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Catálogo De Polen En Mieles De Apis Mellifera Provenientes De Zonas Cafeteras En La Sierra Nevada De Santa Marta, Magdalena, Co

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Catálogo De Polen En Mieles De Apis Mellifera Provenientes De Zonas Cafeteras En La Sierra Nevada De Santa Marta, Magdalena, Co Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 38(149):364-84, octubre-diciembre de 2014 Ciencias naturales Catálogo de polen en mieles de Apis mellifera provenientes de zonas cafeteras en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia Paula María Montoya-Pfeiffer1,*, Daniela León-Bonilla1, Guiomar Nates-Parra1 1 Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas LABUN, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 2 Laboratorio de Abelhas, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo Resumen Se presentan las descripciones morfológicas y fotografías de los granos de polen de 122 especies distribuidas en 54 familias, correspondientes a morfotipos encontrados en miel de Apis mellifera producida en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Se incluye información adicional sobre nombres comunes, presencia de nectarios, rangos de abundancia en la miel y observaciones ecológicas complementarias. Las familas que aportan el mayor número de especies son las siguientes: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae y Sapindaceae. Entre las especies nectaríferas predominantes en la miel se encuentran Austroeupatorium inulifolium, Critonia morifolia, Bursera simaruba, Croton hirtus (Croton spp.), Gliricidia sepium, Inga oerstediana, Adenaria floribunda, Heliocarpus americanus, Muntingia calabura, Rubus urticifolius( Rubus spp.), Coffea arabica y Vitis tiliifolia. Entre las especies no productoras de néctar aparecen como predominantes Astronium graveolens, Carludovica palmata, Begonia guaduensis (Begonia spp.), Trema micrantha, Hediosmum racemosum, Doliocarpus dentatus, Mimosa albida, Mimosa pudica, Poulsenia armata (Moraceae spp.), Piper aduncum (Piper spp.) y Cecropia peltata. Este trabajo se realizó con el fin de aportar una herramienta para los trabajos en melisopalinología que se vienen desarrollando en las regiones cafeteras de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y otras zonas de Colombia. Palabras clave: abejas, apicultura, melisopalinología, néctar, polen Pollen catalog for Apis mellifera honey from coffee regions in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia Abstract We present pollen grain morphological descriptions and photographies of 122 species distributed in 54 families, corresponding to morfotypes found in Apis mellifera honey produced in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Additional information about common names, presence of necteries, abundance range and complementary ecological observations is included. The families with the most number of species were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomataceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae and Sapindaceae. Preponderant nectar species were Austroeupatorium inulifolium, Critonia morifolia, Bursera simaruba, Croton hirtus (Croton spp.), Gliricidia sepium, Inga oerstediana, Adenaria floribunda, Heliocarpus americanus, Muntingia calabura, Rubus urticifolius (Rubus spp.), Coffea arabica and Vitis tiliifolia. Major nectarless species were Astronium graveolens, Carludovica palmata, Begonia guaduensis (Begonia spp.), Trema micrantha, Hediosmum racemosum, Doliocarpus dentatus, Mimosa albida, Mimosa pudica, Poulsenia armata (Moraceae spp.), Piper aduncum (Piper spp.) and Cecropia peltata.This catalog was done with the aim of providing a work tool for melisopalynological analysis undertaken in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and other coffee-growing regions in Colombia. Key words: Beekeeping, bees, melisopalinology, nectar, pollen. Introducción melisopalinología, constituye una herramienta metodoló- gica fundamental para reconocer el origen botánico de la Cuando las abejas van a las flores en busca de alimento, miel y diferenciarla según las características físicoquímicas, algunos granos de polen quedan adheridos a su cuerpo o permanecen inmersos en el néctar que recogen, de manera que los granos son transportados hasta las colmenas y luego *Correspondencia: Paula María Montoya Pfeiffer, [email protected] pueden encontrarse en la miel cosechada y comercializada Recibido: 25 de junio de 2014 por los apicultores. El estudio de estos granos de polen, o Aceptado: 16 de octubre de 2014 364 Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. 38(149):364-84, octubre-diciembre de 2014 Polen en mieles de A. mellifera microbiológicas y sensoriales que obedecen a dicho origen Se describieron los granos de polen a partir de ejemplares de (Crane, 1985). Además, en la miel se encuentran granos de referencia acetolizados (Erdtman, 1943) y depositados en las polen que sirven a las abejas como fuente de proteína y que, colecciones palinológicas del Laboratorio de Investigaciones aunque no proveen información sobre el origen botánico, en Abejas del Departamento de Biología de la Facultad de sirven de indicadores del origen geográfico, el cual también Ciencias de la Universodad Nacional (LABUN) y del Instituto representa un parámetro de diferenciación de la miel (Von de Ciencias Naturales (ICN), utilizando un microscopio óptico der Ohe, et al., 2004). Leica DM500 con 1.000 aumentos, contraste de fases y regli- lla micrométrica ocular. Se hicieron mediciones en diez granos En este sentido, los catálogos polínicos facilitan en gran de cada especie seleccionados aleatoriamente para calcular los medida el proceso de identificación de las especies vegetales rangos de diámetro polar (DP) y diámetro ecuatorial (DE), el que dan origen a la miel. Si bien ya existen varios catálogos grosor de exina, las dimensiones de colpos, poros, ornamentos para las especies colombianas (por ejemplo los elabo- de la exina y apocolpio. Se empleó la terminología del glosa- rados por Hooghiemstra, 1984, Jiménez & Rangel, 1997, rio elaborado por Punt, et al., (2007), con las traducciones al Velásquez, 1999, Rangel & Bogotá, 2001), todavía no se ha español propuestas por Velásquez (1999) y las categorías de realizado un trabajo completo enfocado en plantas melíferas forma (basadas en la proporción DP/DE) y ámbito definidas que incluya tanto fotografias como descripciones morfoló- por Erdtman (1943). Las fotografías se tomaron a 100x con gicas (Girón-Vanderhuck, 1995 y Giraldo, et al., 2011, una cámara Leica ICC50 HD y el programa Leica Application presentan únicamente fotografías). Con este trabajo se buscó Suite LAS EZ versión 2.1.0. aportar un documento de referencia para los análisis meli- sopalinológicos que se vienen desarrollando en las zonas Se recopiló información adicional de las especies relativa cafeteras de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (León-Bonilla, a los nombres comunes (Bernal, et al., 2013; Anónimo, en preparación), además de complementar los trabajos rea- 2013), las observaciones ecológicas (tomadas de ejemplares lizados por Nates-Parra, et al., (2013) y Giraldo, et al., depositados en el Herbario Nacional Colombiano), la pre- (2011). Se presenta, igualmente, información complementaria sencia o ausencia de nectarios (revisados en su mayoría por sobre nombres comunes, rangos de abundancia en la miel, Nicolson, et al., 2007) y los rangos de abundancia en las presencia de nectarios y otras observaciones ecológicas que muestras de miel: dominante (D) >45 %, secundario (S) 15 servirán para facilitar la determinación del origen botánico a 45 %, importante aislado (IA) 3-<15 %, aislado (A) <3 % y geográfico de la miel de estas regiones. (Louveaux, et al., 1970, Nates-Parra, et al., 2013, León- Bonilla, en preparación). Metodología Resultados El area de estudio comprende la vertiente occidental de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), entre los 500 y los A continuación se presentan las descripciones de 122 2.000 msnm, aproximadamente; la temperatura fluctúa entre especies agrupadas en 54 familias, entre las cuales 12 (4 12 y 24 °C y la precipitación es de 500 a 7.000 mm3. La familias) son de la clase Liliopsida y 110 (50 familias) son vegetación natural se clasifica en siete zonas de vida según de la Magnoliopsida. Las abreviaturas utilizadas en las des- Holdridge: bosque muy seco tropical (bms-T), bosque seco cripciones son las siguientes: DE = distancia ecuatorial, DP = tropical (bs-T), bosque húmedo tropical (bh-T), bosque distancia polar y M.E.= muestra estudiada. Las especies que húmedo subtropical (bh-ST), bosque húmedo montano aparecen como polen dominante y secundario en la miel de bajo (bh-MB), bosque muy húmedo montano bajo (bmh- la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (véase tabla 1) se presentan MB) y bosque muy húmedo montano (bmh-M) (Espinal en las figuras 1 a 5, y las especies aisladas e importantes- & Montenegro, 1963). Se estima que la cobertura vegetal aisladas aparecen como material suplementario en las figuras original se ha reducido en un 70 a 80 % como resultado del 1S a 16S. desarrollo de cultivos de café principalmente, así como de la CLASE LILIOPSIDA O MONOCOTILEDONEAS ganadería y otros cultivos menores como la caña de azúcar, el cacao y el plátano, entre otros (Anónimo, 2003). ARECACEAE Bactris gasipaes var. chichagui (H.Karst.) A.J.Hend. Para realizar este catálogo se seleccionaron 122 especies que (Figura 1S, http://www.raccefyn.co/index.php/raccefyn/article/ fueron identificadas a partir de los análisis melisopalinológicos downloadSuppFile/61/112; No. 1) llevados a cabo por Nates-Parra, et al., (2013) y León-Bonilla (en preparación). Para el caso de los morfotipos identificados Granos dimórficos con simetría radial o bilateral, heteropo- únicamente a nivel de familia o género, se escogió una especie lares, monocolpados o tricotomocolpados, oblados a esferoi- que estuviera bien representada en la región con base en dales, ámbito elíptico
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