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Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in the Iron Gates Gorge: Physical Anthropology Perspective

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Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in the Iron Gates Gorge: Physical Anthropology Perspective TRANSITION FROM MESOLITHIC TO NEOLITHIC IN THE IRON GATES GORGE: PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY PERSPECTIVE by Mirjana Roksandic B.A. University of Belgrade ( 1987) M.A. University of Belgrade ( 199 1) D.E.A. Universitd de Bordeaux 1 ( 199 1) A THESIS SUBMlTTED [N PARTIAL FULFLLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY at the Department of Archaeology O Mirjana RoksandiC 1999 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY October 1999 Al1 rights reserved. This work may not be Reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means without permission of the author National Library Bibliothàque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Ssrvices seMces bibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettaut a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être Unprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT: The research presented here aims at disceming possible interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of the bon Gates Gorge (Serbia-Romania) and the th surrounding farmers. The region has, during the fhand the 6 rnillenniurns BC. witnessed the coexistence of Mesolithic culture of the Lepenski Vir -Schela Cladovei type and the Early and Middle Neolithic of the Balkans. represented in the region by Gura-Baciului and StarCevo. At the end of this coexistence, Neolithic settlements are confïrmed on one of the examined sites (Lepenski Vir), as well as downstream from the Gorge. integrated into the Middle Neolithic Starfevo-Cris-Koros complex. in order to examine the interactions of communities with different modes of subsistence (foraging and farming respectively), the nonmetric anatocnicd variünts of the skull and postcranial skeletons were exiunined on the four sites with the largest number of individuals buried: Padina. Lepenski Vir. Vlasac and Hajdurlka Vodenicü. The analyses were performed according to sites, chronological units, and combination of sites and chronological units. Anaher set of analyses, aimed at disceming environmental (occupation/nutrition) changes that could have affected the population in transition was performed on metric variables of postcranial skeleton. The combination of these two sets of andyses argues for local continuity within the region, with high degree of initial heterogeneity, and temporal ordering as the mosi likely explanation for the pattern of change. A more pronounced difference at the time of availability of contact with Neolithic populations in the region argiles for a limited "seeping in" of a non-local population that did not result in a change of either economic base or ideology. There is no evidence of an incoming population at the tirne of change to Neolithic economy and integration of sites into the cultural circle of the Balkan Neolithic, but rather of a local population accepting the new way of life. iii DEDICATION: To peoples and cultures. past and present. sacrificed to others' understanding of progress. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: For making the material available for the present research, 1 am indebted to Dr. Borislav Jovanovik and late Professor Dragoslav SrejoviC, principal investigators of the iron Gaies Gorge sites studied. i am indebted to my supervisors Professor Christopher Meiklejohn of the University of Winnipeg, and Professors Jonatliün Driver ünd Jack Nance üt Simon Fraser University for their guidance and support. To Professor Mary Jackes (Univenity of Alberta. Edmonton) for specific analyses and prompt response to al1 my requests and queries. To Dr. Borislav JovanoviC and Dr. Ivana RadovanoviC (hstitute of Archüeology. Belgrade) for unfailing confidence in my research and numerous discussions, to Dr. Zivko Miki6 (University of Belgrade) for logisiic help and expertise during my research in Belgrade. 1 am grateful to my late Professor Dragoslav SrejoviC, for sharing his insights and enthusiasrn for Lepenski Vir culture with me. To rny students and colleagues Iulija KeleEeviC, Sofija StefanoviC and many others in Belgrade for al1 the work they have done and Tracy Rogers from SRI for discussions. To Lynda Przybyla. Shannon Wood, Ann Sullivan and Robyn Banerjee at SFU for rnaking the student life easier. The reseürch was made possible by Wenner-Gren Foundütion for Anthropological Research Grant no. 6250. Ada and Isabelle Steele Mernorial Sc holarship (SFU).Graduate Travel Award (Sn]). 1 am indebted to Koshtana and Ivan for providing a meaning. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Titlc page I . Approvül Page 11 Abstract iii Ded icat ion i v Acknowledgements V Table of Contents v i ... List of Tables Vlll List of Figures xi Chüpter 1. Introduction 1.1. Theoretical background 1.2. Relrvance of this study 1.3. kpenski Vir Culture 1 -4. Orgünisat ion Chüpter 2. Problem of Distinguishing Mesolithic hmNeolithic 2.1. Detïnition of terms 2.1.1. Mesolithic 2.1.2. Neolithic 1.2. The lron Gütes Gorge context 2.3. Forüger-brmers interactions: possible sccnariot s) for Europe 2.4. Neoliihisation of Europe 2.5. The choice of study ürea 2.6. Why Mesolithic population of the lron Girtes Gorge 2.7. Questions Chapter 3. The Lepenski Vir Culture 3.1. Research. publication and interpreiation history 3 2. Nütunl seit ing and basic archaeological data 3.3. Chronology 3.4. People 3.5. Sites 3.5.1. Padina 3.5.9. Lepenski Vir 3.5.3. Vlrisac 3.5.4. Hüjduf ka Vodenica Chüpter 4. Methods 4.1. Nonmetric trait analyses 4.1.1. Background 98 4.1.2. Choice of characters 100 4.1.3. Reducing the number of variables 1 03 4.1.4. Description of traits and scoring procedures 108 4.2. Size and robusticity analyses 125 4.2.1. Sex determination and considerations of sexual dimorphisrn 128 Chapter 5. Analyses and Results 132 5.1. Statistical analyses of nonmetric traits 133 5.1.1. Formulae 134 5.2. The organisation and presentation of the analyses 135 5.2.1. Discussion on sides 139 5.2.2. Andysis based on the individuais (method 2b) for sites 141 5.2.3. Analysis based on elements (method 3) for sites 142 5.3. Results of the analyses of nonmetric traits 143 5.3.1. Analysis based on sites 144 5.3.1a. Subsamples based on sites with Frünzhausen 1 146 5.3.2. Su bsarnples based on chronology 1 49 5.3.2a Subsarnples based on chronology with Franzhausen 1 152 5.3.3. Subsamples based on combined chronology and sites L 55 5.3.3a Subsarnples based on cornbined chronology and sites with Franzhausen 1 158 5.3.4. Contribution of traits 162 5.4. Statistical analyses of metric variables 166 5.4.1. ANOV A tests 167 5.4.2. Principal Component Analysis of metric variables 174 Chapter 6. Discussion 182 6.1 . Insight from previous researc h 182 6.2. Insight from archaeological interpretation of the sites 190 6.3. Review of independently observed biological phenornena 193 Chapter 7. Conclusion 200 7.1. Combining the lines of interpretation 200 7.2. Future research 204 Bibliograph y 206 Appendix 1 - Nonmetric Data 237 Appendix 2 - Metric data 279 vii LIST OF TABLES: Table 1. Schematic representation of the chronological relationships between geographic regions of Southeast Europe. Dates BC only aproximate. Table 2. Game, fish, dog and other domestic animals in the Mesolithic and Neolithic of the iron Gates Gorge. Based on identifiable skeietal elements. (Adapted t'rom Radovanovic 1996: 57 and Bokonyi 1969: 224-225). Table 3. Synchronization for the sites in question: shaded areas represent appearance of the ceramics in the stratum: light shade - sporadic appearance, darker shade - ceramic is common as well as Pre- Balkan plateau flint, "Montbany type" of chipped Stone blades dong with the geometric microliths. (Based on Radovanovii: 1996a: 289. 1996b. 1996~.Radovanovic and Voytek 1997). Table 4. Absolute dates for Padina (from Burleigh and tivanovic 1980). Table 5. Absolute dates for Lepenski Vir iII settlement. (from Bonsall et al. 1997: Table 6). Table 6. Absolute dates for Vlasac (from Bonsall et al. 1997: Table 6) Table 7. Synchronization of Hajdutka Vodenica by areas of excavation. (Adapted from RadovanoviC l996a). Table 8. Cranial traits examined in the study (l=left and r-right for paired bones) Table 9 Postcranial traits examined in the study (I=left and r=rîght for paired wnes) Table 10. Traits used in various combinations in the find analyses. Sides pled. Table 1 1 (0.1). "kWand "N" values for sites based on individuals Table 12 (0.3). Resulting "2"matrix based on individuals Table 13 (0.1). "k" and "N"values for sites based on elements. Table 14 (0.3). Resulting "ZNmatrix based on elements Tabfe 15 (1.1). "k" and "Nuvalues for traits used in the analysis of sites Table 16 (1.2). The output of the statisticd analysis of sites viii Table 17 (1.3). Matrix based on Z values for sites. 144 Significant relationships are outlined in bold. Table 18 (hl) "k" and "N" values for traits used in the analysis of sites with 146 Franzhausen 1. Table 19 (1a.2). The output of the statistical analysis of sites with Franzhausen 1. 147 Table 20 (la.3). Matrix of Z values for sites with Franzhausen 1. Significant 147 relationships are outlined in bold. Table 2 1 (2.1). "k" and "N" values for traits used in the analysis of chronological 149 units.
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