Relationships Among Native and Alien Plants on Pacific Islands with and Without Significant Human Disturbance and Feral Ungulates

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Sesuvium Portulacastrum (L.) L

Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Sea Purslane (Portulaca portulacastrum) Other Common Names: Cenicilla, Shoreline Sea Purslane, Shoreline Purslane. Family: Aizoaceae, subfamily Sesuvioideae. Cold Hardiness: Not well documented, but plants are winter hardy in USDA zones 9(8b) to 13, with shoots damaged by temperatures below the upper to mid-20°F, while established root systems may survive in mulched or sheltered locations in warmer parts of USDA zone 8b. Foliage: Evergreen, alternate, simple succulent leaves are up to about 2 long and more or less cylindrical or flattened oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, tapering to point; bases tend to clasp the stems; foliage is generally reminiscent of a robust coarse textured moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora); in cool weather or when plants are under stress, the foliage takes on a reddish cast, but is otherwise a strong dark green color. Flower: Small ¾diameter solitary star-shaped flowers are borne on ¼ long peduncles in the axils of the leaves; showy portions of the flowers are the white, pinkish purple to pale purple, or bicolor interior of the sepals; numerous stamens surround a single pistil; flowers occur whenever temperature conditions permit, but are small and scattered in the canopy minimizing their aesthetic contributions. Fruit: Aesthetically inconsequential small ¼ long conical capsules develop with tiny smooth shiny black seeds that are shaken out by the wind after the lid-like top of the capsule matures and is lost. Stem / Bark: Stems — stems are snaky, long, rope-like, and mostly prostrate or pendent, although some genotypes are erect for brief periods of time prior to being weighted down to the ground as they grow; stems are thickened and succulent, nearly round in cross-section and light green, green, or reddish on new stems, these typically mature to a dark green as stems age; Buds — the tiny, foliose buds do not develop bud scales; buds are usually a similar color as the stems; Bark — not applicable.
Geology of Hawaii Reefs

11 Geology of Hawaii Reefs Charles H. Fletcher, Chris Bochicchio, Chris L. Conger, Mary S. Engels, Eden J. Feirstein, Neil Frazer, Craig R. Glenn, Richard W. Grigg, Eric E. Grossman, Jodi N. Harney, Ebitari Isoun, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, John J. Rooney, Ken H. Rubin, Clark E. Sherman, and Sean Vitousek 11.1 Geologic Framework The eight main islands in the state: Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe , Lanai , Molokai , Oahu , Kauai , of the Hawaii Islands and Niihau , make up 99% of the land area of the Hawaii Archipelago. The remainder comprises 11.1.1 Introduction 124 small volcanic and carbonate islets offshore The Hawaii hot spot lies in the mantle under, or of the main islands, and to the northwest. Each just to the south of, the Big Island of Hawaii. Two main island is the top of one or more massive active subaerial volcanoes and one active submarine shield volcanoes (named after their long low pro- volcano reveal its productivity. Centrally located on file like a warriors shield) extending thousands of the Pacific Plate, the hot spot is the source of the meters to the seafloor below. Mauna Kea , on the Hawaii Island Archipelago and its northern arm, the island of Hawaii, stands 4,200 m above sea level Emperor Seamount Chain (Fig. 11.1). and 9,450 m from seafloor to summit, taller than This system of high volcanic islands and asso- any other mountain on Earth from base to peak. ciated reefs, banks, atolls, sandy shoals, and Mauna Loa , the “long” mountain, is the most seamounts spans over 30° of latitude across the massive single topographic feature on the planet.
Dietary Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) Promotes the Growth Performance of Broilers by Modulation of Gut Microbiota

Wang et al. AMB Expr (2021) 11:31 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01190-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Dietary purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) promotes the growth performance of broilers by modulation of gut microbiota Cong Wang1, Qing Liu1,2, Fengchun Ye3, Hongbo Tang1, Yanpeng Xiong1, Yongfei Wu1, Luping Wang1, Xuanbiao Feng1, Shuiyin Zhang1,2, Yongmei Wan1 and Jianhua Huang1,2* Abstract Purslane is a widespread wild vegetable with both medicinal and edible properties. It is highly appreciated for its high nutritional value and is also considered as a high-quality feed resource for livestock and poultry. In this study, Sanhuang broilers were used to investigate the efect of feeding purslane diets on the growth performance in broil- ers and their gut microbiota. A total of 48 birds with good growth and uniform weight were selected and randomly allocated to four treatment groups A (control), B, C and D. Dietary treatments were fed with basal diet without purslane and diets containing 1%, 2% and 3% purslane. The 16S rDNA was amplifed by PCR and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform to analyze the composition and diversity of gut microbiota in the four sets of samples. The results showed that dietary inclusion of 2% and 3% purslane could signifcantly improve the growth performance and reduce the feed conversion ratio. Microbial diversity analysis indicated that the composition of gut microbiota of San- huang broilers mainly included Gallibacterium, Bacteroides and Escherichia-Shigella, etc. As the content of purslane was increased, the abundance of Lactobacillus increased signifcantly, and Escherichia-Shigella decreased. LEfSe analysis revealed that Bacteroides_caecigallinarum, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillales and Firmicutes had signifcant diferences compared with the control group.
Chassahowitzka Chassahowitzka Plan Comprehensive Conservation

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Chassahowitzka NationalWildlifeRefuge Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge Refuge Manager: Michael Lusk, (Project Leader) 1502 S.E. Kings Bay Drive Crystal River, FL 34429 Phone: (352) 563-2088 / ext. 202 Fax: (352) 795-7961 E-mail: [email protected] U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1 800/344 WILD http://www.fws.gov Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive ConservationPlan September 2012 Comprehensive Conservation Plan USFWS Photos Photo Credits: Operation Migration, by Keith Ramos Dog Island, by Amber Breland Chass Aerial, by Joyce Kleen Comprehensive Conservation Plans provide long-term guidance for manage- ment decisions; set forth goals, objectives, and strategies needed to accom- plish refuge purposes; and identify the Fish and Wildlife Service’s best esti- mate of future needs. These plans detail program planning levels that are sometimes substantially above current budget allocations and, as such, are primarily for Service strategic planning and program prioritization purposes. The plans do not constitute a commitment for staffing increases, operational and maintenance increases, or funding for future land acquisition. Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region September 2012 COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PLAN CHASSAHOWITZKA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Citrus and Hernando Counties, Florida U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Atlanta, Georgia September
NATIVE HAWAIIAN PRACTICES Permit Application

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Permit Application – Native Hawaiian Practices OMB Control # 0648-0548 Page 1 of 14 Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument NATIVE HAWAIIAN PRACTICES Permit Application NOTE: This Permit Application (and associated Instructions) are to propose activities to be conducted in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. The Co-Trustees are required to determine that issuing the requested permit is compatible with the findings of Presidential Proclamation 8031. Within this Application, provide all information that you believe will assist the Co-Trustees in determining how your proposed activities are compatible with the conservation and management of the natural, historic, and cultural resources of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Monument). ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT INFORMATION: • Any or all of the information within this application may be posted to the Monument website informing the public on projects proposed to occur in the Monument. • In addition to the permit application, the Applicant must either download the Monument Compliance Information Sheet from the Monument website OR request a hard copy from the Monument Permit Coordinator (contact information below). The Monument Compliance Information Sheet must be submitted to the Monument Permit Coordinator after initial application consultation. • Issuance of a Monument permit is dependent upon the completion and review of the application and Compliance Information Sheet. INCOMPLETE APPLICATIONS WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED Send Permit
Review on Sea Purslane JPP 2015; 3(4): 22-24 Received: 20-11-2014 Accepted: 02-12-2014 Manbir Kaur, Nitika

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2015; 3(5): 22-24 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 Review on Sea purslane JPP 2015; 3(4): 22-24 Received: 20-11-2014 Accepted: 02-12-2014 Manbir Kaur, Nitika Abstract Manbir Kaur Sea purslane is a creeping, ornamental plant of family Aizoaceae. It is a perennial herb that grows Khalsa College of Pharmacy, throughout the world. Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf showed the presence of alkaloid, Amritsar, Punjab, India. coumarin, flavonoid, phenol, steroid, tannins, terpenoid, and sugar in the different extracts. The plant Nitika possess broad spectrum activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as significant Khalsa College of Pharmacy, antifungal and antioxidant activity. It possess a number of bioactive constituents like Phytol, Squalene, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Vitamin E, Benzoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Oleic acid, eicosyl ester. Keywords: Sea purslane, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Aizoaceae 1. Introduction There are twelve different species in the genus Sesuvium which are distributed in different parts of globe. A short taproot, numerous seeds, 2–5 stigmas, stem with adventitious roots at the nodes and uniflorous inflorescences are considered/believed the main features of the genus. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. (seapurslane) belonging to family Aizoaceae is one of the fast growing, herbaceous, perennial, dichotomous plant of this genus. Sesuvium portulacastrum (godabari), was first published in 1953 as Portulaca portulacastrum by Carl Linnaeus. After six years Linnaeus displaced Portulaca into Sesuvium and it has remained same name ever since. Sesuvium portulacastrum also known as shoreline purslane or sea purslane is a sprawling perennial herb that can exist under stress conditions.
Portulacaceae – Purslane Family

PORTULACACEAE – PURSLANE FAMILY Plant: herbs, rarely shrubs Stem: usually fleshy or succulent Root: Leaves: simple, entire, opposite or alternate, or in basal rosettes; stipules mostly absent, may be represented by fleshy structures or modified into hairs Flowers: perfect; 2 sepals usually, rarely up to 9; 2-4-6 or > petals, united or separate at base; stamens usually opposite each petal, or more numerous in a bundle; ovary mostly superior or partially inferior, few to many ovules Fruit: capsule Other: mostly in southern hemisphere; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 30+ genera; locally Claytonia (spring-beauty), Montia, Portulaca, Talinum WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the 2 or more sepals, 4-6 (rarely more, often Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) 5) free petals, leaves simple and entire, no stipules; stem often succulent Examples of common genera Shoreline Seapurslane [Virginia] Spring-Beauty Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica Purslane [Little Hog Weed] Portulaca oleracea L. (Introduced) Largeflower Fameflower [Rock Pink] Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger Kiss Me Quick Portulaca pilosa L. PORTULACACEAE – PURSLANE FAMILY Ozark [Wide-Leafed] Spring-Beauty; Claytonia ozarkensis Miller & Chambers [Virginia] Spring-Beauty; Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica Largeflower Fameflower [Rock Pink]; Phemeranthus calycinus (Engelm.) Kiger Purslane [Little Hog Weed] Portulaca oleracea L. (Introduced) Kiss Me Quick; Portulaca pilosa
1 NIHOA ISLAND TRIP REPORT, 21-29 SEPTEMBER 2013 To

NIHOA ISLAND TRIP REPORT, 21-29 SEPTEMBER 2013 To: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Honolulu, Hawai‘i. From: Sheldon Plentovich, Chris Farmer, Joshua Fisher, Holly Freifeld, and Rachel Rounds Recommended Citation: Plentovich, S., C. Farmer, J. Fisher, H. Freifeld, and R. Rounds. 2013. Nihoa Island biological monitoring and management, 21-29 September 2013. Unpublished report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We conducted Variable Circular Plot surveys for Nihoa Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris) and the Nihoa Finch (Telespiza ultima) 23-28 September 2013 at 60 points. There were 270 Millerbird and 569 Nihoa Finch detections, with a range of 0 - 6 and 1 - 9 respectively. The detection rate of Millerbirds increased sharply between 2012 and 2013, suggesting there might have been an increase in this species. Conversely, the detection rate of Nihoa Finches declined, suggesting this species might have declined. The U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division is completing a report that will compare population estimates from the distance-based strip-transect and variable circular plot methods performed in 2012. Six banded Nihoa Millerbirds were resighted. Fourteen seabird species were observed on Nihoa and 13 of the 14 were nesting or had fledglings. Three species of migratory shorebirds were observed. Fifteen native plant species were found and appeared healthy. A total of 25 grey bird locusts (Schistocerca nitens) were observed during passerine surveys. A single non-native sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus) was detected and removed. The plant was located down slope from Cluster 2, about 100 meters above our campsite, with a little bit of green growth still present.
Necker Island Reserve Preservation Area

Necker Island Reserve Preservation Area MAP The reserve preservation area in this section is approximated using fathoms (fm) but shall be represented in future maps by the Secretary using straight- line boundaries in longitude and latitude coordinates to clearly encompass the reserve preservation area and to provide clarity and ease of identification. RESERVE PRESERVATION AREA The Reserve Preservation Area for Necker Island includes the waters and submerged lands from the seaward boundary of Hawaii state waters out to a mean depth of 100 fathoms, provided that commercial bottomfishing and trolling for pelagic species by recreational fishers and commercial bottomfishers shall be allowed to continue seaward of a mean depth of 25 fathoms, unless and until the Secretary determines otherwise after adequate public review and comment. ENVIRONMENT Necker Island is a hook-shaped dry volcanic island that includes about 45 acres of land. More than 380,000 acres of coral reef habitat are associated with the island. With regard to reef and coral development, Necker Island resembles Nihoa Island in several respects. Necker is a small island unable to buffer the impacts of strong waves that can break along the submerged shorelines from any direction. The effects of scour (surge combined with sand and other sediments) Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Northwestern is evident from the wave-cut bench in West Cove and the deeply cut sand channels and chasms at several locations in deeper water. The concentration of living corals on elevated surfaces is a manifestation of corals surviving better in less scour-prone environments. Although Necker is smaller than Nihoa, deeper coral reef shelf habitat surrounding Necker is more extensive.
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands/Kure Atoll Assessment and Monitoring Program

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands/Kure Atoll Assessment and Monitoring Program Final Report March 2002 Grant Number NA070A0457 William j. Walsh1, Ryan Okano2, Robert Nishimoto1, Brent Carman1. 1 Division of Aquatic Resources 1151 Punchbowl Street Rm. 330 Honolulu, HI 96813 2 Botany Department University of Hawai`i Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822 2 INTRODUCTION The Northwest Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) consist of 9,124 km2 of land and approximately 13,000 km2 of coral reef habitat. They comprise 70% of all coral reef areas under U.S. jurisdiction. This isolated archipelago of small islands, atolls, reefs and banks represent a unique and largely pristine coral reef ecosystem. The islands support millions of nesting seabirds and are breeding grounds for the critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal and threatened green sea turtle. The reefs include a wide range of habitats and support a diverse assemblage of indigenous and endemic reef species, many of which have yet to be described. Kure Atoll, located at the northwestern end of the NWHI chain (approximately 28º 25’ N latitude and 178º 20’ W longitude) is the northernmost atoll in the world. The atoll is located 91 km northwest of Midway Islands and nearly 1,958 km northwest of Honolulu. It is a nearly circular atoll with a diameter of 10 km (6mi). The outer reef is continuous Figure 1. IKONOS satellite image of Kure Atoll 3 and almost encircles the atoll’s lagoon except for passages to the southwest (Fig. 1). An emergent rock ledge consisting primarily of coralline algae and algally bound and encrusted coral is present along some sections of the reef crest.
The Hawaiian Islands –Tectonic Plate Movement

Plate Tectonics Worksheet 2 L3 MiSP Plate Tectonics Worksheet #2 L3 Name _____________________________ Date_____________ THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS – TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENT Introduction: (excerpts from Wikipedia and http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/Hawaiian.html) The Hawaiian Islands represent the last and youngest part of a long chain of volcanoes extending some 6000 km across the Pacific Ocean and ending in the Aleutian Trench off the coast of Alaska. This volcanic chain consists of the small section Hawaiian archipelago (Windward Isles, and the U.S. State of Hawaii), the much longer Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Leeward Isles), and finally the long Emperor Seamounts. The Leeward Isles consist mostly of atolls, atoll islands and extinct islands, while the Emperor Seamounts are extinct volcanoes that have been eroded well beneath sea level. This long volcanic chain was created over some 70 million years by a hot spot that supplied magma, formed deep in the earth’s interior (mantle), that pushed its way through the earth’s surface and ocean cover forming volcanic islands. As the Pacific Plate was moved by tectonic forces within the Earth, the hot spot continually formed new volcanoes on the Pacific Plate, producing the volcanic chain. The direction and rate of movement for the Pacific Plate will be determined with the help of the approximate age of some of the Hawaiian volcanoes and distances between them. Procedure 1: 1. Using the data provided in Table 1 , plot a graph on the next page that compares the age of the Hawaiian Islands and reefs to their longitude. 2. Label the island (reef) name next to each plotted point.
Common Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea)1

Weed Technology. 1997. Volume 11:394-397 Intriguing World of Weeds iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)1 LARRY W. MIT1CH2 Common purslane becomes quite permanently established where they are once introduced and will doubtless become weeds wherever they escape from cultivation.-William Darlington (1859) INTRODUCTION surprising, since it is a succulent plant with a water con tent of over 90% (Zimdahl 1989). Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), hereafter Purslane is one of the 12 noncultivated species that referred to as purslane, is a member of the purslane fam have been most successful in colonizing new areas ily, Portulacaceae, which comprises 25 widespread gen (Holm et al. 1977). It has become naturalized as a weed era of often succulent herbs and shrubs (Hyam and Pank hurst 1995). The genus Portulaca contains about 40 tropical and warm climate species. Portulaca oleracea subsp. sativa (L.) Schuebler and Mar tens is cultivated as a potherb and a medic (Gledhill 1985). It is charac terized by its taller upright growth habit and larger leaves and seeds (Gorske et al. 1979). \ Col1lll\On purslane (Portulaca oleracea). The site of origin of P. oleracea is not known. It has been reported to be a native of western Asia, and it was in the warmer parts of the world (Britton and Brown introduced into the U.S. from southern Europe (U.S. De 1898), infesting 45 crops in 81 countries, ranging from partment of Agriculture 1972). Others cite Europe as its Argentina to Zambia. Its seeds are spread by wind, water, native home; however, its succulent habit suggests that and with the seeds of crops; it is known also that some it is a desert or desert border plant that may have orig birds feed on them (Holm et al.