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Sedimentary Characteristics Based on Sub-Bottom Profiling and the Implications for Mineralization of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese

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Sedimentary Characteristics Based on Sub-Bottom Profiling and the Implications for Mineralization of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Deep–Sea Research I 158 (2020) 103223 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research Part I journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri Sedimentary characteristics based on sub-bottom profiling and the implications for mineralization of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at Weijia Guyot, Western Pacific Ocean Bin Zhao a,b,c,**, Yong Yang a,b,*, Xiangyu Zhang a, Gaowen He a,b, Wenchao Lü a,b, Yuping Liu a, Zhenquan Wei a,b, Yinan Deng a,b, Ning Huang a a Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Guangzhou, 510760, China b Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Guangzhou, 510075, China c Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on seamounts have attracted much attention due to high economic potential Western Pacific ocean of various metals. Studies showed that seamounts in the Western Pacific Ocean are rich in cobalt-rich crusts, and Weijia Guyot Weijia Guyot (Ita Mai Tai) is one of the most promising one. Cobalt-rich crusts were drilled from this seamount in Sub-bottom profiling our previous investigation. This study evaluates promising areas of cobalt-rich crusts on the whole guyot. Sedimentary characteristics Combined the sub-bottom profiles, topography, scientific ocean drilling data with related studies, this paper Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts Metallogenic promising areas studied sedimentary characteristic and their implications for cobalt-rich crusts mineralization prospective areas on the summit of Weijia Guyot. Three types of stratum reflection characteristics were identified: pelagic deposits, oolitic limestone, and lagoonal mud. Reflection sequences in Chirp sub-bottom profiler records are well matched to stratigraphy obtained at Deep-Sea Drilling Project Sites 200 and 202. Cobalt-rich crusts promising minerali- zation areas were delineated based on the water depth, slope gradient and pelagic pinch-out line, with the area approximately 576.4 km2. This estimated number is 10% higher than the results from previous studies (approximately 436.6 km2). It provides great implication for exploration and mining-lease-block selection in the future. 1. Introduction zones of the highest abundance of cobalt-rich crusts in surveyed regions. The mineralization and distribution of crusts are influenced by As cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts (short for cobalt-rich crusts) multiple ore-controlling parameters. Several evidence show a relation- constitute important submarine solid mineral, a series of investigations ship between the coverage of cobalt-rich crusts/nodules and slope gra- and studies have been carried out since the 1980s (Craig et al., 1982; dients of seamounts in the Pacific Ocean (Yamazaki and Sharma, 1998). Halbach and Manheim, 1984; Halbach et al., 1987; Glasby et al., 1987; Cobalt-rich crusts are enriched in areas where the slope gradients are � Yamazaki, 1993; Yamazaki et al., 1996; Yamazaki and Sharma, 1998; greater than 15 , and coexist with sediments when the gradients are � � Verlaan et al., 2004; Hein et al., 2009; Asavin et al., 2010; He et al., between 4 and 15 , according to photo and video evidence. Ma et al. � 2011; Du et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2019a). Previous studies have indi- (2014) indicated that low slope gradients (3–7 ) contribute to the cated that cobalt-rich crusts occur on sediment-free surfaces of mineralization of crusts: as the slope increases, the thickness of crusts seamount slopes and summits. Crusts generate growing economic in- gradually decreases, according to submarine dredging, photos, videos, terest owing to potential of metal production, including manganese, and gradient data from central Pacific Ocean seamounts. Kim et al. cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements (REE), tellurium and platinum group (2013) and Yang et al. (2016a) analyzed the correlation between photos, elements (PGE)(Hein et al., 2000; Hein, 2000; Verlaan et al., 2004). To videos and geological sampling data with acoustic backscatter data, and identify promising areas of mining exploration, it is vital to delineate concluded that acoustic backscatter results can be used to determine the * Corresponding author. Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Guangzhou, 510760, China. ** Corresponding author. Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey of China Geological Survey, Guangzhou, 510760, China. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (B. Zhao), [email protected] (Y. Yang). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103223 Received 3 September 2019; Received in revised form 10 December 2019; Accepted 11 January 2020 Available online 18 January 2020 0967-0637/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. B. Zhao et al. Deep-Sea Research Part I 158 (2020) 103223 regional spatial distribution of cobalt-rich crusts. However, similar et al., 2017; Hein et al., 2009; Zhao et al., 2019a). backscatter intensity characteristics may implicate different surficial The Weijia Guyot was drilled, dated, and surveyed with gravity, deposits. Geological prospecting investigations carried out by Russian seismics, sub-bottom profiling, and magnetic methods (Heezen et al., scientists in the eastern segment of the Magellan Seamounts during the 1973; Heezen and MacGregor, 1973; Koppers et al., 1998; Asavin et al., cruise of the R/V Gelendzhik in 2003–2010 (Mel’nikov et al., 2010, 2010; Lee et al., 2003, 2005). Geochemical composition of cobalt-rich 2012), Asavin et al. (2010) and Novikov et al. (2014) attempted to ferromanganese crusts from Weijia Guyot contains mainly oxides of delineate the most promising seamount areas for future mining by use of Mn (up to 22.9 wt%), Fe (up to 21.4 wt%), S (up to 0.42 wt%), Co (up to geo-acoustic studies, shallow drillings, and sampling of cobalt-rich 8960 ppm), Ni, Cu, Zn, REE, Mo, Pt, and other trace and rare elements crusts. (Asavin et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2017). In addition, REE and PGE are He et al. (2005a) and Zhao et al.(2019a) explained interconnections found rich on the southern and southwestern slopes (Wang et al., 2017). between sub-bottom profiling and deep-sea video recordings in Geological sampling and geophysical surveys undertaken by China Western Pacific seamounts. They found the crust distribution can be Ocean Mineral Resource R&D Association has revealed the central revealed by synchronous application of sub-bottom profiling and video summit of the Weijia Guyot is constituted of covered by calcareous recordings. The lower boundary of the sediments corresponds with the pelagic oozes, while carbonate sediments cover the edges (Yang et al., upper boundary of crusts. Summarizing, the slope gradients, water 2016b; Wei et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017). depths, seafloor topography, sediments distribution and other As any of previous research identified the cobalt-rich crusts from parameters are main factors which control the distribution of mineral Weijia Guyot as a metallogenically prospective, we analyzed high pre- resources on seamounts. Several detailed research attempt to find the cision topographic data, sub-bottom profiles and archival materials and best method to delineate areas prospective with cobalt-rich crusts on publications, for purpose of detailed sedimentary characteristics of seamounts. guyot summits. The paper focus on architecture of sediments and deals Different studies shown the spire seamounts indicate higher crust with implications for exploration and mining-lease-block selection at abundances and coverage, than guyots (Chu et al., 2006). However, Weijia Guyot. restricted by the limitations of current mining technology, mining op- erations focus on the summit region of guyots, ridges, and plateaus on 2. Geological setting flat or shallowly inclined surfaces, such as summit terraces, platforms, and saddles, which show relatively smooth small scale changes with The Weijia Guyot is located at the southern end of the Magellan topography (Hein et al., 2000; Hein, 2000). Seamounts, in the Western Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1a). The Magellan Sea- The cobalt-rich crusts which are widely developed on the surface mounts are adjacent to the Mariana Trench and East Mariana Basin of guyots in the Pacific Ocean have been studied for more than half (EMB) to the west and southwest, respectively. The Malkuswick Islands a century (Asavin et al., 2010). The investigation of cobalt-rich crusts are located north and Marshall Islands southeast to the guyot (Fig. 1a). in China started around 1997 and has been carried out by more An L-shaped flank ridge extends west and south. The area of Weijia than twenty expeditions in the Central Pacific and Western Pacific Guyot summit is approximately 1459.7 km2. Plateau elevations are sea-mounts. The Weijia Guyot (Ita Mai Tai) studied in this paper is one generally situated at depths ranging from 1400 m to 2200 m. The most of these seamounts (He et al., 2001, 2005a; 2005b; Yang et al., 2016b; Wei Fig. 1. (a) Location map of study area; (b) Bathymetric map of Weijia Guyot, PB-Pigafetta basin, OFZ-Ogasawara fault zone, the gray solid lines are depth contours (meters); KFZ-Kashima fault zone, EMB-East Mariana Basin; the black dash survey lines modified from Lee et al. (2009); the solid black lines are the sub-bottom profiles used in this study; the bathymetry map came from the latest data measured by “Haiyangliuhao” of Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey (GMGS). 2 B. Zhao et al. Deep-Sea Research Part I 158 (2020) 103223 shallow part of the summit (about 1300 m) is located central eastern mainly composed of reef limestones (organic-clastic and oolitic lime­ � part of guyot. The slope gradients of the summit plateau vary from 0 to stones), planktonic limestones and micritic limestones, indicating ages � � 2 in central areas and increases up to 4 towards the edge (Lee et al., of Aptian/Turonian to Eocene (Mel’nikov et al., 2012). 2005; Mel’nikov et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2017). The Magellan Seamounts are located on Jurassic seabed of Pacific 3. Data and methods Plate and consist of several seamounts formed by volcanic activity during Cretaceous (Lee et al., 2003).
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