Development and Trial of a Two Year Program of String Instruction. Final Report
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 063 323 24 TE 499 832 AUTHOR Rolland, Paul; And Others TITLE Development and Trial ofa Two Year Program of String Instruction. Final Report. INSTITUTION Illinois Univ., Urbana. Schoolof Music. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau of Research. BUREAU NO BR-5-1182 PUB DATE Apr 71 CONTRACT OEC-3-6- 051182-1634 NOTE 511p. EDES PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$19.74 DESCRIPTORS Audiovisual Aids; Children;*Educational Programs; *Experimental Programs; Films;Instructional Materials; Learning Activities;*Musical Instruments; *Music Education; Projects;Research; Teacher Education; Teaching Techniques ABSTRACT A series of films focusedon movement education and rhythm training in string playingwith emphasis on the violinwere developed. An introductoryf ilm deals with principles ofmovement in string playing. Fifteen additionaltitles offer guidance to the student and teacher in thevarious details of basic string instruction. A summary filmpresents a final reparton the performance and progress of childrentrained in the Project at the end of formal instruction. Thecentral issue of the projectunder test was the hypothesis thatmovement training, designed tofree the student from excessive tensions,can be introduced within an organized plan of string instruction,and that such a plan, in the long run, will result in fasterlearning and better playingin all facets of instruction. The materialswere used and tested in an extensive two-year trial, involving22 teaching centers in Illinois and additional out-of-statetEsting centers. Products ofthe study include: a film series incolor on The Teaching of Action inString Playing's; an introductoryfilm and other films;a tune record and three exercise records.Recommendations include:(1) Teacher-training institutions hold the keyto the future of string instructionin the schools; and (2) Programmedteaching materials and theuse of audio-visual aids pointto a new era of efficient instructionof string instruments. (ForAppendix F, see ED 054 190.)(Author/OK) ..=r.,,,!:(41 ,1 ,r,.) - ..g,i :ir,,,,,,,, ..,,-. c 9 ...ai,,,, Z.,... r /...1. JiZi OW.:./7, ...Z. t 2 [ .: 14.. AV, . ....;.....lie , it,%/.., r , :,. ....".<'. Z.,,,,,,k." ,i:i -,, .,-? ':: .:.*4-1...:.,-. 5L-34,44, S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION '..,. & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION IIS 00CUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED (ACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM1HE PERSON DR IlGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF EW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECES. 5RILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EOU. eiTION POSITION OR POLICY 14N teN FINAL REPORT re\ Project No. 5-1182 CI LI) Contract No. OEC 3-6-051182-1634 DEVELOPMENT AND TRIAL OF A TWO YEAR PROGRAM OF STRING INSTRUCTION Project Director: Paul Rolland Associates: Marla Mutschler: Manuals, Final Report Richard Colwell: Research Design Arthur Johnson: Administration Donald L. Miller: State-wide Trial of Materials Univers i ty of I llinois (X, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Apri 1,1971 tr" The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the OfficeofEducation, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Wel- it fare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely their professional judgmentin the con- duct of the project. Pointsofview or opinions stated do not,therefore, necessarily represent official OfficeofEducation position or policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY vii CHAPTER I. Introduction 1 II. Related Study and Research 9 III. Preliminary Investigations 30 IV. Remedial Application 41 V. Development of Materials 44 List of Films 46 Teachers Manual: Principles of Motion in String Playing 49 Summaries of Films and Teachers Manuals: Rhythm Training 70 Establishing the Violin Hold 71 Learning to Hold the Bow 74 Playing at the Middle with Short Strokes 77 Principles of Left Hand and Finger Action 80 Establishing Left Hand and Finger Place- ment in the First Position 83 Extending the Bow Stroke 85 Developing Finger Movement . 88 Basic Shifting Movements 90 Bouncing the Bow 93 Martele and Staccato 94 Developing Flexibility 95 First Steps in Vibrato Teaching 98 Sustained and D6tachê Bowing 102 VI. The Project Recordings and Related Texts 109 VII. Meetings with Consultants and Cooperating Teachers . 112 VIII. The Urbana-Champaign Program 138 IX. Project Evaluation by F.A. Hellebrandt, M.D. 147 X. State-wide Trial of Materials 176 XI. Evaluation of Materials 186 A XII. Clinic Evaluations 319 XIII. Report on the Effect of Records in String Instruction 331 XIV. Other Activities 348 XV. Conclusions and Recommendations 350 LIST OF TABLES 1. Project Film Showings, 1967-68 183 2. Project Film Showings, First-Year Classes, 1968-69 . 184 3. Project Film Showings, Second-Year Classes, 1968-69 . 185 4. Tabulation of Film Surveys 192 5. Comparison of Interest in Music Subjects, Mean Scores 226 6. Comparison of Interest in Music Subjects, Low, Median, and High Scores 227 7. Comparison of Interest in General Music 228 8. Compatison of Interest in Strings 229 9. Tabulation of Photographs . 264 10. Video Tape Evaluation 269 11. Teacher Evaluation of Materials 293 12. Numerical Tabulation of Critics' Comments . 304 13. Results of Film Evaluation Questionnaire from Teachers Meetings and Workshops . 329 APPENDIXES A. Parents' Comments and Prugrams Presented by the Urbana-Champaign Classes 352 B. Articles about the Urbana-Champaign Classes 369 C. Evaluation Questionnaires, Forms, and Data Not Included in the Text 417 D. Suggested Curriculum Guide 472 E. List of Audio-visual Aids in String Instruction 499 F. Music (presented in a separate volume) PRODUCTS SUBMITTED SEPARATELY Seventeen 16 mm Color Films:The Telaching of Action in String Playing One Black and White Film:The Teaching of Kato Havas Wall Charts: Twenty-two Pages apel x 13 3/4" Four Recordings: One Tune Record and Three Exercise Records Three Video Tapes iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Project has been accomplished by the work and advice of manypeople. As Project Director I have been helped by the competent advice of many capable individuals when the work calledfor knowledge and ex- perience which I did not possess.While it is impossible to list here all who have participated in the research, the teaching, and the technical execution of work accomplished during the past four and a half years in this Project, there are a few whose names should be cited here for special thanks: Richard Colwell, James S. Ballinger, and Frank Spinosa, who havehelped greatly with the preliminary planning of objectives anddrafting of the proposal; The consultants, who gave time and wisdom during theearly stages of the Project in evaluations and shaping the proposed program:Ivan Galamian, Marjorie M. Keller, Robert H. Klotman, Jack Pernecky,Marvin Rabin, Roman Totenberg, and HOward M. Van Sickle; The eminent scientist, Dr. Frances M. Hellebrandt, M.D.,whose keen analysis near the completion of the Project has focused like abeacon on some important principles ofphysiology, justifying the achievements of the Project from the perspective of her field of discipline; Members of the University of Illinois staff, who have generouslygiven their time for work and consultation whether or not compensatedfor such work: Richard Colwell, Endre Granat, Arthur Johnson, DonMiller, and Thomas Wisniewski; Kelvin Masson, whose work as Research Associateduring the first year was interrupted because of illhealth; Marla Mutschler, Research Associate, who forthe past three years be- came indispensible with her mostcapable and untiring help in every facet of the Project, whether it be teaching,revision and editing of materials, research activities, or writing this Report. I am grateful to the many teachers in the statesof Illinois,Indiana, Texas, Iowa, Tennessee, and California whohave helped in thetrial and evaluation of our materials, and tothe many graduate andunder- graduate assistants who have assisted with the localteachingand with .the many chores of the Project. Thanks are due to the staff of the MotionPicture Service of the Univer- sity of Illinois for their professionaland artistic work in producing the highly successful and beautiful filmseries: The Teaching of Action in String Playing. Special thanks are due to two dearfriends and colleagues: Stanley Fletcher, who .volunteered to compose alarge-number of.beautiful and highly effective teaching pieces which he permitted the Project to use, and which highly motivated the children; to Margaret Farish for her enthusiastic help in the Project and for her creative collaboration in an allied project, helping to create a significant body of contemporary string literature for the early stages of instruction, samples of which were used with much success in the Project. And, finally, thanks arc due to my wife, Clara, without whose patience and understanding this Project could not have been accomplished. vi SUMMARY Development and Trial of a Two-Year Programof String Instruction Project Number: 5-1182 Contract Number: OEC-3-6-051182-1634 This Project developed a series of filmsfocused on movement education and rhythm training in string playingwith emphasis on the violin. An introductory film deals with principlesof movement in string playing. Fifteen additional titles offerguidance to the student and teacher in the various details of basic stringinstruction. A summary film pre- sents a final report on the performailce andprogress of children trained in the Project at the end of formalinstruction. Supplementing