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NACHHALTIGES BAUEN DURCH DIGITALE UND PARAMETRISCHE FERTIGUNG Projektbericht - Anhang

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NACHHALTIGES BAUEN DURCH DIGITALE UND PARAMETRISCHE FERTIGUNG Projektbericht - Anhang FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FÜR ARBEITSWIRTSCHAFT UND ORGANISATION IAO FUCON 4.0 - NACHHALTIGES BAUEN DURCH DIGITALE UND PARAMETRISCHE FERTIGUNG Projektbericht - Anhang Diese Studie wurde gefördert durch das Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung (BBSR) und das Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) im Rahmen der Forschungsinitiative »Zukunft Bau«. FUCON 4.0 - NACHHALTIGES BAUEN DURCH DIGITALE UND PARAMETRISCHE FERTIGUNG Projektbericht - Anhang Steffen Braun Dr. Alexander Rieck Sebastian Bullinger Dr. Carmen Köhler-Hammer Arnold Walz (designtoproduction) Prof.Dr. Wilhelm Bauer Fraunhofer-Institut für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation, IAO in Stuttgart Projektnummer: 167061 Aktenzeichen: SWD-10.08.18.7-13.32 Projektpartner: Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft und Technologiemanagement IAT – Universität Stuttgart designtoproduction Der Forschungsbericht wurde mit Mitteln der Forschungsinitiative Zukunft Bau des Bundesinstitutes für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung gefördert. (Aktenzeichen: II 3-F20-10-1-028 / SWD - 10.08.18.7-13.32 ) Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt des Berichtes liegt beim Autor Das Projekt » FUCON 4.0 – NACHHALTIGES BAUEN DURCH DIGITALE UND PARAMETRISCHE FERTIGUNG« wurde durch folgende Partner unterstützt öffentliche Projektförderer: Forschungspartner: Industriepartner: Fraunhofer IAO FUCON 4.0 - Abschlussdokumentation 4 | 409 IAT Universität Stuttgart designtoproduction Inhalt AP 1.1 FUCON 4.0 – Potenziale parametrischer Planung und digitaler Fertigung – Klassifikation und Auswertung von 100 Praxisbeispielen ........................... 7 AP 1.2 Ergebnisse der Experteninterviews ........................................................... 168 AP 1.3 Ergebnisse der BIM-Studie für Planer und Ausführende - »Digitale Planungs- und Fertigungsmethoden ...........................................185 AP 1.3 BIM-Umfrage-Fragenkatalog .....................................................................218 AP 2.1 Prozessanalyse – Performance von Prozessen Entwicklung SOLL-Bauprozesse ....................................................................................236 AP 2.2 Entwicklung und Konzeption eines ganzheitlichen Soll-Prozesses .............346 AP 3 / 5 Konzeption und Entwicklung prototypischer Bauentstehungsprozesse auf Basis parametrischer Planungs- und digitaler Fertigungsmethoden und Demonstration der Umsetzbarkeit anhand ausgewählter Katalysatorprojekte - designtoproduction ..................................................375 Fraunhofer IAO FUCON 4.0 - Abschlussdokumentation 5 | 409 IAT Universität Stuttgart designtoproduction Anhang Fraunhofer IAO FUCON 4.0 - Abschlussdokumentation 6 | 409 IAT Universität Stuttgart designtoproduction FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FÜR ARBEITSWIRTSCHAFT UND ORGANISATION IAO Steffen Braun, Dr. Alexander Rieck, Sebastian Bullinger FUCON 4.0 - POTENZIALE PARAMETRISCHER PLANUNG UND DIGITALER FERTIGUNG Klassifikation und Auswertung von 100 Praxisbeispielen GEFÖRDERT DURCH FUCON 4.0: POTENZIALE PARAMETRISCHER PLANUNG UND DIGITALER FERTIGUNG Klassifikation und Auswertung von 100 Praxisbeispielen Steffen Braun Dr. Alexander Rieck Sebastian Bullinger Fraunhofer-Institut für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation, IAO in Stuttgart Projektnummer: 167061 Aktenzeichen: SWD-10.08.18.7-13.32 Gefördert durch Dieser Bericht wurde gefördert und unterstützt durch die folgenden Partner des Forschungsprojektes FUCON 4.0 - Future Construction öffentliche Projektförderer: Forschungspartner: Industriepartner: Fraunhofer IAO FUCON 4.0 - Potenzialanalyse 4 | 161 IAT Universität Stuttgart designtoproduction Inhalt Management Summary ............................................................................................6 1 Quo vadis? - Die Baubranche im Jahr 2015 ........................................................... 8 1.1 Situtation der Baubranche in Deutschland .................................................... 8 1.2 Handlungserfordernisse für die Baubranche ............................................... 10 1.3 Problembeschreibung .................................................................................14 2 Forschungsansatz ................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Parametrische Planung .............................................................................. 16 2.2 Digitale Fertigung ...................................................................................... 24 2.3 Anforderungen an zukünftige Bauprozesse .................................................28 3 Zielsetzung und Konzeption der Studie ................................................................29 3.1 Zielsetzung der Studie .................................................................................29 3.2 Konzeption und Methodik der Studie ..........................................................29 4 Best-Practice: 100 Projekte ................................................................................... 31 4.1 Fertigungsmethoden/-Verfahren ................................................................ 31 4.2 Installationen und Mock-ups ...................................................................... 51 4.3 Pavillons ..................................................................................................... 73 4.4 Gebäude .................................................................................................. 101 5 Auswertung und Bewertung .............................................................................. 139 5.1 Systemanalyse und Auswertung .............................................................. 140 5.2 Ableitung von Material-Fertigungs-Systeme ............................................. 144 6 Resultate ...............................................................................................................155 6.1 Studienergebnisse im Überblick ............................................................... 155 6.2 FUCON 4.0 - weiteres Vorgehen ...............................................................157 7 Literatur ............................................................................................................... 160 Fraunhofer IAO FUCON 4.0 - Potenzialanalyse 5 | 161 IAT Universität Stuttgart designtoproduction Management Summary Management Summary In sämtlichen Branchen der Industrie ist seit Jahren der Prozess der Digitalisierung zu verzeichnen. In der Industrie wird bereits von der vierten Industriellen Revolution gesprochen. Das Bauwesen jedoch hinkt diesen Entwicklungen hinterher und hat in den letzten Jahren in Deutschland insbesondere durch Fehlentwicklungen und -Planun- gen bei Großprojekten in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung ein schlechtes Bild hinterlas- sen. Dabei könnten viele bereits abgeschlossene und zukünftige Entwicklungen insbesondere im Bereich der Digitalisierung aus anderen Industrien auf die Baubranche transferiert werden. Das Fraunhofer IAO beschäftigt sich mit der Frage: »Wie sieht der Bauprozess der Zukunft aus?« Die Studie »FUCON 4.0 – Potenzialanalyse zu parametrischer Planung und digitaler Fertigung« richtet sich an Leser aus dem Bereich der Baubranche. Im Besonderen sind Architekten, Planer, Berater, aber auch Bauproduktehersteller und Forscher sowie alle Personen, die an einem zukünftigen Bauprozess in Deutschland interessiert sind, oder diesen aktiv mitgestalten wollen, angesprochen. Zielsetzung Diese Studie schafft eine Arbeitsgrundlage für die aktive Gestaltung eines zukünftigen digitalen Bauprozesses in Deutschland. Dazu wurden die unterschiedlichen Bausteine, die für einen solchen zukünftigen Bauprozess notwendig sind, anhand von in der Forschung befindlichen bzw. bereits realisierten Projekten, ermittelt. Im Verbundprojekt »Future Construction« (FUCON 4.0) erforscht das Fraunhofer IAO gemeinsam mit seinen Partnern zukünftige Technologien und Prozesse der Baubranche. Die Studie dient als Überblick und Arbeitsgrundlage, sowohl über neue digitale Ferti- gungsmethoden, als auch über parametrische Planung und Planungsansätze. Beide Bereiche sind elementare Komponenten zur Realisierung einer durchgängigen digitalen Prozesskette. Vorgehen Die Studie besteht aus den einführenden Bereichen der Grundlagen und Einflüsse auf das Bauwesen in Deutschland sowie der Beschreibung von parametrischer Planung und digtaler Fertigung im Bauen. Der Hauptteil der Studie besteht aus 100 beispielhaften nationalen, als auch internationalen Projekten, die zur Identifizierung der Bausteine einer durchgängigen digitalen Prozesskette notwendig sind. Die Auswahl der 100 Projekte fand durch Recherche und Sichtung von Fachliteratur und Fachportalen im Bereich der digitalen/parametrischen Planung und digitalen Fertigung statt. Die 100 Projekte wurden aus einem größeren Pool aus recherchierten Projekten ausgewählt. Im anschließenden Teil wurden diese 100 Projekte ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Im Bereich der parametrischen Planung und Fertigung gibt es eine Vielzahl an Ferti- gungsmethoden, die im Modell- und Prototypenbau genutzt werden. Bei den meisten Projekten kommen trennende bzw. subtraktive Verfahren zum Einsatz. Additive Verfah- ren aus dem Bereich des 3D-Drucks oder umformende Verfahren werden zunehmend erprobt und entwickelt. Hauptsächlich werden Metalle und Hölzer in unterschiedlichen Handelsformen, meist jedoch in Plattenform, verwendet, da sich diese besonders einfach spanend/trennend bearbeiten lassen. Die Anzahl der realisierten Projekte nimmt stetig zu, ebenso die Digitalisierung in den Prozessen, von einzelnen Bauteilen bis
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