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Between the Real and Ideal

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Between the Real and Ideal Between the real and ideal Ordering, controlling and utilising space in power negotiations – Hall buildings in Scandinavia, 250‐1050 CE MARIANNE HEM ERIKSEN Master of Arts Thesis in Archaeology Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2010 Til minne om mamma, som gikk bort mens denne oppgaven ble til Front page illustration: Reconstructed hall, Borg in Lofoten. Photo: the author. Arrangement: Runar Hilleren Lie ii A thesis is about exploration and inquiry (Charmane 2007) Societies are much messier than our theories of them (Mann 1986:4) iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Anders Andrén and Bjørnar Olsen have both written that archaeology, in contrast to history, may be used to lend a voice to the voiceless. My one regret of this thesis is that I instead of lending my voice to the people in the shadows have been enthralled by the fascinating narrative of power and élite in the Scandinavian Iron Age. However, I believe that I am contributing to demonstrate how the upper strata of society are able to legitimise their real and symbolic power over others – so that is something. Ever since I was required to give a presentation on the Gamla Uppsala halls during a study visit in 2007, I knew that I had to write about these marvellous, multi-functional and eclectic buildings. Writing this thesis has been one of the best experiences of my life, in despite of everything. When I have now reached the end of the road, there are a number of people I would like to thank. First and foremost, I want to thank my supervisor Per Ditlef Fredriksen, who always believed in me, challenged me, and pushed me further. I would also like to thank Julie Lund for inspirational supervision during the project description. Lofotr museum provided financial support during my trip to Borg in October 2009, and Lars Erik Narmo gave enthusiastic help and input. Maria Spitalen Valum, Silje Lillevik and Karianne Françoise Aamdal Lundgaard have generously taken the time to read and comment the text. I am especially grateful to Erik Johannessen, who revised my English. Furthermore, a big thank you goes to my closest family and friends for their encouragement and support. All fellow members of Nicolay also deserve thanks. I would furthermore like express my gratitude to my wonderful fellow students, with special regard to Silje Lillevik, for the early morning coffee and late night beers we have shared in happiness and frustration. I’ll never forget the lunches in the sun, wild dancing at parties, quiz at the pub – or those crazy girl nights. But most of all, I would like to thank Runar. Thank you for being there for me unconditionally, through good times and bad, not only through the process of writing a thesis, but every single day since we were sixteen years old. Nothing without you. Oslo, 5th May 2010 Marianne Hem Eriksen v Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... IX ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... IX PART I: THE HIGH HALL ­ BACKGROUND AND FRAMEWORK ................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Defining the hall .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Structure of thesis .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................ 6 Society objectified .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Buildings as meaningful structures ..................................................................................................................... 7 Pierre Bourdieu and symbolic power ................................................................................................................. 8 Material culture and social biographies ............................................................................................................. 9 Some concept definitions ................................................................................................................................. 10 Toward a theoretical framework ...................................................................................................................... 11 3. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ................................................................................................. 12 Socio‐spatial analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Challenges with socio‐spatial analysis .......................................................................................................... 13 Textual analysis and source criticism ................................................................................................................ 13 Challenges with textual analysis ................................................................................................................... 14 Heuristic device: the halls’ life‐stories .............................................................................................................. 14 4. STATE OF ART .......................................................................................................................... 16 The residence of power .................................................................................................................................... 16 Central places ................................................................................................................................................... 17 Hov .................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Comitatus, gifts and alliances ........................................................................................................................... 19 Cosmology and landscape ................................................................................................................................ 20 Old Norse religion, rituals and blót ................................................................................................................... 21 Figural gold foils ................................................................................................................................................ 22 Separate cultic buildings ................................................................................................................................... 23 500 CE – a century of structural change? ......................................................................................................... 23 Summary state of art ........................................................................................................................................ 24 5. PRESENTATION OF MATERIAL ................................................................................................. 25 vi Gudme, Funen, Denmark .................................................................................................................................. 28 Högom, Medelpad, Sweden ............................................................................................................................. 29 Borg, Nordland, Norway ................................................................................................................................... 31 Järrestad, Scania, Sweden ................................................................................................................................ 32 Tissø, Zealand, Denmark ................................................................................................................................... 34 Gamla Uppsala, Östergötland, Sweden ............................................................................................................ 34 Gammel Lejre, Zealand, Denmark .................................................................................................................... 36 Helgö, Uppland, Sweden .................................................................................................................................. 38 Slöinge, Halland, Sweden .................................................................................................................................. 39 PART II: ORDERING SPACE – ANALYSES ..............................................................................................
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