ESCOP, Secretariat, (076) 61 5656. History of Health and Disease, Genoa, Italy. Uiterwaardenstraat 13, NL-8081 HJ ELBURG, Workshops and meetings on problems and pos­ The Netherlands, Ph. +31-525-686101 , Fax +31- April 20-21: Southwest Conference on Bo­ sibilities in the education of the different medi­ 525-685905. tanical Medicine , Tempe, Arizona. Leading cal ethno-sciences. Contact Peter Babulka, So­ naturopathic physicians and herbalists on top­ ciety for Ethnopharmacology, Budapest, Mar 23-24: Herb Fest '96, sponsored by Trilife ics of asthma, hypertension, sinusitis, and de­ Orsova u.6, H-1213 Hungary, Ph./Fax 36(1)- Foundation, Inc., Biloxi, MS. Featuring David mentia. Panel discussion on botanical treatment 277-3301. Winston, herbalist and ethnobotanist; plus many of chronic disease with Don Brown, N.D., Tori Hudson, N.D., Michael Moore, Roy Upton, June 1-3: Gaia Herb Symposium, Black prominent southeastern herbalists. Workshops, Terry Willard, Ph.D., and Lise Alschuler, N.D. Mountain, North Carolina. Theme is "Medi­ herb walks, vendors, entertainment. Contact Contact Southwest Conference, P.O. Box 57, cines from the Earth." Teachers include Mary Trilife, 14373 Jim Byrd Rd., Biloxi, MS 39532. Swans Island, ME 04685, Ph. 207/526-4479 or Bove, N.D., David Hoffman, John Douillard, Ph. 601/392-6226, Fax 601/392-7911. 800/252-0688. D.C. , Tori Hudson, N.D., DonaldYance, Mark Blumenthal, and two panel discussions on di­ March 27-29: Alternative Medicine: Impli­ May 23-25: Fourth People-Plant Symposium, agnostics and herb walks. Contact Gaia Herb cations for Clinical Practice Conference, "People-Plant Interactions in Urban Areas" Symposium, P.O. Box 57, Swans Island, ME sponsored by Harvard Medical School, Dept. in San Antonio, TX. Topics include horticul­ 04685, Ph. 207/526-4479 or 800/252-0688. of Continuing Education Dept of Medicine, ture and physical urban environment, develop­ Beth Israel Hospital. Objective is to provide ment of the individual, and people-plant re­ June 1-15: Ancient Healing Secrets of the clinicians with sufficient information to respon­ search in classroom instruction. Contact: Dr. Maya. Learn natural healing using tropical herbs sibly advise patients who use or seek alterna­ Jayne M. Zajicek, Horticultural Sciences Dept., with Rosita Arvigo, DN, at her herb farm in tive therapies. Cost: $575-$380. Contact: Pro­ Texas A&M University, College Station, TX Belize, Central America. Contact Ix Chel Farm, fessional Meeting Planners, 5 Central Square, 77843-2133, Ph. 409/845-4482, Fax 409/845- San Ignacio, Cayo, Belize, Central America. Ste 201, Stoneham, MA 02180, Ph : 800/378- 0627. 6857 or 617/279-9887, Fax 617/279-8975. June 2-5: The Monroe Wall Symposium on May 24-26: Worldmed '96- The World Con­ Natural Products - "Harnessing Biodiversity April12-14: Phytotherapy, International Con­ gress on Complementary Therapies in Medi­ for Therapeutic Drugs and Foods," Rutgers ference of Plant Medicine sponsored by cine. Chaired by C. Everett Koop, M.D., Sc. University and Xechem, Inc. to honor discov­ MediHerb, Auckland, New Zealand. Theme of D. Peer-reviewed, exhibitor inquiries welcome. erer of Paclitaxel (Taxol), Dr. Monroe Wall.

78 • HERBALGRAM 36 Contact Keith Wilson, Office of Continuing Pro­ USP, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, "Phytotherapeutics in Practical and Clinical Ap­ fessional Education, Rutgers University, Cook MD 20852, Ph. 301/816-8282. plication." Contact: Institute of Pharmaceuti­ College, P.O. Box 231, New Brunswick, NJ cal Biology, Karlstrabe 29, D-80333 Munchen, 08903-0231. Ph 908/932-9271, Fax 908/932- July 18-21: 11th Annual International Herb Germany. Ph. 49/89/59 02-379, Fax 49/89/59 1187. Conference, San Diego, CA, sponsored by In­ 02-237. ternational Herb Association with over 50 edu­ June 8-10: Pacific NW Herbal Symposium cational sessions, wholesale trade show, tours September 20-21: NAHA 1st International '96, sponsored by Wise Woman Herbals andRe­ and industry awards. Contact International Conference & Trade Show, "The World of flections Magazine. Topics include diabetes, Herb Association, 1202 Allanson Rd., Aromatherapy," Portland, Oregon. Sponsored parasites, menopause, aromatherapy, STD's, im­ Mundelein, IL 60060. Ph. 708/959-4372. by the National Association for Holistic mune modulating, therapies. Herb walks, be­ Aromatherapy, San Francisco, CA. Business ginning, intermediate, and advanced classes. For August 1-31: Ancient Healing Secrets of the panels, workshops, world renowned speakers. information call Wi se Woman Herbals, 1721 SE Maya for Healing Professionals. Course de­ Contact the NAHA Conference Committee, lOth, Portland, OR 97214, Ph. 541/895-5174. signed for healing professionals to learn natural P.O. Box 17622, Boulder, CO 80308-7622, Ph. healing using tropical herbs with Rosita Arvigo, 800/566-6735, Fax 4 15/564-6799. June 21-23: Third International Herb Sympo­ DN , at her farm in Central America. Contact Ix sium on Modern and Traditional Uses of Chel Farm, San Ignacio, Cayo, Belize, Central October 19-26: Third Annual Peruvian Ama­ Herbal Medicine, Wheaton College, sponsored America. zon Rainforest Ethnobotanical Expedition. by Frontier Cooperative Herbs, Sage Mountain, Explore the 1/4 mile Canopy Walkway over 115 Rainbow Light, and Herb Pharm. Largest and August 10-18: Second Annual Costa Rican feet high above the rainforest fl oor. Workshops most comprehensive herbal event of its kind Rainforest Expedition. Experience the various leaders include Dr. Bradley Bennett , Dr. Ji m offered in the U.S. Herbal teachers from around ecosystems of this beauti fu l Central American Duke, Mark Blumenthal, Dr. Larry Wilson, Dr. the world offer a cross section of knowledge country and di scover the medicinal uses of their Rosita Arvigo, and Dr. Varro Tyler. Registered ranging from folk lore traditions to the scien­ tropical forest plants. Registered pharmacists pharmacists may receive continuing education tific and clinical uses of plants. Cost $225. may receive continuing education credits. Con­ credits. Contact Penny King, American Botani­ Contact: International Herb Symposium, P.O. tact Penny King, American Botanical Council, cal Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX Ph. Box 420, E. Barre, VT 05649, Ph. 802/479- P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX Ph. 512/331-8868, 512/331-8868, Fax 512/331-1924. 9825, Fax 802/476-3722. Fax 512/331-1924. October 20-25: 3rd Dead Sea Conference, June 26-30: Primer Congreso Nacional August 18-22: Las Cruces Biological Field "Potentiating Health and The Crisis of the Plantas Medicinales de Mexico , Tlaxcala, Tlax. Station at Wilson Botanical Garden. Work­ Immune System: Integrative Approaches to Contact Bioi. Miguel Angel Gutierrez shops include Bribri Indian Tribe ethnobotani­ Prevention and Healing of Modern Disease," Dominguez, UAT, Secretaria de Investi gacion Tel Aviv, Israel. Workshops, discussions, tours Cientifica, Jardin Botanico Universitario, Av. cal research with Dr. Mark Plotkin and tropical medicine research and field plant collection and and exhibitions on the holistic view of modern Universidad No. 1, 90070 Tlaxcala, Tlax. sicknesses. Contact Dan Knassim Ltd., 3rd Telefax (246) 2 23 13 y 2 40 13. bioassay techniques. Registered pharmacists may receive continuing education credits. Con­ Dead Sea Conference, P.O. Box 1931 , Ram at Gan 52118, Israel, Ph. 972-3-6133340, Fax tact Penny King, American Botanical Council, June 29-]uly 7: Second Annual Ethnobotani­ 972-3-613334 1. cal Trip, Belize: Reef, Rainforest & Ruins spon­ P.O. Box 201660,Austin, TX Ph. 512/331-8868, sored by the American Botani cal Council, Texas Fax 512/331-1924. Pharmacy Foundation and International Expedi­ tions. Interact with local healthcare profession­ September 1-6: World Congress of Pharmacy als and traditional healers in the rainforest. Study '96, 56th International Congress of FIP, 3rd tropical plants medicinal use by the Maya. Reg­ Jerusalem Conference on Pharmaceutical Sci­ istered pharmacists may receive continuing edu­ ences and Clinical Pharmacology. Jerusalem, cation credits. Contact: Penny King, American Israel. Five days of scienfitic and professional Botanical Council, P.O. Box 201660, Austin, TX lectures, with workshops and contributed post­ 78720, 78720, Ph. 512/331-8868, Fax 512/331 - ers. Contact FIP Congresses & Conferences, 1924. Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP The Hague, The etherlands, Ph.+31-70-363 19 25 , Fax +31- June 30-]uly 4: International Symposium on 70-365 90 47, e-mail, [email protected]. Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Quedlinburg, Germany. Sponsored by September 4-8: American Association of Send your letters to the editor via e-mail: Federal Centre for Breeding Research on Culti­ Naturopathic Physicians Annual Convention. [email protected] vated Plants (BAZ) and Federal Ministry of "Vis Medicatrix Naturae: The Healing Power Food, Agriculture and Forestry (BML). Con­ of Nature. Goal is to enable practitioners to tact Herr Dr. F. Pank, Bundesanstalt fur apply practical information on nautral healing Zuchtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen, Neuer oto improve their skills in caring for patients. Movi~9? Weg 22/23, D - 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany. Contact AANP, 2366 Eastlake Ave. EAst, #322, Our mail perm it does not allow us to Seattle, WA 98102. 2061328-85 10 ; FAX 206/ forward HerbaiGram. If you move or July 7-9: Botanicals for Medical and Dietary 323-7612. change your mailing address, please no­ Use: Standards and Information Issues, spon­ tify us immediately so you will not miss any sored by US P, Washington, D.C. September 11-14: 2nd International Congress copies. Send your change of address Multidisciplinary conference for health care pro­ on Phytomedicine in cooperation with ESCOP notice to Margaret Wright, Circulation Manager, American Botanical Council, P. fessionals, manu facturers, suppliers, regulators (European Scientific Coooperative for Phytotherapy). Topics: "Phytochemical and 0. Box 201660, Austin,TX 78720. 512/ and consumers. Approved by the American 331 -8868. FAX 512/331-1924. Council on Pharmaceutical Education. Contact: Phytopharmacological Research" and

HE RBALGRA M 36 • 79 A NEW Publication The German Commission E Monographs

the American Botanical Council's fMERICAN English translation of the BoTANICAL German Commission E Monographs COUNCIL

The most comprehensive English translation of the German 11 government's monographs on herbal medicine 1; II ~------~------~~ .------1 Foreword by Varro E. Tyler, Ph .D., Lilly Distinguished I Professor of Pharmacognosy, Purdue University • 41 0 Monographs --·I • 324 herbs with recommended dosages • Glossary of medical, pharmacy and technical terms • Common, Latin, pharmacopeia! and German names cross referenced - • Index of Approved uses • Index of contraindications • Index of side effects '

!. • Chemical index • General Index

.------, The complete book only regular price Pre-publication price 0 0 through May J, J 996 $149° $189° freight included after May 1, 1996 .______. Item #B 181

Credit card holders order toll free 800/373-7105 or fax 512/331-1924 Please see the new pull-out Herbal Education Catalog in the center of th is issue for order form .