98709mvpTxt i_x 9/20/05 4:49 PM Page i CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 35 Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation Report of a Conference VOLUME 2: TECHNICAL PAPERS November 18–20, 2004 Chicago, Illinois Sponsored by Transportation Research Board Federal Highway Administration Department for Transport, United Kingdom Michigan Department of Transportation General Motors Corporation Iowa Department of Transportation New Mexico Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Federal Transit Administration Maritime Administration Washington State Department of Transportation Oak Ridge National Laboratory Washington, D.C. 2005 www.TRB.org 98709mvpTxt i_xR1 9/23/05 9:42 PM Page ii Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 35 ISSN 1073-1652 ISBN 0-309-09394-5 Subscriber Categories IA planning and administration IVB safety and human performance Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org or national-academies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334- 2519; or e-mail [email protected]). Printed in the United States of America. NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsi- ble for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The views expressed in the presentations and papers contained in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the committee, the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the sponsors of the conference. The conference was sponsored by the Transportation Research Board; the Federal Highway Administration; the Department for Transport, United Kingdom; the Michigan Department of Transportation; General Motors Corporation; the Iowa Department of Transportation; the New Mexico Department of Transportation; the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; the Federal Transit Administration; the Maritime Administration; the Washington State Department of Transportation; and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Committee on Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation: A Conference Sandra Rosenbloom, University of Arizona, Chair Susan A. Ferguson, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Susan L. Handy, University of California, Davis Sara McLafferty, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign Michael D. Meyer, Georgia Institute of Technology Laura L. Ray, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority Jane C. Stutts, Highway Safety Research Center, University of North Carolina Beverly G. Ward, Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida Liaison Members Jesse Blatt, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Linda Ng Boyle, University of Iowa Miranda Carter, Department for Transport, United Kingdom Jill Hochman, Federal Highway Administration Gloria Jean Jeff, Michigan Department of Transportation Elaine Murakami, Federal Highway Administration Effie Stallsmith, Federal Transit Administration Sherry B. Ways, Federal Highway Administration Consultant Susan B. Herbel, Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Transportation Research Board Staff Elaine King, Senior Program Officer Kimberly M. Fisher, Senior Program Officer Freda R. Morgan, Senior Program Associate Nancy Doten, Senior Program Assistant Bruce Millar, Meeting Coordinator TRB Publications Office Naomi Kassabian, Editor Mary McLaughlin, Proofreader Jennifer J. Weeks, Editorial Services Specialist 98709mvpTxt i_x 9/20/05 4:49 PM Page iii The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters per- taining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to asso- ciate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. William A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is a division of the National Research Council, which serves the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. The Board’s mission is to promote innovation and progress in transportation through research. In an objective and interdisci- plinary setting, the Board facilitates the sharing of information on transportation practice and pol- icy by researchers and practitioners; stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research results broadly and encourages their implementation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage more than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, fed- eral agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org 98709mvpTxt i_x 9/20/05 4:49 PM Page iv 98709mvpTxt i_x 9/20/05 4:49 PM Page v Preface n November 18–20, 2004, the Transportation concerns about women’s issues had moved well Research Board (TRB) convened a Conference beyond the research community into policy making Oon Research on Women’s Issues in Trans- and the planning and engineering processes. The sec- portation in Chicago, Illinois. The conference—TRB’s ond conference, sponsored by the Federal Highway third held on this subject—was sponsored by the fol- Administration, was organized by the Drachman Insti- lowing agencies, organizations, and companies with tute of the University of Arizona and by Morgan State an interest in advancing the understanding of women’s University. The third conference has continued the issues in transportation: TRB; the Office of Planning, trend of expanding the sponsorship, the breadth of Office of Interstate and Border Planning, and Office of topics covered, and participants’ backgrounds. Transportation Policy Studies of the Federal Highway Administration; the Department for Transport, United Kingdom; the Michigan Department of Trans- CONFERENCE PLANNING portation; General Motors Corporation; the Iowa Department of Transportation; the New Mexico This conference had two primary objectives: (a) to iden- Department of Transportation; the National Highway tify and explore additional research and data needed to Traffic Safety Administration; the Federal Transit inform transportation policy decisions that address Administration; the Maritime Administration; the women’s mobility, safety, and security needs