Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area, 4Th Edition

AGREEMENT ON THE CONSERVATION OF Doc: AEWA/MOP 4.8 AFRICAN-EURASIAN MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS Agenda item: 11 a. Original: English

Date: 18 August 2008 4th SESSION OF THE MEETING OF THE PARTIES 15 – 19 September 2008, Antananarivo, Madagascar

“Flyway Conservation at Work – Review of the Past, Vision for the Future"

REPORT ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS IN THE AGREEMENT AREA, 4TH EDITION

Introduction

According to Paragraph 7.4 of the AEWA Action Plan the Agreement Secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and the Parties, shall prepare a series of international reviews necessary for the implementation of the Action Plan, including, inter alia, a Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area (aka Conservation Status Report – CSR).

The CSR has been produced for each session of the Meeting of the Parties so far. Its fourth edition includes the calculation of trends of some populations for the first time as well as a new feature – the Red List Index of the AEWA species, calculated by BirdLife International.

CSR4 like the previous editions was compiled by Wetlands International. It was approved by the Technical Committee at its 8th meeting in March 2008 and endorsed by the Standing Committee at its 5th meeting in June 2008 for submission to MOP4. Conclusions from this report served as a basis for draft Resolution 4.2 as well as for proposing amendments to Table 1 of the AEWA Action Plan (see document AEWA/MOP 4.24 and draft Resolution 4.11.

Action requested from the Meeting of the Parties

The Meeting of the Parties is invited to note the 4th edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area and take its conclusions and recommendations into account in the decision making process.

AGREEMENT ON THE CONSERVATION OF

AFRICAN-EURASIAN MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS

Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area

Fourth Edition Final Draft

Report prepared by Wetlands International

Simon Delany, Tim Dodman, Derek Scott, Stuart Butchart, Georgios Martakis & Toon Helmink

Funded by the European Commission

February 2008

CONTENTS

Key findings of the 2007 Conservation Status Report...... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 4

INTRODUCTION...... 6 SECTION 1 Geographical distribution waterbird families and populations...... 8 SECTION 2 Population Estimates ...... 11 SECTION 3 Population Trend Estimates ...... 16 SECTION 4 Globally Threatened Species...... 22

A Red List Index for species listed on the Agreement on the Conservation of African- Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)…………………………………………………………… ..31

TABLE 1 Population Sizes & Trends Waterbirds included In the Agreement...... 39 TABLE 2 Population Sizes & Trends Waterbird Species proposed for inclusion ...... 82 SOURCES TABLES 1 & 2 ...... 86 TABLE 3 Waterbirds occurring in Agreement Area; considered inappropriate for inclusion . 87

ANNEX 1 Species of waterbirds occurring in the Agreement Area but considered inappropriate for inclusion in The Agreement ...... 91 ANNEX 2 History of the AEWA Conservation Status Report...... …98 ANNEX 3 Explanation of methods used to list populations in Table 1...... 100 ANNEX 4 Analysis of waterbird population trends in Europe, 1974-2005, based on data from the International Waterbird Census (IWC)...... 102 ANNEX 5 Report Seabirds African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement 2005...... 236

Key findings of the 2008 Conservation Status Report

State of knowledge

• In the entire AEWA region, estimates are now available for 98% of the 522 waterbird populations covered by the Agreement. This is satisfactory, but the quality of many of the estimates remains low. Population trend estimates (whether decreasing, stable or increasing) are currently available for 71% of these populations.

• The quantity and quality of waterbird population estimates and trends in 2008 was considerably higher in Europe, and particularly in northern and western Europe, than in the rest of the AEWA region.

• The state of knowledge of waterbird trends has improved considerably since AEWA came into force, and the number of populations for which there is no estimated population trend decreased from 41% in 1999 to 29% in 2008. The proportion of known population trends thus increased from 59% to 71%.

• Overall, the trend status of waterbirds in the Agreement area has worsened between 1999 and 2008. The proportion of known populations that was estimated to be increasing declined from 25% in 1999 to 21% in 2008, the proportion estimated to be stable increased from 33% to 37%, and the proportion estimated to be decreasing stayed at a very similar level, decreasing from 42 to 41%.

• A clear majority of populations, 345 out of 522 (66%) have not changed their known trend category between 1999 and 2008. Of these, 138 populations (40%) had unknown trends in both years, 92 populations (27%) showed a decreasing trend in both years, 68 (20%) showed a stable trend in both years and 47 (14%) showed an increasing trend in both years. Of the 206 populations with unknown trends in 1999, 138 (67%) remained unknown in 2008. Of the remaining 68 (33%) populations, 28 showed a decreasing trend in 2008, a further 27 were estimated to be stable, and just 13 were estimated to be increasing

• Improvements in the quality of IWC data allowed the first comprehensive trend analysis of IWC data from the East Mediterranean/Black Sea region and revealed that a much higher proportion, 75%, of populations of waterbirds counted in this region are decreasing compared with other parts of Europe. Careful interpretation is required, however, and many of the observed changes may be a result of a geographical shift in distribution of populations to regions further north and east in Russia and Ukraine that are not regularly counted.

Priority Geographic areas

• The quality of population estimates is high for non-breeding waterbirds in northern, western and central Europe. In most other regions, there is a need to improve the quality of estimates, and this need is greatest in Asian, sub-Saharan African and eastern European portions of the AEWA region.

• In the AEWA region as a whole, of populations covered by the Agreement with known trends, nearly twice as many show decreasing trends (41%) as increasing trends (21%). In the part of the Agreement Area in Asia, the situation is much worse: only 11% of populations are known to be increasing, but five times as many, fully 55% of populations are known to be decreasing. 42% of population trends in Asia remain unknown, however, and the need to improve knowledge of population trends is greatest in this part of the AEWA region, where the proportion of decreasing populations is also the highest.

• Altogether, 34 of the 38 AEWA Globally Threatened or Near Threatened species are found in Africa, 17 in the part of the Agreement Area in Asia and only 15 in Europe. Africa holds the highest proportion of populations recognised as being Globally Threatened – 13.3% of all AEWA populations occurring there are Globally Threatened or Near Threatened, compared with 7.3% in Europe and 11.5% in Asia.

Status of different waterbird groups

• A Red List Index (RLI) prepared by BirdLife International shows that, overall, AEWA species are less threatened than all bird species globally (i.e. RLI values are greater), but between 1988 and 2008 their status has deteriorated faster (i.e. the RLI slope is steeper).

• The AEWA region holds 21 species which are Globally Threatened according to IUCN Criteria, and a further 17 which are Near Threatened. The four most endangered species covered by the Agreement, appearing in the Critically Endangered category, are Northern Bald Ibis, Siberian Crane, Sociable Lapwing and Slender-billed Curlew. There are five species in the Endangered category: Bank Cormorant, Madagascar Pond Heron, Red-breasted Goose, White-headed Duck and White- winged Flufftail. The nine most endangered species in AEWA thus each belong to a different family.

• Families with a high proportion (100% to 35%) of unknown population trends are, in descending order, as follows: thick-knees, divers, plovers, crakes & rails, coursers & pratincoles, gulls & terns, herons & egrets.

• Families with a high proportion of their populations (50% or more) showing decreasing trends are, in descending order, as follows: penguins, boobies, shoebill, skimmers, oystercatchers, coursers & pratincoles, crakes & rails, cranes, grebes, plovers and divers.

• Families in both categories (i.e. having a high proportion of populations with unknown trends, and a high proportion of those with known trends in decline) are perhaps most in need of baseline information: divers, plovers, crakes & rails, and coursers & pratincoles.

Causes of population changes

• Our ability to describe the distribution, numbers and population trends of waterbirds is improving steadily, but our ability to explain them remains limited. This report is largely descriptive and in future it may be possible to include information on the causes of changing population status and trends.

Priorities for further Conservation work

The high number of populations whose trends are still unknown or decreasing in 2008, and the relatively low numbers that aere stable or increasing give considerable cause for concern. Preparation of this report has identified or confirmed a number of priorities that should be addressed by AEWA.

1. Enhance the quality and quantity of monitoring and surveillance of waterbirds

The largest single source of data on waterbird numbers, distribution and trends for AEWA is the International Waterbird Census (IWC). In order to produce more data of higher quality that better serves the needs of AEWA, the following improvements in IWC are needed: • Expansion of IWC into a representative set of sites in all countries in the AEWA region. • Counts at times of year additional to January and July, to allow monitoring of waterbirds during migration and breeding seasons. • Special surveys of species not well monitored by IWC methodology, especially cryptric species, nocturnal species, colonially nesting species and species with dispersed distributions.

Additional monitoring is also needed to obtain an understanding of the biological processes that underly population changes in each species. This should involve: • Internationally coordinated monitoring of productivity of a wide selection of species. A relatively high proportion of waterbird populations have centres of breeding distribution in Arctic and Boreal Russia, and the inclusion of Russia in AEWA processes should remain a high priority. • Internationally coordinated monitoring of mortality of as many species as possible, including hunting mortality, and making more effective use of data derived from bird ringing.

Better understanding of the migrations and movements of waterbirds is also needed, requiring: • Full analyses of existing ringing data and their use in preparation of flyway atlases for all waterbird species in the AEWA region, as well as enhancement of bird ringing programmes wherever necessary.

• Satellite telemetry studies of selected species.

2. Improve knowledge of the causes of changes in waterbird status and trends

An improved understanding of causes of change in waterbird numbers will be gained by: • Systematic, comprehensive literature reviews. • More sophisticated analyses of data derived from waterbird counting and ringing. This will include the use of GIS to allow spatial analysis of bird count and movement data in relation to land use, climate and other relevant datasets. • Work on habitat use by waterbirds. The inclusion of habitat data in a GIS directory of count sites will allow better understanding of ecological processes influencing waterbird demography. Habitat types that are currently inadequately covered by waterbird survey work include offshore marine areas, wetlands in arid regions, grasslands and steppes, and African swamps. • Increasing numbers of waterbirds can indicate underlying environmental problems as well as decreasing ones, and research into the species and habitats involved should be a priority.

Implementation of these priorities will require large-scale capacity development in most countries in the AEWA region.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

It is a requirement of AEWA that at each of its ordinary sessions, the Meeting of the Parties shall consider actual and potential changes in the conservation status of migratory waterbirds. The purpose of this report is to provide this information, which comprises the basic material for operation, updating and evaluation of the Agreement.

Population estimates. Estimates have now been made for 98% of the populations covered by the Agreement, 510 out of 522. This is satisfactory, but the quality of many of the estimates remains low, and improvement of these should be a priority. Altogether, 22 waterbird families are included in the Agreement. The family with the most populations is the ducks, geese and swans which comprises 25% of all 522 populations in the Agreement area. The next highest proportions of populations are found in gulls & terns with 15% of populations, and sandpipers and allies with 13%. About one in six populations covered by the Agreement is rather small: overall, 82 populations, 16% of those covered by the Agreement, fall into the smallest population size category of 10,000 or fewer individuals. Six families have more than 30% of their populations in the lowest population category: Shoebill, divers, cranes, oystercatchers, and storks, ibises & spoonbills.

Population trends by family and region. Population trend information is now available for 370 out of the 522 populations covered by the Agreement (71%). In the entire AEWA region, 29% of the 522 populations are thus lacking information on population trends. In Africa, the proportion of populations lacking trend information is 28%, in Asia 42%, and in Europe the proportion is 23%. Waterbird population trends are thus considerably better known in Europe, and considerably less well known in Asia than in the other regions. There is a strong need to obtain trend estimates for the many populations still lacking this information, and to improve the quality of trend information available for most populations..

In the AEWA region as a whole, of populations covered by the Agreement with known trends, nearly twice as many show decreasing trends as increasing trends. Altogether, 41% of populations with known trends are decreasing, 37% are estimated to be stable and only 21 % are increasing. A similar pattern in population trends to this overall picture is shown in Africa and Europe, but in Asia the situation is much worse: only 11% of populations are known to be increasing, but five times as many, fully 55% of populations are known to be decreasing. More data on waterbird population trends in Asia are needed, and research into the causes of all population trends, but especially the relatively high proportion of decreasing populations in the Asian portion of the AEWA region, should also be an urgent priority.

Families with especially poorly known population trends, having between 0% and 45%, of populations for which trend estimates are available are as follows: thick-knees, divers and plovers. Altogether, eleven families (half of all families) have half or more of estimated populations (with known trends) showing a decreasing trend, as follows: penguins, boobies, Shoebill, skimmers, oystercatchers, coursers & pratincoles, cranes, crakes & rails, grebes, plovers and divers. Sandpipers & allies, with 49%, also very nearly qualify for this category. Divers, plovers and crakes & rails are rather poorly known overall and a high proportion of decreasing populations amongst known forms indicates three families in urgent need of study.

Increasing trends are far less prevalent, and nine out of 22 families (36%) covered by the Agreement altogether lack increasing populations The family with the highest proportion of known populations that are estimated to be increasing is pelicans, with 43% of populations showing this trend. Four families have 33% of their populations showing increasing trends: grebes, cormorants, herons & egrets and oystercatchers.

Overall, the trend status of waterbirds in the Agreement area worsened between 1999 and 2008. The state of knowledge of waterbird trends improved considerably, however, and the number of populations for which there is no estimated population trend decreased from 41% in 1999 to 29% in 2008. The result of this is that the proportion of known populations that was estimated to be increasing declined from 25% in 1999 to 21% in 2008, the proportion estimated to be stable increased from 33% to 37%, and the proportion estimated to be decreasing stayed at about the same level, decreasing from 42% to 41%. A total of 92 populations that showed a decreasing trend in 1999 are still considered to be decreasing in 2008. By comparison, only 47 populations that were increasing in 1999 were still considered to be increasing in 2008.

Analysis of population trends in Europe using IWC data. The results of an analysis of population trends of 67 waterbird species in five regions of Europe and North Africa are presented in preliminary form in Annex 4. Detailed interpretation of these data is beyond the scope of this report. Many waterbird populations are increasing, but these increases can be a response to adverse environmental effects such as eutrophication of wetlands and farmland and the impacts of climate change.

Many populations are apparently decreasing, and analysis revealed that the region where decreases are predominant is the East Mediterranean/Black Sea region, where 75% of populations for which analyses were undertaken were found to be decreasing. Some of the most numerous and widespread European species appear to be in long-term decline, for example Mallard Anas platyrhynchos in North-west Europe and the East Mediterranean/Black Sea regions, Common Pochard Aythya ferina in North-west Europe, West Mediterranean and East Mediterranean/Black Sea regions, and Common Coot Fulica atra in the Baltic/Nordic, North–west Europe and East Mediterranean regions. Species apparently decreasing in both the Baltic/Nordic and East Mediterranean/Black Sea regions include Mute Swan Cygnus olor, Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula and Common Redshank Tringa totanus. Species decreasing in both West Mediterranean and East Mediterranean/Black Sea are Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula and Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina. Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus is decreasing in Central Europe and the East Mediterranean/Black Sea region, and Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima is decreasing throughout its European wintering range in the Baltic/Nordic and North-west Europe regions. Three Gull species are also showing widespread decreases, Common Gull Larus canus in North-west and Central Europe, Herring Gull, Larus argentatus in North-west Europe and West Mediterranean, and Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus, throughout its European range in Baltic/Nordic and North-west Europe.

Globally Threatened species. The Agreement includes 38 species (divided into 61 populations) which are recognised by BirdLife International as being Globally Threatened or Near Threatened.

Atogether, 34 of the 38 AEWA Globally Threatened or Near Threatened species are found in Africa, 17 in Asia and only 15 in Europe. Africa holds the highest proportion of populations recognised as being Globally Threatened – 13.3 % of all AEWA populations occurring there are Globally Threatened or Near Threatened. Europe holds the lowest proportion with 7.3 % of populations in these categories. The proportion of Globally Threatened and Near Threatened populations in Asia, at 11.5% is comparable to that found in Africa. The four most endangered species covered by the Agreement, appearing in the Critically Endangered category are Northern Bald Ibis, Siberian Crane, Sociable Lapwing and Slender-billed Curlew. There are five species in the Endangered category: Bank Cormorant, Madagascar Pond Heron, Red-breasted Goose, White- headed Duck and White-winged Flufftail. The nine most endangered species in AEWA thus each belong to a different family, and only two of them, Red-breasted Goose and White-headed Duck, occur regularly in Europe.

A Red List Index (RLI) prepared by BirdLife International shows that, overall, AEWA species are less threatened than all birds (i.e. RLI values are greater), but their status has deteriorated faster (i.e. the RLI slope is steeper). The former result is perhaps not surprising given that migrants overall tend to be less threatened than non-migrants. The latter result indicates that this subset of migrants is being particularly impacted by threatening processes, in particular the loss and degradation of their wetland habitats.

Table 1. Presents population estimates and trends for all 522 populations of 235 waterbird species now included in the Agreement. The estimates and trends presented in the first (1999) second (2002) and third (2007) editions of the report are also included, together with revisions proposed by means of this report. In total, updates have been included for 30 of the 522 populations currently included in the Agreement. Changes in waterbird population boundaries since the Third Edition of the Conservation Status Report involve a new division of populations of White-tailed Plover Charadrius marginatus in Africa and Common Redshank Tringa totanus in Europe, and recognition of an additional population of Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima.

Table 2. lists populations of seabirds agreed in 2005 as being potentially appropriate for inclusion the Agreement. The list has been extensively reviewed and updated for this edition of the report (Annex 5).

INTRODUCTION

In Article II of the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds, Parties agree, as a fundamental principle, to take co-ordinated measures to maintain migratory waterbird species in a favourable conservation status or to restore them to such a status. To this end, the Parties agree to apply within the limits of their national jurisdiction a number of general conservation measures prescribed in Article III of the Agreement, as well as a number of more specific actions determined in the Action Plan appended to the Agreement. While in the great majority of cases, successful implementation of the conditions and provisions of the Agreement can only be accomplished by the Parties themselves, either at national level or through bilateral or multi-lateral co-operative programmes, there are several areas in which a broad international approach is required. This is especially the case with respect to the compilation of international reviews of the conservation status of the waterbird species covered by the Agreement.

If the populations of migratory waterbirds are to be conserved effectively, it is essential that reliable information is available on their current status. This will include information on the size of the various populations, their breeding ranges, wintering distributions and migration routes, and the long-term trends in their population levels. It is a requirement of the Agreement (Article VI, paragraph 8) that at each of its ordinary sessions, the Meeting of the Parties shall consider actual and potential changes in the conservation status of migratory waterbirds and the habitats important for their survival, as well as the factors which may affect them. In paragraph 7.4, the Action Plan calls for the preparation of reports on the status and trends of populations covered by the Agreement, and in paragraph 7.5, requires that these reports be updated at intervals of not more than three years. Such information provides the basic material for operation, updating and evaluation of the Agreement. The need for regular reviews of the conservation status of the species of waterbirds covered by the Agreement is therefore evident.

Fourth Edition

This fourth edition of the AEWA Conservation Status Report, published in 2008, closely follows the third edition in including a number of differences in approach from the first two editions (Annex 2). Delegates at MoP 2 in Bonn (2002) expressed a need for a report with a higher analytical content. They also asked for more accessible summaries of the conservation status of waterbirds in the Agreement Area, and requested the Technical Committee to review possibilities. A small working group in the Technical Committee drafted a proposal for modifications to the format that was approved by the full Committee. This was made available in 2005 at AEWA MOP3 in Dakar, Senegal, as document AEWA/Inf. 3.1., which followed these recommendations as closely as possible.

The report presents information in the form of tables and graphs, with interpretive texts. The information presented is based on information included in the Wetlands International publication Waterbird Population Estimates - Fourth Edition, published in 2006. This information was updated in 2008 following a major analysis of IWC data (see Annex 4.), together with consultation of 26 additional new sources.

The report is divided into four sections, with three summary tables and five annexes:

Section 1. summarises the numerical and geographical distribution of waterbird families included in the Agreement. The proportion of populations belonging to each family group in the AEWA region as a whole and each of Africa, Asia and Europe is presented,

Section 2. summarises the population estimates. Tables and graphs show the number of AEWA waterbird populations in each family in each of five population size categories in the AEWA region as a whole and in each of of Africa, Asia and Europe.

Section 3. summarises the estimated trends in abundance of the populations. Pie charts illustrate the proportion of waterbird populations in the AEWA region as a whole and in each of Africa, Asia and Europe showing each trend tendency. Tables summarise this information according to each family group. Estimated trends presented in the first AEWA Conservation Status Report in 1999 are compared with those presented in the current, fourth edition in 2008 by means of interpreted tables.

Section 4. focuses on Globally Threatened species. The proportion of AEWA waterbird populations in each IUCN Red List category in the AEWA region as a whole and each of Africa, Asia and Europe is shown, and more detailed graphs show the proportion of populations of Globally Threatened and Near Threatened AEWA species from each family in each threat category. A Red List Index (RLI) prepared by BirdLife International compares the proportion of AEWA species that are threatened with all bird species globally, and compares

6 the rate of change in the index for the two groups.

Table 1. presents population estimates and trends for all 522 populations of 235 waterbird species now included in the Agreement. The estimates and trends presented in the first (1999), second (2002) and third (2006) editions of the report are also included, together with revisions proposed by means of this report. The sources which are the basis of the proposed revisions are given in a list at the end of Table 2, and a brief justification is given for each proposed change. In total, updates have been included for 30 (6%) of the 522 populations currently included in the Agreement.

Table 2. presents the population sizes and trends of 33 populations of 21 species proposed for inclusion in the Agreement subject to discussion by delegates at MoP4. This table has been extensively revised for this edition

Table 3. has been extracted from the Second Edition of the AEWA Conservation Status Report (2002) and presents information on species of waterbird considered inappropriate for inclusion in the Agreement at that time.

Annex 1. is a table listing species of waterbird occurring in the Agreement area but considered inappropriate for inclusion in the Agreement.

Annex 2. presents a brief history of the AEWA Conservation Status Report.

Annex 3. is a summary of the methods used to compile Table 1.

Annex 4. is a summary on graphs and tables of the analysis of population trends of 67 waterbird species in Europe based on IWC data

Annex 5. is a separate report which provides a basis for the update of Table 2, titled Population sizes and status of tropical and sub-tropical seabird populations proposed for inclusion in the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement in 2005, and of additional candidate species.

This fourth edition of the Conservation Status Report, being produced within a year of the third edition, has been thoroughly updated but many sections remain little changed. The principal additions have been results of an analysis of waterbird population trends in Europe, presented in Annex 4, and updates of Table 1 and Table 2 from new sources that became available during 2007.

SECTION 1 Geographical distribution of waterbird families and populations included in the Agreement

Division of populations into families Figure 1a shows the percentage of the 522 waterbird populations included in the Agreement belonging to each of 22 families. In future, consideration might be given to merging groups of closely related families to form fewer, larger groups for analysis. For example, boobies might be merged with pelicans, Shoebill with storks, ibises and spoonbills, Crab Plover with oystercatchers, stilts and avocets, thick-knees with coursers and pratincoles, and gulls & terns with skimmers. Reducing the disproportionately large size of the two biggest families in the Agreement area, the swans, geese and ducks, and the Sandpipers & allies, into smaller groups based on their genera, might also be considered. In this report, for the sake of simplicity and ease of justification, each family is treated separately.

Geographic division of the AEWA region for comparison of patterns The populations included jn AEWA are by definition migratory, and many of them have a wide geographical distribution. Care is therefore needed when dividing the AEWA region into areas for the purposes of comparison. Whatever division is used, a high proportion of species have populations in two or more regions, and these overlaps in geographical range cause strong similarities between regions in observed patterns of phenomena. For the purposes of this report, three broad divisions of the AEWA region have been used: Africa, (South-west and Central) Asia and Europe.

Proportion of populations in each waterbird family in the entire AEWA region Altogether, 22 waterbird families are included in the Agreement. It is clear from Figure 1a that the family with the most populations is the ducks, geese and swans which comprises 25% of all 522 populations in the Agreement area. The next highest proportion of populations are found in gulls & terns with 15% of populations, sandpipers and allies with 13%, plovers with 9% and herons & egrets with 9%. The smallest families, comprising single populations (0.2% of populations in the Agreement area), are penguins, boobies, Shoebill, Crab Plover, and skimmers. The remaining families, which comprise between 4.8% and 0.4% of the populations in the Agreement area are: storks ibises & spoonbills, crakes & rails, cranes, grebes, cormorants, coursers & pratincoles, stilts & avocets, flamingos, pelicans, divers, oystercatchers and thick- knees.

Proportion of populations in each waterbird family in Africa A total of 384 out of the 522 waterbird populations included in the Agreement are found in Africa. Figure 1b shows that Africa holds the highest diversity of families in the three areas into which the AEWA region has been divided, and every family except divers is represented. Three families hold 16% to 17% of waterbird populations: gulls & terns, ducks, geese & swans, and sandpipers & allies. The next highest proportion of populations are found in plovers (12%), and herons & egrets (10%), followed by storks, ibises & spoonbills (5.5%) and crakes & rails (5%). The remaining 14 families each include between 0.3% and 3.1% of the African populations included in the Agreement.

Proportion of populations in each waterbird family in Asia A total of 200 out of the 522 waterbird populations included in the Agreement are found in the (relatively small) part of Asia covered by the Agreement. Figure 1c shows that Asia holds 17 out of the 22 families that occur in the AEWA region. The Agreement includes five families which are not found in Asia: penguins, boobies, Shoebill, thick-knees and skimmers. The species of thick-knee found in Western Asia are not migratory and are not included in the Agreement. Of the 17 families in Asia, the highest proportion (28%) of populations is found in the ducks geese and swans family. The next highest proportions of populations are found in sandpipers and allies (18.5%), gulls & terns (16%), and plovers (10.5%). The remaining 13 families each include between 0.5% and 4.5% of the Asian populations included in the Agreement.

Proportion of populations in each waterbird family in Europe A total of 314 out of the 522 waterbird populations included in the Agreement are found in Europe. Figure 1d shows that Europe holds 16 out of the 22 families that occur in the AEWA region. The Agreement includes six families which are not found in Europe: penguins, boobies, Shoebill, Crab Plover, thick-knees and skimmers. The one species of thick-knee found in Europe is only partially migratory and is not included in the Agreement. The proportion of populations found in each family is similar in Europe to Asia. Of the 16 families in Europe, the highest proportion (30%) of populations is found in the ducks geese and swans family. The next highest proportions of populations are found in sandpipers and allies (20%), gulls & terns (14%) , herons & egrets (7%) and plovers (7%). The remaining 11 families each include between 0.6% and 3.8% of the European populations included in the Agreement.

Figure 1. Proportion of AEWA populations in each family group 1a. Entire AEWA Region

Frequency distribution of 522 populations (AEWA) per Family group

30 25.3 25

20 15.2 15 13.2

9.4 10 8.8

4.8 4.6 5 2.9 2.9 2.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 Percentage per Family group per Percentage 1.2 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Divers Cranes Plovers Grebes Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Crab Plover Cormorants Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns & Gulls Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers Stilts & Avocets Herons & Egrets Herons & Sandpipers allies & Coursers Pratincoles & Ducks, Geese Swans & Storks, Ibises Spoonbills & Family group

1b. Africa

Frequency distribution of 384 populations (AEWA) per Family group in Africa

20 16 . 9 15 . 9 15 . 9 15 11. 7 10 . 4 10 5.5 5.2 5 3.1 2.3 2.6 2.9 1. 6 1. 6 2.1 Percentage per Familyper group Percentage 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 Divers Cranes Grebes Plovers Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Crab Plover Cormorants Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers Stilts & Avocets Herons & Egrets Sandpipers allies & Coursers & Pratincoles Ducks, Geese & Swans & Geese Ducks, Storks,Ibises Spoonbills & Family group

1c. Asia

Frequency distribution of 200 populations (AEWA) per Family group in Asia

30 28.0

20 18 . 5 16 . 0 15 10 . 5 10

4.5 4.5 3.5 5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1. 5

Percentage per Family per group Percentage 1. 0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 Divers Cranes Grebes Plovers Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Cormorants Crab Plover Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns & Gulls CrakesRails & Oystercatchers StiltsAvocets & Herons Egrets & Sandpipers allies & Coursers Pratincoles & Ducks, Geese & Swans & Geese Ducks, Storks, Ibises Spoonbills & Family group

1d. Europe

Frequency distribution of 314 populations (AEWA) per Family group in Europe

35 30.4 30 25 20.1 20 14 . 4 15

10 7.3 6.7 3.8 3.5 5 2.9 2.6 1. 6 1. 9 1. 9 1. 3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0

Pecentage per Family group per Family Pecentage 0 Divers Plovers Grebes Cranes Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Crab Plover Crab Cormorants Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns & Gulls Oystercatchers Stilts &Stilts Avocets Crakes & Rails & Crakes Herons & Egrets Sandpipers & allies & Sandpipers Coursers & Pratincoles Ducks, Geese & Swans & Geese Ducks, Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills & Ibises Storks, Family group

SECTION 2 Population Estimates

Figures 2a and 2b, and 3a to 3f summarise the sizes of waterbird populations in each family covered by the Agreement. Estimates have now been made for most of the populations covered by the agreement, 510 out of 522. The twelve populations for which estimates are missing comprise one diver, five crakes and rails, two plovers, three sandpipers and allies and one gull & tern. The overall frequency distribution of population estimates for populations covered by the agreement is shown in Figure 3a, and is broken down by family in Figures 2a and 2b, and 3b to 3f.

Population estimates below 10,001 (Figure 3b) Overall, 81 populations, 16% of those covered by the Agreement, fall into the smallest population size category of less than 10,001 (Figure 3a). The family with the highest number of populations in this category, 22, is ducks, geese and swans. This is, however by far the largest family, and 22 populations only represent 17% of the populations in this family. This is almost identical to the overall percentage of the 522 populations covered by AEWA with populations below 10,001. Nine families have a higher proportion than this of their populations in the lowest population category. Shoebill, one of the six familes comprising a single population, has an estimate below 10,000, and so has 100% of its “populations” in this smallest category. Other families with over 30% of their populations estimated to be below 10,001 are divers (three out of 6 populations, 50%), cranes (6 out of 15 populations, 40%), Oystercatchers (one out of three populations, 33%), and storks, ibises & spoonbills (eight out of 25 populations, 32%). Families having between 30% and 17% of their populations in this category are pelicans, grebes, crakes & rails and coursers & pratincoles.

Population estimates between 10,001 and 25,000 (Figure 3c) A total of 58 populations, 11% of those covered by the Agreement, fall into this small size category (Figure 3a). Two of the six familes comprising a single population, thick-knees and skimmers, have estimates in this range, and so have 100% of their “populations” in this category. Other families with 20% or more of their populations estimated to be between 10,001 and 25,000 are grebes (five out of 15 populations, 33%), coursers & pratincoles (three out of 11 populations, 27%), and stilts & avocets (two out of 10 populations, 20%).

Population estimates between 25,001 and 100,000 (Figure 3d) Altogether, 146 populations, 28% of those covered by the Agreement, fall into this size category (Figure 3a). One of the six familes comprising a single population, Crab Plover, has an estimate in this range, and so has 100% of its “populations” in this category. A total of nine families have more than 30% of their populations estimated to be between 25,001 and 100,000, as follows: stilts & avocets (seven out of 10 populations, 70%), Pelicans (four out of seven populations, 57%), flamingos (five out of nine populations, 56%) cranes (seven out of 15 populations, 47%), coursers & pratincoles (five out of 11 populations, 45%), herons & egrets (19 out of 46 populations, 41%), plovers (19 out of 49 populations, 39%) cormorants (five out of 14 populations, 36%), and storks, ibises & spoonbills (eight out of 25 populations, 32%).

Population estimates between 100,001 and 1,000,000 (Figure 3e) Altogether, 181 populations, 35% of those covered by the Agreement, fall into this size category (Figure 3a). Four of the five families with the highest number of populations have a high proportion of their populations in this size category, making it the category with the most populations overall. Two of the of the six familes comprising a single population, penguins and boobies, have estimates in this range, and so have 100% of their “populations” in this category. Other families with 33% or more of their populations estimated to be between 100,001 and 1,000,000 are oystercatchers (two out of three populations, 67%), sandpipers & allies (34 out of 70 populations, 49%), cormorants (six out of 14 populations, 43%), ducks, geese & swans (51 out of 132 populations, 39%), gulls & terns (30 out of 79 populations, 38%), herons & egrets (17 out of 46 populations, 37%), and divers (two out of 6 populations, 33%).

Population estimates above 1,000,000 (Figure 3f) Overall, 44 populations, 8% of those covered by the Agreement, fall into this highest population size category (Figure 3a). Only eight of the 22 families covered by the agreement include populations which are this big. The family with the highest proportion of populations in this category is crakes and rails (six out of 24 populations, 25%) followed by sandpipers and allies (15 out of 70, 21%). Nine populations of gulls & terns and ten populations of ducks, geese & swans, each representing eleven percent of the populations in their respective families, also fall into this category. Single populations of each of the following families complete the list of these large populations: herons & egrets, storks ibises & spoonbills, flamingos, plovers.

Figure 2a. AEWA Waterbird population sizes by family: The number of populations in each family in each of five size categories

Population estimates

25,001 - < 10,001 - 100,00 100,001 - lacking Number of Family 10,001 25,000 0 1,000,000 >1,000,000 estimate populations Penguins 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Divers 3 0 0 2 0 1 6 Grebes 4 5 2 4 0 0 15 Pelicans 2 0 4 1 0 0 7 Boobies 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Cormorants 1 2 5 6 0 0 14 Herons & Egrets 6 3 19 17 1 0 46 Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills 8 3 8 5 1 0 25 Shoebill 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Flamingos 0 1 5 2 1 0 9 Ducks, Geese & Swans 22 13 36 51 10 0 132 Cranes 6 1 7 1 0 0 15 Crakes & Rails 5 1 0 7 6 5 24 Crab Plover 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Oystercatchers 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 Stilts & Avocets 0 2 7 1 0 0 10 Thick-Knees 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 Coursers & Pratincoles 2 3 4 2 0 0 11 Plovers 4 9 19 14 1 2 49 Sandpipers & allies 4 1 13 34 15 3 70 Gulls & Terns 12 11 16 30 9 1 79 Skimmers 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

Total 81 58 146 181 44 12 522

Figure 2b. AEWA Waterbird population sizes by family: The proportion (%) of populations in each family in each of five size categories

Population estimates

< 10,001 - 25,001 - 100,001 - lacking Number of Family 10,001 25,000 100,000 1,000,000 >1,000,000 estimate populations Penguins 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Divers 50 0 0 33 0 17 83 Grebes 27 33 13 27 0 0 100 Pelicans 29 0 57 14 0 0 100 Boobies 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Cormorants 7 14 36 43 0 0 100 Herons & Egrets 13 7 41 37 2 0 100 Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills 32 12 32 20 4 0 100 Shoebill 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 Flamingos 0 11 56 22 11 0 100 Ducks, Geese & Swans 17 10 27 39 8 0 100 Cranes 40 7 47 7 0 0 100 Crakes & Rails 21 4 0 29 25 21 79 Crab Plover 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Oystercatchers 33 0 0 67 0 0 100 Stilts & Avocets 0 20 70 10 0 0 100 Thick-Knees 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Coursers & Pratincoles 18 27 36 18 0 0 100 Plovers 8 18 39 29 2 4 96 Sandpipers & allies 6 1 19 49 21 3 97 Gulls & Terns 15 14 20 38 11 1 99 Skimmers 0 100 0 0 0 0 100

Average 16 11 28 35 8 2 98

Figure 3. AEWA Waterbird population sizes by family: The proportion (%) of populations in each family in each of five size categories.

Figure 3a

Proportion of all waterbird populations in AEWA in each size category

40 34

30 28

20 16

11 10 8

Percentage per size category per Percentage 2 0 < 10,001 10,001 - 25,000 25,001 - 100,000 100,001 - >1,000,000 lacking estimate 1,000,000 Size category

Figure 3b

Proportion of populations in each family group in size category < 10,001

10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 50 40 40 32 33 29 30 27 21 17 18 20 13 15 7 8 6

Percentage per Family group Family per Percentage 10 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 Divers Cranes Plovers Grebes Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Crab Plover Cormorants Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers Stilts & Avocets Herons & Egrets Sandpipers allies & Coursers & Pratincoles Ducks, Geese Swans & Storks, Ibises Spoonbills & Family groups

Figure 3c

Proportion of populations in each fam ily group in size category 10,001 - 25,000

100 100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 33 27 30 20 18 20 14 14 12 11 10 7 7 10 4 1

Percentage per Family group Family per Percentage 00 00 0 00 0 Divers Cranes Plovers Grebes Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Crab Plover Cormorants Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns & Gulls Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers Stilts & Avocets Herons & Egrets Sandpipers allies & Coursers Pratincoles & Ducks, GeeseSwans & Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills Family group

Figure 3d

Proportion of populations in each family group in size category 25,001 - 100,000

100 100 90

80 70 70 57 60 56 47 50 41 39 36 36 40 32 27 30 19 20 20 13 10 Percentage per Family group Family per Percentage 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Divers Cranes Plovers Grebes Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Crab Plover Cormorants Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers Stilts & Avocets Herons & Egrets Sandpipers allies & Coursers & Pratincoles Ducks, Geese Swans & Storks, Ibises Spoonbills & Family group

Figure 3e

Proportion of populations in each family group in size category 100,001 - 1,000,000

100 100 100 90 80 70 67

60 49 50 43 37 39 38 40 33 27 29 29 30 22 20 18 14 20 10 7 10 Percentage per Family group Family per Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 Divers Cranes Grebes Plovers Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Cormorants Crab Plover Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns & Gulls Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers Stilts Avocets & Herons & Egrets Sandpipersallies & CoursersPratincoles & Ducks, Geese & Swans & Geese Ducks, Storks, Ibises Spoonbills & Family group

Figure 3f

Proportion of populations in each family in size category > 1,000,000

100

40 25 22

20 11 11 8 4 0000002 0 0 000002 0

Percentage per Family per group Percentage 0 llies Divers Cranes Plovers Grebes Shoebill Boobies Pelicans Penguins Skimmers Flamingos Crab Plover Cormorants Thick-Knees Gulls & Terns & Gulls Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers StiltsAvocets & Herons Egrets & Sandpipers a & Coursers Pratincoles & Ducks, Geese Swans & Storks, Ibises Spoonbills & Family group

SECTION 3 Population Trend Estimates

Population trend information is now available for 370 out of the 522 populations covered by the Agreement (71%). Figures 4a to 4e summarise the estimated population trends shown by waterbird populations in the AEWA region as a whole, and separately in Africa, (South-west and Central) Asia and Europe. Figures 5a and 5b summarise this trend information by family.

Summary of population trends by region

Figure 4a, and figures 4b to 4e show the proportion of waterbirds covered by the Agreement that are decreasing, stable or increasing in the AEWA region as a whole, and in each of Africa, Asia and Europe. The figures also show the proportion of populations for which no information is available on trends in numbers. In the entire AEWA region, 29% of the 522 populations are lacking this information. In Africa, the proportion of the 384 populations lacking trend information is 28%, in Asia 42% of the 200 populations are lacking trend data, and in Europe the proportion is 23% of 314 populations. Waterbird population trends are thus considerbaly better known in Europe, and considerably less well known in Asia than in the other regions.

When comparing the number of populations covered by the Agreement whose trends are increasing, stable or decreasing between regions, the portion of the population with unknown trends has been disregarded, to allow comparison of percentages representative of the populations. Each pair of pie charts comprising figures 4b to 4e represent first the proportion of populations showing each trend, including those for which no trend information is available, to allow comparison of the state of knowledge of waterbird trends in the different parts of the AEWA region. The right hand chart of each pair shows only the known trends, to allow comparison of the proportion of populations in each region whose trends are decreasing, stable or increasing.

In the AEWA region as a whole, of populations covered by the Agreement with known trends, nearly twice as many show decreasing trends as increasing trends. Altogether 29% of populations show a decreasing trend, and this translates to 41% of populations with known trends. 26% of populations are estimated to be stable, equivalent to 36% of populations with known trends. The 1% of populations estimated to be “Fluctuating”have been added to these. Only 15 % of populations are increasing, which is 21% of populations with known trends.

The highest proportion, of increasing populations, 23%, is found in Europe, but nearly twice as many European populations, 44%, show a decreasing trend. In Africa, only 19% of populations are increasing, and well over twice as many, 41% are decreasing. The situation is much more serious in the Asian part of the AEWA region, where only 11% of populations are known to be increasing, but five times as many, fully 55% of populations are known to be decreasing. The number of known populations in the Asian part of the AEWA region, 115, is, however, smaller than the number in any other area, and the proportion of populations for which trend information is available, 58% is also the smallest. The unfavourable population trends in the Asian portion of the AEWA region is, nevertheless, considerable cause for concern, and the fact that almost twice as many populations in the AEWA region as a whole are decreasing than increasing indicates that a great deal of work remains to be done throughout the region to halt and reverse these trends.

Figure 4a All populations Known populations Number of No DEC STA+ INC Number of DEC STA+ INC populations trend FLU populations FLU AEWA 522 29% 29% 26% 15% 370 41% 37% 21% Region Africa 384 28% 29% 28% 14% 275 41% 40% 19% Asia 200 42% 31% 19% 7% 115 55% 34% 11% Europe 314 23% 33% 25% 18% 238 44% 33% 23% Note : Many populations occur in two or more regions

Figure 4. The proportion (%) of AEWA waterbird populations in each trend category 4b. Entire AEWA region

Overall trend for 522 AEWA w aterbird populations Overall trend for 370 known populations

INC 21% No information DEC 29% 29%

DEC 42%

FLU 1%

INC 15% STA 26% STA 36% FLU 1%

4c. Africa

Overall trend for 384 w aterbird populations in Africa Overall trend for 275 known populations in Africa

INC 19%

No information DEC 28% 29%

DEC 41%

FLU 1%

INC 14 %

STA STA 28% 40%

4d. Asia

Overall trend for 200 AEWA waterbird populations in Asia Overall trend for 115 known populations in Asia

INC 11%

DEC 31%

No inform ation 42%

DEC STA 55% FLU 34% 1%

STA INC 19% 7%

4e. Europe

Overall trend for 314 AEWA waterbird populations in Europe Overall trend ofr 238 known populations in Europe

INC No information 23% 23%

DEC 33%

DEC 44%

INC 18% FLU 1%

STA 25% STA 33%

Summary of population trends by family Figures 5a and 5b give a summary of the number and proportion of populations in each of the waterbird families covered by the Agreement which are estimated to have Increasing, Stable or Decreasing population trends. A majority of families is relatively well-known, having more than 70% of populations for which trend estimates are available. One family, thick-knees is represented by only two populations, both of which have unknown trends, so that 100% of populations in this family are lacking trends. Two other families, divers and plovers, are especially poorly known, having just 33% and 45%, respectively, of populations for which trend estimates are available. Four further families have between 50% and 70% of populations for which trend estimates are available, namely, herons & egrets, crakes & rails, coursers & pratincoles and gulls & terns.These are large families with a below-average state of knowledge about their population trends, and obtaining missing trend information for the populations in these families sould be a priority for future work.

Altogether, eleven families have half or more of estimated populations (with known trends) showing a decreasing trend, as follows: penguins (one out of one, 100%), boobies (one out of one, 100%), Shoebill (one out of one, 100%) skimmers (one out of one, 100%) , oystercatchers (two out of three, 67%), coursers & pratincoles (four out of six, 67%), cranes (eight out of 13, 62%), crakes & rails (eight out of 13, 62%), grebes (7 out of 12, 58%), plovers (12 out of 22, 55%), divers (one out of two, 50%) and sandpipers and allies (25 out of 51, 49%). Plovers are rather poorly known overall (trend estimates being available for only 45% of populations) and the fact that 55% of known populations are decreasing indicates a gap in information that needs to be addressed.

Increasing trends are far less prevalent, and nine out of 22 families (36%) covered by the Agreement altogether lack increasing populations (Figure 5b), as follows: penguins, divers, boobies, Shoebill, crakes & rails, Crab Plover, thick-knees, coursers & pratincoles, skimmers. The family with the highest proportion of known populations that are estimated to be increasing is pelicans, with three out of seven populations (43%) showing this trend. This is followed by four families which have 33% of their populations showing increasing trends: Grebes (four out of 12), Cormorants (four out of 12), herons & egrets (10 out of 30) and oystercatchers (one out of three). It is perhaps noteworthy that the three families with the highest proportion of increasing populations are largely piscivorous.

Figure 5a. AEWA waterbird population trends by family. The number of populations in each family showing each of four trend tendencies Population trend estimates Family group DEC FLU STA INC Lacking Trend Total with known trend Penguins 1 0 0 0 0 1 Divers 1 0 1 0 4 2 Grebes 7 0 1 4 3 12 Pelicans 2 0 2 3 0 7 Boobies 1 0 0 0 0 1 Cormorants 3 0 5 4 2 12 Herons & Egrets 12 0 8 10 16 30 Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills 9 0 9 4 3 22 Shoebill 1 0 0 0 0 1 Flamingos 1 0 5 2 1 8 Ducks, Geese & Swans 44 1 36 27 24 108 Cranes 8 0 2 3 2 13 Crakes & Rails 8 1 4 0 11 13 Crab Plover 0 0 1 0 0 1 Oystercatchers 2 0 0 1 0 3 Stilts & Avocets 0 0 5 2 3 7 Thick-Knees 0 0 0 0 2 0 Coursers & Pratincoles 4 0 2 0 5 6 Plovers 12 0 7 3 27 22 Sandpipers & allies 25 0 24 2 19 51 Gulls & Terns 11 1 23 14 30 49 Skimmers 1 0 0 0 0 1 Total 153 3 135 79 152 370

Figure 5b. AEWA waterbird population trends by family. The proportion (percent) of populations in each family showing each of four trend tendencies.

Percentage of known populations showing

each trend Family group % Lacking % with known DEC FLU STA INC Trend trend Penguins 100 0 0 0 0 100 Divers 50 0 50 0 67 33 Grebes 58 0 8 33 20 80 Pelicans 29 0 29 43 0 100 Boobies 100 0 0 0 0 100 Cormorants 25 0 42 33 14 86 Herons & Egrets 40 0 27 33 35 65 Storks, Ibises & Spoonbills 41 0 41 18 12 88 Shoebill 100 0 0 0 0 100 Flamingos 13 0 63 25 11 89 Ducks, Geese & Swans 41 1 33 25 18 82 Cranes 62 0 15 23 13 87 Crakes & Rails 62 1 37 0 46 54 Crab Plover 0 0 100 0 0 100 Oystercatchers 67 0 0 33 0 100 Stilts & Avocets 0 0 71 29 30 70 Thick-Knees 0 0 0 0 100 0 Coursers & Pratincoles 67 0 33 0 45 55 Plovers 55 0 32 14 55 45 Sandpipers & allies 49 0 47 4 27 73 Gulls & Terns 23 2 47 29 39 61 Skimmers 100 0 0 0 0 100

Total 41 1 36 21 29 70

Changes in trends 1999-2008

Direct comparison of estimated population trends between the successive editions of the AEWA Conservation Status Report is difficult. For most populations, international monitoring remains insufficiently detailed and consistent to allow the calculation of reliable and statistially valid population trends. Calculated estimates of population trends are available for increasing numbers of ducks, geese, swans and waders (Anatidae, Charadriidae, and Scolopacidae) and some other families in Europe (Annex 4) but improvements in the quality of monitoring, and so in the quality of available data, for other families and other parts of the AEWA region are only developing slowly. Trend data for a majority of populations are thus based on numerous sources of varying reliability covering a variety of different reporting periods and geographic regions.

Despite these caveats, comparison of trends reported in the original edition of the Report on the status of waterbird populations in the Agreement Area (Wetlands International 1999) with those reported in the 2008 edition is of considerable interest. For the purposes of comparison, a process of simplification and clarification in the reported trend data has been adopted. The clearest and most frequently expressed population trends are Increasing (abbreviated to INC), Stable (abbreviated to STA) and Decreasing (abbreviated to DEC). The most frequently occurring trend category of all is Unknown (abbreviated to ?). For the purposes of comparison, all other reported trend categories were simplified to one of these four, as follows:

The three Fluctuating populations (abbreviated to FLU) were treated as Stable because fluctuating populations are not known to be increasing or decreasing overall, and Stable maintains the neutral status of these populations. For populations given a category which is a combination of others, for example STA/INC,

19 the first appearing code has usually been used because this is considered to be the prevalent population trend. An important exception to this treatment of such populations was made where an apparent change in status would otherwise be lost. For example, a population defined as STA/INC in 1999 and STA in 2008 has probably declined in status, and the 1999 status has therefore been simplified to INC to reflect the estimated decline. This last refinement in definition, which is only relevant when comparing trends, was not adopted in the previous section summarising population trends, and is the main reason for any small discrepancies in population totals between the two sections. For populations which have been split since 1999, the original status has been retrospectively used for both split populations. For populations lacking a trend estimate in 1999, (or not covered by the Agreement in 1999) but for which a trend was presented in the second edition of the Report on the status of waterbird populations in the Agreement Area (Wetlands International 2002), the 2002 trend has been used. All these cases occur only infrequently and are not considered to have much influence on the overall results.

When making comparisons between 1999 and 2008, it is important to separate changes in trend category which are a result of better information from changes which are a result of genuine changes in numbers. This is straightforward for populations which had an unknown category in either 1999 or 2006 because all changes from unknown to known are by definition a result of better knowledge. For populations with known trend categories, it has not been possible to refer to all sources and check whether changes were the result of improved knowledge or of genuine changes in numbers, but a high proportion of these changes probably reflect genuine changes in trend categories of populations.

Figure 6 summarises changes in reported population trends in all populations covered by The Agreement between 1999 and 2008.

Figure 6a. Trend categories of migratory waterbird populations in the AEWA region: 1999 compared with 2008.

% 1999 % % known 2008 % known INC 76 15 25 79 15 21 STA 103 20 33 138 26 37 DEC 131 25 42 153 29 41 ? 212 41 152 29

It is clear from Figure 6a that overall the trend status of waterbirds in the Agreement area worsened between 1999 and 2006. The state of knowledge of waterbird trends improved considerably, however, and the number of populations for which there is no estimated population trend decreased from 212 (41%) in 1999 to 152 (29%) in 2008. Of the 57 additional populations for which trend information became available between 1999 and 2008, three were increasing, 32 were stable and 22 were decreasing. The result of this is that the proportion of known populations that was estimated to be increasing declined from 25% in 1999 to 21% in 2008, the proportion estimated to be stable increased from 33% to 37%, and the proportion estimated to be decreasing went down from 42% to 41%.

Figure 6b. Changes in trend categories of migratory waterbird populations in the AEWA region between 1999 and 2008

INC in 2008 STA in 2008 DEC in 2008 ? In 2008 INC in 1999 INC-INC 47 INC-STA 17 INC-DEC 11 INC-? 0 STA in 1999 STA-INC 16 STA-STA 68 STA-DEC 22 STA-? 7 DEC in 1999 DEC-INC 3 DEC-STA 26 DEC-DEC 92 DEC-? 7 ? In 1999 ?-INC 13 ?-STA 27 ?-DEC 28 ?-? 138

Figure 6b demonstrates how many populations in each trend category in 1999 were in the same or different categories in 2008. A clear majority of populations, 345 out of 522 (66%) have not changed their trend category between 1999 and 2008. These appear with grey shading in Figure 6b. Of these, 138 populations (40%) had unknown trends in both years, 92 populations (27%) showed a decreasing trend in both years, 68 (20%) showed a stable trend in both years and 47 (14%) showed an increasing trend in both years. The high number of populations whose trends were still unknown or decreasing in 2008, and the relatively low numbers that were stable or increasing gives considerable cause for concern.

Populations whose trend category was unknown appear with orange shading in figures 6b and 6c. Of the 206 populations with unknown trends in 1999, 138 (67%) remained unknown in 2008. Of the remaining 68 (33%) populations, 28 showed a decreasing trend in 2008, a further 27 were estimated to be stable, and just 13 were estimated to be increasing. A total of 14 populations with trend estimates for 1999 had unknown trends in 2008. These were mostly populations of species such as seaducks for which trend estimates made in the early 1990s were considered by a species expert to be unsafe in 2006.

A total of 95 populations whose categories were known in both 1999 and 2008, and whose category changed between the two years can be said to have experienced either negative or positive changes in category (Figure 6c). Changes in trend category that are considered to be negative involve 17 populations that were considerd to be increasing in 1999 but only stable in 2008, 11 that were increasing in 1999 but decreasing in 2008, and 22 populations that were stable in 1999 but decreasing in 2008. These are shaded red in Figures 6b and 6c. Changes in trend category that are considered to be positive involve 16 populations that were considerd to be stable in 1999 but increasing in 2008, three that were decreasing in 1999 but increasing in 2008, and 26 populations that were decreasing in 1999 but stable in 2008. These are shaded green in Figures 6b and 6c. The number of negative changes in category, 50, was only slightly higher than the number of positive changes, 45, but this is misleading as a reflection of actual changes taking place in populations. A total of 92 populations that showed a decreasing trend in both 1999 and 2006 are still considered to be decreasing, even though their trend category has not changed. By comparison, only 47 populations that were increasing in 1999 were still considered to be increasing in 2008.

Figure 6c. Summary of Figure 6b according to type of change in category

Changes in trend category Changes in knowledge Negative change in category 50 ? - decreasing 28 Same category 207 ? - stable 27 Positive change in category 45 ? - increasing 13 Increasing - ? 0 Stable - ? 7 Decreasing - ? 7 ? - ? 138

The variable quality of population trend data and the small number of populations in many families make it difficult to meaningfully summarise changes in trend over time by family. An attempt at such an analysis for this report was unsuccessful, but may provide the basis for similar work in future.

SECTION 4 Globally Threatened Species

The Agreement includes 38 species (divided into 61 populations) which are recognised as being Globally Threatened or Near Threatened by BirdLife International, which maintains the global Red List for birds on behalf of IUCN. Globally Threatened status is assessed at species level, and in the summary that follows, patterns are described at species level as well as at the more detailed level of biogeographic populations preferred in the earlier analyses. The threat categories recognised by IUCN are as follows: LC, Least Concern (i.e., not Globally Threatened); NT, Near Threatened; VU, Vulnerable; EN, Endangered; CR, Critically Endangered. The category EW (Extinct in the Wild) is not relevant, because extinct species are not included in AEWA, and DD (Data Deficient) is no longer applicable to any of the AEWA species according to the criteria, although one species, Black-winged Pratincole, which formerly fell into this category has been upgraded to Near Threatened.

Geographical breakdown of occurrence of Globally Threatened species

Figure 7a shows the number of species and populations in the AEWA region as a whole, and in each of Africa, Asia and Europe, which fall into each IUCN threat category.

Figure 7a.

Number of AEWA Globally Threatened waterbird species (and populations) in each IUCN threat category in the AEWA region as a whole, and in each of Africa, Asia and Europe.

No. Globally No. Globally % of pops NT VU EN CR Threatened Threatened globally species populations Threatened AEWA region 38 61 11.7% 15 (31) 11 (16) 4 (8) 4 (6) Africa 34 51 13.3% 15 (30) 8 (11) 4 (6) 3 (4) Asia 17 23 11.5% 6 (9) 5 (7) 2 (2) 4 (5) Europe 15 23 7.3% 6 (14) 4 (4) 2 (3) 2 (2)

Atogether, 34 of the 38 AEWA Globally Threatened or Near Threatened species are found in Africa, 17 in Asia and only 15 in Europe. The large geographical area of Africa, and its extension into the tropics accounts for the relatively high number of species found there. Conversely, Europe is smaller and predominantly temperate. Africa holds the highest proportion of populations recognised as being Globally Threatened – 13.3% of all AEWA populations occurring there are Globally Threatened or Near Threatened. Europe holds the lowest proportion, 7.3% of populations, in these categories. The proportion of Globally Threatened and Near Threatened populations in Asia, at 11.5% is comparable to that found in Africa. Asia has more species than Africa in the highest threat category, Critically Endangered (four versus three) despite the much smaller number of populations occurring in Asia (which is due in turn to the smaller size and latitudinal extent of the portion of Asia in the AEWA region). This means that that while a similar proportion of AEWA populations in Asia and Africa are Globally Threatened, those occurring in Asia are, on average more threatened than those in Africa.

Figure 7b summarises and compares the proportions of Red List categories of all waterbird populations in the Agreement area, and separately in Africa, (South-west and Central) Asia and Europe. The predominance of LC in every region is clear, as is the smaller proportion of Globally Threatened species in Europe compared with Africa and Asia. Figures 7c to 7f focus on the proportion of populations in each region exhibiting each category of threat. Despite the rather small numbers of populations, the proportions of populations in the different categories in each region are broadly similar in Africa and Europe. IN South-west and central Asia, however, the proportion of populations in the Near Threatened category is markedly lower, and and the proportions in the categories of greater threat are markedly higher..

Figure 7b. Proportion of AEWA waterbird populations in each Red List category in the AEWA region as a whole, and in each of Europe, Africa and Asia.

Frequency distribution of 522 populations (AEWA) per Red List Status categories

100 92.7 88.5 88.3 90 86.7

20 Percentage per Red List Status categories Status List Red per Percentage 10 7.8 5.9 4.5 4.5 3.1 2.9 3.5 2.5 1. 3 1. 5 0.9 1. 6 1. 0 1. 1 0.6 1. 0 0 LC NT VU EN CR Red List Status categories

Entire region Europe Africa As ia

Figures 7c.-7f Proportion of populations of IUCNRed Listed AEWA species in each IUCN Red List category

7c. Entire AEWA region Frequency distribution of 61 populations (AEWA) per IUCN Red List Status categories 7d. Africa

Frequency distribution of 51 populations (AEWA) per IUCN Red List Status categories CR in Africa 10 %

EN CR 13 % 8%

EN NT 12% 51%

VU 26% NT VU 58% 22%

7f. Europe

Frequency distribution of 23 populations (AEWA) per IUCN Red List Status categories in Europe 7e. Asia

Frequency distribution of 23 populations

CR (AEWA) per IUCN Red List Status 9% categories in Asia

EN 13%

CR 22% VU NT 17% 61%

NT 39%

EN 9%

VU 30%

Occurrence of Globally Threatened species by family

Figure 8a lists the Globally Threatened species and populations in the Agreement area and provides summary information about their distribution and status. The four most endangered species covered by the Agreement, appearing in the Critically Endangered category are Northern Bald Ibis, Siberian Crane, Sociable Lapwing and Slender-billed Curlew. There are five species in the Endangered category: Bank Cormorant, Madagascar Pond Heron, Red-breasted Goose, White-headed Duck and White-winged Flufftail. The nine most endangered species in AEWA thus each belong to a different family, and only two, Red-breasted Goose and White-headed Duck, occur regularly in Europe.

It is clear from Figure 8a that a considerable majority of Globally Threatened and Near Threatened species has a decreasing population trend. Overall, 42 out of the 61 populations (69%) are decreasing, and only five (8%) are increasing. One region, Asia, has no Globally Threatened populations which are increasing at all.

Figures 8b to 8e summarise the occurrence of Globally Threatened populations included in the Agreement by family. The proportion of Globally Threatened species occurring in each threat category in each family is illustrated by four bars representing the proportions of Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered populations found in each family. The proportions represented by the sum of all the bars in each chart add up to 100.

In the AEWA region as a whole, the 61 Globally Threatened populations are found in 17 of the 22 waterbird families covered by the Agreement. The four families lacking Globally Threatened species in the AEWA region are divers, grebes, Crab Plover and stilts & avocets. In Africa, all 17 of these families also have Globally Threatened populations, but in Asia, Globally Threatened populations are found in 10 families, and in Europe in only seven (Figures 8a to 8d).

The proportion of Globally Threatened species in each family in the entire AEWA region is similar to the the overall distribution of families in the region (Figure 1a) and the families with the most Globally Threatened populations are often those with the most populations altogether, notably Ducks geese & swans, and Sandpipers and allies. In Africa, Asia and Europe, separately, the number of Globally Threatened populations is small and comparison with overall patterns is difficult, but the highest numbers of Globally Threatened populations are mainly found in the families with highest number of populations (compare Figures 8c to 8e with 1b to 1d). One family, sandpipers & allies, has a disproportionately high number of populations in the Near Threatened category, which mainly reflects the diision of the three species involved into eight populations.

Figure 8a. Globally Threatened and Near Threatened species covered by AEWA in 2008. See introduction to Table 1 (p. 32) for explanation of population estimate and trend codes.

Species English name Subspecies/ Population Red List List Red Europe Europe Status Status Africa Africa

Population Asia Estimate Trend Trend

Geronticus Northern Bald CR Morocco X 227 DEC eremita Ibis CR SW Asia X X 7 DEC Grus Siberian Crane CR Western X 4 DEC leucogeranus Vanellus Sociable CR SW Asia & NE X X X 400-1,200 DEC gregarius Lapwing Africa non-br CR S Asia (non-bre) X 200-600 DEC Numenius Slender-billed CR Medit. basin (non- X X X <50 DEC tenuirostris Curlew br) Phalacrocorax Bank EN SW Africa X 11,100 DEC neglectus Cormorant Ardeola idae Madagascar EN Madagascar X 2,000-6,000 DEC Pond-Heron Branta ruficollis Red-breasted EN NC Russia to E X X 38,500 DEC Goose Europe Oxyura White-headed EN Spain, Morocco X X 2,500 INC leucocephala Duck EN Algeria, Tunisia X 400-600 STA EN E Mediterranean, X X 5,000-10,000 DEC SW Asia Sarothrura ayresi White-winged EN Ethiopia X 450-650 DEC Flufftail EN Southern Africa X 235 DEC Spheniscus African VU Southern Africa X 180,000 DEC demersus Penguin Pelecanus Dalmatian VU Black Sea, Medit. X X 4,350-4,800 INC crispus Pelican (non-bre) VU SW, S Asia (non- X 6,000-9,000 DEC bre) Morus capensis Cape Gannet vu Southern Africa X 468,000 DEC Phalacrocorax Socotra VU Arabian coast X 270,000 DEC nigrogularis Cormorant VU Gulf of Aden X X 60,000 STA Egretta Slaty Egret VU Southern Africa X 3,000-5,000 DEC vinaceigula Balaeniceps rex Shoebill VU C Africa X 5,000-8,000 DEC Anser erythropus Lesser White-fr VU N Europe, W X X 8,000-13,000 DEC Goose Siberia (bre) Marmaronetta Marbled Teal VU W Mediterranean, X X 3,000-5,000 FLU angustirostris W Africa

VU E Mediterranean X X 1,000 DEC VU SW Asia (non-bre) X 5,000-15,000 DEC Polysticta stelleri Steller's Eider VU N Norway, SE X X 10,000-15,000 DEC Baltic (non-br) Grus paradisea Blue Crane VU South Africa X 25,500 STA Grus Wattled Crane VU C-S Africa X <7,550 DEC carunculatus Glareola ocularis Madagascar VU Madagascar X 5,000-10,000 DEC Pratincole Phalacrocorax Crowned NT SW Africa X 8,700 STA coronatus Cormorant Phalacrocorax Cape NT Southern Africa X 300,000 DEC capensis Cormorant Phoenicopterus Lesser NT W Africa X 15,000-25,000 STA minor Flamingo NT E Africa X 1,500,000- DEC

2,500,000 NT S Africa X 55,000-65,000 STA Aythya nyroca Ferruginous NT N & W Africa (non- X X 2,400-2,600 DEC Duck bre) NT E Europe, E X X X 36,000-54,000 DEC Medit., Black S. NT SW Asia & NE X X X C DEC Africa(non-br) Oxyura maccoa Maccoa Duck NT Ethiopian X 500-2,000 DEC Highlands NT Eastern Africa X 1,500 DEC NT Southern Africa X 7,000-8250 Balearica Black Crowned NT pavonina X 15,000 DEC pavonina Crane NT ceciliae X 28,000-55,000 DEC Crex crex Corncrake NT Sub-Saharan X X X E DEC Africa (non-br) Haematopus African Black NT SE Africa X 5,000-6,000 INC moquini Oystercatcher Glareola Black-winged NT E Europe - Central X X X 29,000-45,000 DEC nordmanni Pratincole Asia Charadrius Chestnut- NT pallidus, Southern X 11,000-16,000 STA pallidus banded Plover Africa NT venestus, Eastern X 6,500 ? Africa Gallinago media Great Snipe NT Scandinavia (bre) X X 18,000-51,000 STA NT W Siberia, NE X X X D DEC Europe (bre) Numenius Eurasian NT arquata, X X 700,000- DEC arquata Curlew Europe/Europe, 1,000,000 North & West Africa NT orientalis, W X X C (DEC) Siberia/SW Asia, E & S Africa NT suschkini, SE X X ? DEC Europe & SW Asia (bre) Limosa limosa Black-tailed NT limosa, W Europe X X 162,000- DEC Godwit (bre) 183,000 NT limosa, E Europe X X 90,000- DEC (bre) 165,000 NT limosa, W Asia X X X C (bre) NT islandica X X 47,000 INC Larus White-eyed NT Red Sea X X 37,000-44,000 STA leucophthalmus Gull Larus audouinii Audouin's Gull NT Mediterranean X X 57,600 INC (bre) Sterna Damara Tern NT SW Africa (bre) X 14,000 STA balaenarum Rynchops African NT East & Southern X 8,000-12,000 DEC flavirostris Skimmer Africa

Figures 8b to 8e. Proportion of populations of Globally Threatened and Near Threatened AEWA species from each family in each threat category

8b. Entire AEWA region

Proportion of 61 populations of 38 Globally Threatened and Near Threatened AEWA species from each family in each threat category

6 Percentage 4

0 Cranes Plovers Shoebill Egrets Pelicans Gannets Penguins allies Herons & Herons Skimmers Flamingos Pratincoles Coursers & Cormorants & Swans & Spoonbills & Sandpipers & Terns & Gulls Storks, Ibises Ducks, Geese Ducks, Crakes & Rails Oystercatchers Family group

NT VU EN CR

Figure 8c. Africa

Proportion of 51 populations of 34 Globally Threatened and Near Threatened AEWA species from each family in each threat category

Percentage 6

0 Cranes Plovers Shoebill Egrets Pelicans Gannets allies Penguins Herons & Skimmers Flamingos Pratincoles Coursers & & Swans & Cormorants & Spoonbills & Sandpipers & Gulls & Terns Ducks, Geese Ducks, Storks, Ibises Crakes Rails & Oystercatchers Family group

NT VU EN CR

Figure 8d. Asia

Proportion of 23 populations of 17 Globally Threatened and Near Threatened AEWA species from each family in each threat category

10 Percentage

0 Rails Cranes Plovers Ducks, Swans Pelicans Geese & Storks, Ibises & Crakes & allies Spoonbills Pratincoles Coursers & Cormorants Sandpipers & Terns & Gulls Family group

NT VU EN CR

Figure 8e. Europe

Proportion of 23 populations of 15 Globally Threatened and Near Threatened AEWA species from each family in each threat category

15 Percentage

0 Rails Plovers Pelicans Crakes & allies Pratincoles Coursers & & Swans & Sandpipers & Terns & Gulls Ducks, Geese Ducks, Family group

NT VU EN CR

A Red List Index for species listed on the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)

Report to UNEP/AEWA Secretariat

Stuart Butchart BirdLife International February 2008

INTRODUCTION

IUCN Red List Index The IUCN Red List is widely recognised as the most authoritative and objective system for classifying species by their risk of extinction (see, e.g. Regan et al. 2005, de Grammont and Cuarón, 2006, Rodrigues et al. 2006). It uses quantitative criteria based on population size, rate of decline, and area of distribution to assign species to categories of relative extinction risk (IUCN 2001). The criteria are clear and comprehensive but are sufficiently flexible to deal with uncertainty (Akçakaya et al. 2000). The assessments are not simply based on expert opinion; they must be supported with detailed documentation of the best available data, with justifications, sources, and estimates of uncertainty and data quality (IUCN 2005). Red List Authorities (e.g. BirdLife International for birds) are appointed to organise independent scientific review and to ensure consistent categorisation between species, groups, and assessments. A Red List Standards and Petitions Subcommittee monitors the process and resolves challenges and disputes to listings. A coordinated global program is overseen by partner organisations including the IUCN Species Survival Commission, BirdLife International, NatureServe, and the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International.

The Red List Index (RLI) has been developed as an indicator of trends in the status of biodiversity. It is based on the movement of species through the categories of the IUCN Red List (Butchart et al. 2004, 2005, 2007). The RLI shows changes in the overall threat status (extinction risk) of sets of species, with RLI values relating to the proportion of species expected to remain extant in the near future without additional conservation action.

As well as monitoring global trends for different taxonomic groups, the RLI can be disaggregated to compare trends for suites of species in different biogeographic regions, ecosystems, habitats, taxonomic subgroups or relevant to different international treaties. Here, we present an RLI for species listed on the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (hereafter, AEWA).

METHODS

Calculating the RLI The RLI is calculated from the number of species in each Red List category (Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered), and the number changing categories between assessments as a result of genuine improvement or deterioration in status (category changes owing to improved knowledge or revised taxonomy are excluded). The original methodology was described in detail in Butchart et al. (2004, 2005), and revised in Butchart et al. (2007): the latter is used here. An RLI value is calculated as follows:

∑Wc(t,s) RLI = 1− s t WEX ⋅ N where Wc(t,s) is the weight of category c for species s at time t, which ranges from 1 for Near Threatened to 5 for Extinct (WEX), and N is the number of assessed (non-data deficient) species. Put simply, the number of species in each Red List category is multiplied by the category weight, these products are summed, divided by the maximum possible product (the number of species multiplied by the maximum weight), and subtracted from one. This produces an index that ranges from 0 to 1 (see below).

These conditions are met by back-casting all non-genuine category changes to the year of first assessment (1988 for birds). In other words, for birds, we assume that species should have been classified at their current Red List category since 1988, apart from those species for which genuine category changes have occurred, in which case they are assigned to appropriate time periods, corresponding to the dates in which all species were reassessed (see Collar and Andrew 1988, Collar et al. 1994, BirdLife International 2000, BirdLife International 2004, BirdLife International 2008). To determine these genuine cases, all category changes during 1988-2008 were assigned a ‘reason for change’, allowing genuine ones to be distinguished from those resulting from improved knowledge or taxonomic revisions (see Butchart et al. 2004, 2005, 2007 for further details).

The RLI was calculated for 234 species on Appendix II of AEWA (http://www.unep- aewa.org/documents/agreement_text/species-overview.htm). One additional taxon is listed on the Appendix, but not recognised taxonomically by BirdLife International and hence IUCN (its taxonomic status is ‘under review’ by the BirdLife Taxonomic Working Group): Heuglin’s Gull Larus heuglini and is thus not included. However, there is no evidence that this taxon has undergone a genuine status change during 1988-2008, so its omission makes no difference to the RLI.

Interpreting the RLI RLI values relate to the proportion of species expected to remain extant in the near future without conservation action. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species being categorised as Least Concern, and hence that none are expected to go extinct in the near future. An RLI value of zero indicates that all species have gone Extinct. A downwards trend in the graph line (i.e. decreasing RLI values) means that the expected rate of species extinctions is increasing i.e. that the rate of biodiversity loss is increasing. A horizontal graph line (i.e. unchanging RLI values) means that the expected rate of species extinctions is unchanged. An upward trend in the graph line (i.e. increasing RLI values) means that there is a decrease in expected future rate of species extinctions (i.e. a reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss).

RESULTS

Of the 234 species listed by AEWA and recognised taxonomically by BirdLife International/IUCN, four are listed by BirdLife on the 2008 IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered, five are Endangered, 12 are Vulnerable, 16 are Near Threatened and 197 are Least Concern. The previous section of this report used the Red List as it stood in 2007, which caused minor discrepancies: two additional species are recognised in the Vulnerable category and one in the Near Threatened category in 2008 compared with 2007.

During 1988–2008, there were 12 genuine status changes among these taxa, involving 11 species (see Appendix). Ten species deteriorated in status sufficiently to qualify for a higher threat category, while one (Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus) improved in status during 1994-2000 (and was downlisted from Vulnerable to Near Threatened), but then deteriorated again during 2000-2004 (owing to different reasons: see Appendix) and was uplisted to Vulnerable.

The RLI for all AEWA species shows the net effect and timing of these changes by plotting the overall extinction risk of this set of species over 1988–2008 (Fig. 1). It can be compared to the RLI for all bird species (Fig 2.). This shows that, overall, AEWA species are less threatened than all birds (i.e. RLI values are greater), but their status has deteriorated faster (i.e. the RLI slope is steeper). The former result is perhaps not surprising given that migrants overall tend to be less threatened than non-migrants (Kirby et al. in prep.). The latter result indicates that this subset of migrants is being particularly impacted by threatening processes, in particular the loss and degradation of their wetland habitats.

The flattening of the graph during 2004–2008 is no cause for complacency. It may partly represent an artefact of delays in knowledge. In the next few years, further deteriorations in the status of some AEWA species during 2004–2008 may be reported, leading to them being uplisted to higher categories of threat, and hence driving a decline in the RLI slope for this period.

Figure 1. Red List Index of species survival for AEWA species (n=234 species recognised by BirdLife International and IUCN), showing the proportion of species expected to remain extant in the near future without additional conservation action. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species being categorised as Least Concern, and hence that none are expected to go extinct in the near future. An RLI value of zero indicates 32 that all species have gone Extinct.

AEWA species

0.95

0.94

0.93

species survival species 0.92 Red List Index of AEWA entered into force 0.91 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year

Figure 2. Red List Index of species survival for AEWA species (n=234 species recognised by BirdLife International and IUCN) and for all bird species (n=9,922 non-Data Deficient species) showing the proportion of species expected to remain extant in the near future without additional conservation action. An RLI value of 1.0 equates to all species being categorised as Least Concern, and hence that none are expected to go extinct in the near future. An RLI value of zero indicates that all species have gone Extinct.

0.95

0.94

0.93 AEWA species All species 0.92 species survival species Red List Index of 0.91 AEWA entered into force

0.90 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year

REFERENCES

Akçakaya, H. R., Ferson, S., Burgman, M. A., Keith, D. A., Mace, G. M. and Todd, C. A. (2000) Making consistent IUCN classifications under uncertainty. Conserv. Biol. 14: 1001–1013. BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world., Cambridge, UK and Barcelona, Spain: BirdLife International and Lynx Edicions. BirdLife International (2004) Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD-ROM. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. Butchart, S. H. M., Stattersfield, A. J., Bennun, L. A., Shutes, S. M., Akçakaya, H. R., Baillie, J. E. M., Stuart, S. N., Hilton-Taylor, C. and Mace, G. M. (2004) Measuring global trends in the status of biodiversity: Red List Indices for birds. Public Lib. Sci. Biol. 2: 2294–2304. Butchart, S. H. M., Stattersfield, A. J., Bennun, L. A., Akçakaya, H. R., Baillie, J. E. M., Stuart, S. N., Hilton- Taylor, C. and Mace, G. M. (2005) Using Red List Indices to measure progress towards the 2010 target

and beyond. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1454: 255–268. Butchart, S. H. M., Akçakaya, H. R., Chanson, J., Baillie, J. E. M., Collen, B., Quader, S., Turner, W. R., Amin, R., Stuart, S. N., Hilton-Taylor, C. and Mace, G. M. (2007) Improvements to the Red List Index. Public Lib. Sci. One 2(1): e140. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000140 Collar, N. J. and Andrew, P. (1988) Birds to watch: the ICBP world checklist of threatened birds. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J. and Stattersfield, A. J. (1994)Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened birds. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series 4). de Grammont, P. C. and Cuarón, A. D. (2006) An evaluation of threatened species categorization systems used on the American continent. Conserv. Biol. 20: 14–27. IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: version 3.1. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.: Species Survival Commission, IUCN. IUCN (2005) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Available from http://www.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed September 2005). Kirby, J. S., Stattersfield, A. J., Evans, M. I., Grimmett, R., Jones, V., Newton, I., O’Sullivan, J. and Tucker, G. (in prep.) Key conservation issues for migratory birds in the world’s major flyways. [Bird Conservation International]. Regan, T. J., Burgman, M. A., McCarthy, M. A., Master, L. L., Keith, D.A., Mace, G. M. and Andelman, S. J. (2005) The consistency of extinction risk classification protocols. Conserv. Biol. 19: 1,969–1,977. Rodrigues, A. S. L., Pilgrim, J. D., Lamoreux, J. F., Hoffman, M. and Brooks, T. M. (2006) The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21: 71–76.

Appendix

Table of Globally Threatened AEWA species undergoing genuine status changes during 1988-2008.

Species Period Inferred Inferred Notes category at category at start of end of period period Madagascar Pond- 1988- VU EN This species's population has been in heron Ardeola idae 1994 long-term decline, with the current minimum estimate of 2,000 mature individuals qualifying the species as Endangered under criterion C2. The population is assumed to have fallen below the threshold of 2,500 mature individuals during 1988-1994, and hence would have qualified as Vulnerable in 1988. Black Crowned- 1988- LC NT The rate of population decline of this crane Balearica 1994 species is estimated to have pavonina approached 30% over ten years during 1988-1994 owing to habitat loss, hunting and other threats, qualifying the species for uplisting from Least Concern to Near Threatened under criterion A2 by 1994. African Skimmer 1988- LC NT The population size of this species is Rynchops flavirostris 1994 suspected to have declined during 1988- 1994 to 15,000-25,000 birds (and hence approaching the thresholds for Vulnerable under criteria C1 and C2) owing to a number of threats, qualifying the species for uplisting from Least Concern to Near Threatened by 1994. White-headed Duck 1994- VU EN The population of this species Oxyura 2000 underwent a rapid population decline leucocephala during 1991-2001 in Turkey (10,927 birds in 1991 to 653 in 2001) and further east (eg Turkmenistan), outweighing increases in Spain (in particular) plus Israel, Syria, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. The overall trend is negative, and the decline is suspected to have exceeded 50% over ten years during 1994-2000, qualifying the species for uplisting from Vulnerable to Endangered under criterion A2 by 2000. Dalmatian Pelican 1994- VU NT During the early and mid-1990s, the Pelecanus crispus 2000 global population appeared to increase, owing largely to increases in Greece as a consequence of protection of a key breeding colony (with increases also occurring in Bulgaria). The species would therefore have qualified for downlisting from Vulnerable to Near Threatened during 1994-2000. However, the status of eastern populations then deteriorated during late 1990s and early 2000s, owing to political changes and breakdown of law enforcement, and these declines outweighed increases in

south-east Europe (in Montenegro to Romania and Turkey), giving a global decline that exceeded 30% over ten years (and hence qualifed the species as Vulnerable again) during 2000-2004. Bank Cormorant 1994- VU EN The rate at which the population of this Phalacrocorax 2000 species is declining is suspected to have neglectus exceeded 50% over three generations (22 years) during 1994-2000 owing to a number of threats (e.g. steep declines were recorded on Mercury and Ichaboe Islands owing to a decreased abundance of goby off central Namibia from 1994 onwards), qualifying the species for uplisting from Vulnerable to Endangered under criterion A2 by 2000. Eurasian Curlew 1994- LC NT The population decline of this species is Numenius arquata 2000 suspected to have approached 30% over three generations (15 years) during 1994-2000, leading to the species qualifying as Near Threatened by 2000. This was largely driven by declines in Europe (including the key population in the UK), but also partly as a consequence of large scale habitat changes following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 (e.g. a substantial decrease in state livestock numbers in Kazakhstan led to significantly higher and denser vegetation in many areas of long-grass and forest steppe). Red-breasted Goose 2000- VU EN The population increased from the late Branta ruficollis 2004 1970s to a peak of 88,425 individuals in 2000. Since then it declined to 32,100 individuals in 2005, with the 5-year average decline exceeding 50% during 2000-2004, qualifying the species for uplisting to Endangered under criterion A2. During 1988-2000 it would have qualifed as Vulnerable under criterion B2. Drivers of declines are a combination of hunting, habitat loss and other threats. Steller's Eider 2000- NT VU Alaskan populations of this species Polysticta stelleri 2004 declined from 137,904 individuals in 1992 to 77,329 individuals in 2003. Given the proportion of the global population they form, the global population decline rate would have exceeded 30% over three generations (12 years) in 2000, qualifying the species for uplisting from Near Threatened to Vulnerable under criterion A2 in 2000. Dalmatian Pelican 2000- NT VU During the early and mid-1990s, the Pelecanus crispus 2004 global population appeared to increase, owing largely to increases in Greece as a consequence of protection of a key breeding colony (with increases also occurring in Bulgaria). The species would therefore have qualified for

downlisting from Vulnerable to Near Threatened during 1994-2000. However, the status of eastern populations then deteriorated during late 1990s and early 2000s, owing to political changes and breakdown of law enforcement, and these declines outweighed increases in south-east Europe (in Montenegro to Romania and Turkey), giving a global decline that exceeded 30% over ten years (and hence qualifed the species as Vulnerable again) during 2000-2004. Sociable Lapwing 2000- EN CR The rate of population decline was Vanellus gregarius 2004 suspected to have exceeded 80% over ten years during 2000-2004, on the basis of surveys showing very steep recent declines that were projected to continue, leading to uplisting from Endangered to Critically Endangered under criteria A3; A4 by 2004. Black-tailed Godwit 2000- LC NT This species declined by 14-33% Limosa limosa 2004 between 1990 and 2005. Taking the upper value, the decline rate would have exceeded 25% (the approximate threshold for NT) during the period 2000-2004. These declines were largely driven by trends in Europe, outweighing apparently stable trends in Central Asia and increases in Iceland.

TABLE 1 POPULATION SIZES AND TRENDS OF WATERBIRD SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE AGREEMENT

KEY TO COLUMN HEADINGS

Population The migratory populations of the waterbird species covered under this Agreement. These populations may be the entire population of a species, the entire population of a distinct subspecies, a discrete biogeographical population of a monotypic species or of a subspecies, or that ‘population’ of birds which breeds and/or spends the boreal winter in one or more of the major sub-regions of the African-Eurasian region. For an explanation of the ways in which populations are listed, see section 2.1 in the second (2002) edition of this report, which is included in this edition as Annex 3.

Population size Population estimates given in the column headed ‘CSR 1999’ are taken from the first edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area (Wetlands International 2000). Those in the second column, headed ‘CSR 2002’ are taken from the second edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area (Wetlands International 2002). And those in the second column, headed ‘CSR 2006’ are taken from the third edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area (Wetlands International 2006).

In all cases, the numerical estimates are given as number of individuals, although in many cases the estimates have been derived from numbers of breeding pairs. In these latter estimates, the total number of individuals has been obtained by multiplying the number of breeding pairs by a factor of three to allow for the non-breeding element of the population. For many species and populations, only a rough indication of population size is available. In these cases, the size of the population is given in one of five categories:

A: Less than 10,000 individuals B: 10,000-25,000 individuals C: 25,000-100,000 individuals D: 100,000-1,000,000 individuals E: Over 1,000,000 individuals

Throughout the table, blank fields mean that no information is available

Trends Information on trends usually refers to the period since 1990. Brackets are used to indicate either that there is some doubt about the trend, or that a particular trend has been reported in only a part of the species’ range, and may not be applicable throughout most of its range. The trends given in the column headed ‘Trend 1999’ are taken from the first edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area. Those in the second column, headed ‘Trend 2002’ are taken from the second edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area (Wetlands International 2002). Those in the third column, headed ‘Trend 2006’ are taken from the third edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area (Wetlands International 2006).

INC - Increasing DEC - Decreasing STA - Stable ? - Unknown

Sources Sources of information included since the 2006 edition of this report are numbered in the table, and listed at the end.

Justification of changes A short explanation is given justifying the reasons for the proposed changes to each population.

All information which has not appeared in earlier editions of this table is shaded in this edition.

GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata - Northwestern Europe D 183,000- 150,000- 150,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC (win) 420,000 450,000 450,000 - Caspian, Black Sea & E ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Med (win) Gavia arctica - arctica N Europe & 120,000 360,000- 250,000- 250,000- STA DEC DEC DEC Western Siberia/Europe 690,000 500,000 500,000 Gavia arctica suschkini - Central Siberia/Caspian ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Gavia immer - Europe (win) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 ? ? ? ? Gavia adamsii - Northern Europe (win) A/B A A A ? ? ? ?

PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptus ruficollis - ruficollis Europe & D 230,000- 300,000- 300,000- STA STA STA INC 24 24: Increasing in all parts of Europe Northwest Africa 450,000 510,000 510,000 except central Europe, where 10 year trend is decreasing Podiceps cristatus cristatus - Northwest & Western D 368,000- 290,000- 290,000- INC DEC DEC 24: Increasing in Baltic, decreasing in Europe 579,000 420,000 420,000 Central Europe, Stable in NW Europe - Black Sea & D >600,000 580,000- 580,000- INC DEC DEC 24: Increasing in W Mediterranean, Mediterranean (win) 870,000 870,000 decreasing in E Mediterranean/Black Sea - Caspian & Southwest 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 ? ? ? Asia (win) 40

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Podiceps cristatus infuscatus - Eastern Africa (Ethiopia <1,000 <1,000 <1,000 <1,000 DEC DEC DEC to N Zambia) - Southern Africa A A A A INC INC INC Podiceps grisegena grisegena - Northwestern Europe C C 42,000- 42,000- STA STA DEC DEC (win) 60,000 60,000 - Black Sea & C C 41,000- 41,000- ? STA DEC DEC Mediterranean (win) 107,000 107,000 - Caspian (win) 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 ? ? ? ? Podiceps auritus auritus - NW Europe (large billed) 5,000 2,600- 4,600- 4,600- STA/IN STA/IN STA STA 4,100 6,800 6,800 C C - NE Europe (small billed) C C 14,200- 14,200- (DEC) (STA) DEC DEC 26,000 26,000 - Caspian & South Asia B B B B ? ? ? ? (win) Podiceps nigricollis nigricollis - Europe/S & W Europe & 100,000 117,000- 159,000- 159,000- (STA) STA/IN DEC DEC 24: increasing in NW & Central Europe; N Africa 450,000 268,000 268,000 C decreasing in West Mediterranean and East Mediterranean/Black Sea - Western Asia/SW & 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 INC INC INC INC South Asia Podiceps nigricollis gurneyi - Southern Africa B/C 10,000- 10,000- 10,000- INC INC INC INC 20,000 20,000 20,000

PELECANIDAE Pelecanus onocrotalus - Southern Africa - 18,000 30,000 30,000 - (STA) INC INC - West Africa 30,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 ? STA INC INC - Eastern Africa - 150,000 140,000 140,000 - STA STA STA

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Europe & Western Asia 70,000 20,000- 20,000- 20,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC (bre) 33,000 33,000 33,000 Pelecanus rufescens - Tropical Africa & SW D 50,000- 50,000- 50,000- STA STA STA STA Arabia 100,000 100,000 100,000 Pelecanus crispus - Black Sea & 2,000- 2,300- 4,350- 4,350- STA STA INC INC Mediterranean (win) 3,000 3,200 4,800 4,800 - SW Asia & S Asia (win) 10,000- 10,000- 6,000- 6,000- STA STA DEC DEC 13,000 12,500 9,000 9,000

SULIDAE Sula (Morus) capensis - Southern Africa - 346,000 346,000 468,000 3 - DEC DEC DEC

PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax coronatus - Coastal Southwest Africa 5,330 8,700 8,700 8,700 ? STA STA STA Phalacrocorax pygmeus - Black Sea & 25,000 23,000- 23,000- 23,000- STA/ STA/ STA/ STA/ 24: Increase in 1990s levelled off in Mediterranean 37,000 37,000 37,000 INC INC INC INC 2000s, when range expanded into Central Europe - Southwestern Asia C C C C ? ? ? ? Phalacrocorax neglectus - Coastal Southwest Africa 18,000 9,700 11,100 11,100 ? DEC DEC DEC Phalacrocorax carbo carbo - Northwest Europe 120,000 114,000 120,000 120,000 INC INC INC INC Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis - Northern & Central 200,000 275,000- 380,000- 380,000- INC INC INC INC 24: Increasing Northern Europe, stable Europe 340,000 405,000 405,000 Central Europe - Black Sea & 100,000 >130,000 350,000- 350,000- INC INC INC INC Mediterranean -160,000 450,000 450,000

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - West & Southwest Asia 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 ? ? ? ? Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus Coastal West Africa 35,000 35,000 STA STA Central & Eastern Africa D 135,000- 200,000- 200,000- ? STA STA STA 535,000 500,000 500,000 - Southern Africa B 11,000- 13,000 13,000 ? STA STA STA 13,000 Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Persian Gulf & Arabian Sea 500,000- 450,000- (DEC) DEC 1,000,00 750,000 0 Arabian Coast 270,000 270,000 DEC DEC Gulf of Aden, Socotra, 60,000 60,000 STA/IN STA/IN Arabian Sea C C Phalacrocorax capensis 550,000 216,000 300,000 300,000 ? DEC DEC DEC

ARDEIDAE Egretta ardesiaca - Subsaharan Africa B/C B/C C C DEC DEC STA STA Egretta vinaceigula - South-central Africa 5,000- 3,000- 3,000- 3,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC 10,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Egretta garzetta garzetta - Subsaharan Africa ? 100,000- 200,000- 200,000- ? ? ? ? 500,000 500,000 500,000 - Europe, Black Sea & 100,000- 140,000- INC INC Med/W & C Africa 150,000 210,000 W Europe, NW Africa 125,000- 125,000- INC INC 143,000 143,000 C&E Europe, Black Sea, E 44,000- 44,000- STA STA Mediterranean 72,400 72,400

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Western Asia/SW Asia, C C C C ? ? ? ? NE & E Africa Egretta gularis gularis* - West Africa ? B/C B/C B/C ? (STA) STA STA Egretta gularis schistacea* - NE Africa & Red Sea ? B/C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? - SW Asia & South Asia 17,000 17,000 17,000 17,000 ? ? ? ? Egretta dimorpha* - Coastal Eastern Africa ? 10,000 10,000 10,000 ? STA STA STA Ardea cinerea cinerea - Subsaharan Africa ? D D D ? STA STA STA - Europe & North Africa 400,000- 480,000- INC INC (bre) 500,000 600,000 N & W Europe 263,000- 263,000- INC INC 286,000 286,000 C & E Europe 189,000- 189,000- INC INC 24: Hardly increasing in Baltic and E 256,000 256,000 Mediterranean - West & SW Asia (bre) B/C C/D C/D C/D ? STA/D ? ? EC Ardea melanocephala - Subsaharan Africa D/E 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- INC INC INC INC 500,000 500,000 500,000 Ardea purpurea purpurea - Tropical Africa C 75,000- 75,000- 75,000- ? STA STA STA 100,000 100,000 100,000 - W Europe & W B 12,000- 11,500- 11,500- DEC DEC DEC DEC Mediterranean/W Africa 13,200 12,100 12,100 - E Europe & SW D D 135,000- 135,000- (DEC) DEC DEC DEC Asia/Subsaharan Africa 300,000 300,000 Casmerodius albus albus - W, C & SE Europe/Black 7,000- 12,000- 38,800- 38,800- STA/IN INC INC INC Sea & Med 17,000 22,500 54,300 54,300 C - West Asia/Southwest B/C C C C ? (INC) (INC) (INC) 44

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Asia Casmerodius albus melanorhynchos - Subsaharan Africa & C 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- ? STA STA STA Madagascar 500,000 500,000 500,000 Mesophoyx intermedia brachyrhyncha - Subsaharan Africa ? C C C ? STA STA STA Bubulcus ibis ibis - Southern Africa D D D D ? INC INC INC - Tropical Africa E E E E ? ? ? ? - SW Europe & NW Africa >250,000 300,000- INC INC 450,000 SW Europe 250,000- 250,000- INC INC 310,000 310,000 NW Africa 100,000- 100,000- INC INC 150,000 150,000 - East Mediterranean & SW A/B A/B B/C B/C ? ? INC INC Asia Ardeola ralloides ralloides - Med., Black S. & N - 40,000- - DEC Africa/Subs. Africa 70,000 SW Europe, NW Africa 2,700- 2,700- INC INC (bre) 5,600 5,600 C & E Europe/Black Sea & 42,000- 42,000- DEC DEC E Mediterranean (bre) 76,000 76,000 - West & SW - C C C - ? ? ? Asia/Subsaharan Africa2 Ardeola ralloides paludivaga - Subsaharan Africa & C 100,000- 300,000- 300,000- ? STA STA STA Madagascar 500,000 600,000 600,000 Ardeola idae

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Madagascar & 5,000 2,000- 2,000- 2,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Aldabra/Cen & E Africa 6,000 6,000 6,000 Ardeola rufiventris - Tropical Eastern & B/C B/C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? Southern Africa Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax - Subsaharan Africa & C C/D C/D C/D ? STA STA STA Madagascar - Europe & NW Africa/Med 100,000- 150,000- DEC DEC & Africa 200,000 230,000 W Europe, NW Africa (bre) 61,000- 61,000- DEC DEC 97,000 97,000 C & E Europe, Black Sea, 92,100- 92,100- DEC DEC E Mediterranean (bre) 138,000 138,000 - Western Asia/SW Asia & C C C C ? ? ? ? NE Africa Ixobrychus minutus minutus - Europe & N D D DEC DEC Africa/Subsaharan Africa W Europe, NW 11,900- 11,900- DEC DEC Africa/Subsaharan Africa 17,900 17,900 C & E Europe, Black Sea & 110,000- 110,000- DEC DEC E 325,000 325,000 Mediterranean/Subsaharan Africa - West & SW C C C C ? ? ? ? Asia/Subsaharan Africa Ixobrychus minutus payesii - Subsaharan Africa ? C C C ? ? ? ? Ixobrychus sturmii - Subsaharan Africa B/C C C C ? ? ? ? Botaurus stellaris stellaris - Europe (bre) C C DEC DEC

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend W Europe, NW Africa (bre) 5,850- 5,800- DEC DEC 6,700 6,700 C & E Europe, Black Sea & 53,800- 53,800- DEC DEC E Mediterranean (bre) 124,200 124,200 - Southwestern Asia (win) A/B A/B C C ? ? ? ? Botaurus stellaris capensis - Southern Africa ? 5,000 5,000 5,000 ? DEC DEC DEC

CICONIIDAE Mycteria ibis - Subsaharan Africa (excl. C 50,000- 75,000- 75,000- STA STA STA STA Madagascar) 100,000 100,000 100,000 - Madagascar <1,000 <1,000 DEC DEC

Anastomus lamelligerus lamelligerus - Subsaharan Africa C/D 400,000- 300,000- 300,000- STA STA STA STA 800,000 500,000 500,000 Ciconia nigra - Southern Africa <1,500 2,850- 1,560- 1,560- STA STA (STA) (STA) 4,740 4,050 4,050 - SW Europe/West Africa 1,000 1,300- 1,300- 1,300- STA/IN INC INC INC 1,370 1,370 1,370 C - Central & E 20,000- 19,500- 19,500- 19,500- ? DEC DEC DEC Europe/Subsaharan Africa 30,000 28,000 28,000 28,000 Ciconia abdimii - Subsaharan Africa & SW D 300,000- 300,000- 300,000- STA (DEC) DEC DEC Arabia 600,000 600,000 600,000 Ciconia episcopus microscelis Sub-Saharan Africa C B/C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? Ciconia ciconia ciconia - Southern Africa 30 24 20 20 INC STA STA STA

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend W Europe & NW 100,000 93,000 93,000 93,000 STA/IN INC INC INC Africa/Subsaharan Africa C - Central & E 400,000 390,000- 390,000- 390,000- DEC STA STA STA Europe/Subsaharan Africa 400,000 400,000 400,000 - West Asia/Southwest C B B B ? DEC DEC DEC Asia Leptoptilos crumeniferus - Subsaharan Africa 100,000 100,000- 200,000- 200,000- INC INC INC INC 300,000 500, 000 500, 000

BALAENICIPITIDAE Balaeniceps rex - Central Tropical Africa 12,000- 5,000- 5,000- 5,000- ? DEC DEC DEC 15,000 10,000 8,000 8,000

THRESKIORNITHIDAE Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus - Subsaharan Africa (bre) ? 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 ? ? ? ? million million million - Black Sea & Med/West 40,000- 49,000- 48,000- 48,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Africa 50,000 57,000 66,000 66,000 - Southwestern Asia/E C C C C ? ? ? ? Africa Geronticus eremita - Morocco 200 190 22 7 22 7 DEC STA DEC DEC - Southwestern Asia >27 >27 7 7 DEC DEC DEC DEC Threskiornis aethiopicus aethiopicus - Subsaharan Africa D 200,000- 200,000- 200,000- STA STA STA STA 450,000 450,000 450,000 - Iraq & Iran 200 200 200 200 DEC DEC DEC DEC Platalea leucorodia leucorodia

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - West Europe/W Medit. & 6,500 9,945 11,300 11,300 INC INC INC INC West Africa - C & SE Europe/Med & 5,000- 11,670 11,670 11,670 DEC DEC DEC DEC Tropical Africa 15,000 Platalea leucorodia archeri - Red Sea & Somalia 500- 1,250 1,500- 1,500- ? ? DEC DEC 1,500 2,250 2,250 Platalea leucorodia balsaci - Coastal West Africa 5,000- 7,000 6,000- 6,000- ? STA STA STA (Mauritania) 6,000 7,000 7,000 Platalea leucorodia major - W Asia/SW & S Asia 23,000 23,000 23,000 23,000 ? ? ? ? Platalea alba - Subsaharan Africa A/B B/C B/C B/C ? STA STA STA -Madagascar 1,000- 1,000- ? ? 5,000 5,000 PHOENICOPTERIDAE Phoenicopterus roseus - West Africa 40,000 40,000 45,000- 45,000- ? STA INC INC 95,000 95,000 - Eastern Africa 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 DEC STA STA STA - Southern Africa (to 55,000 65,000- 65,000- 65,000- DEC STA STA STA Madagascar) 87,000 87,000 87,000 - Western Mediterranean 80,000 100,000 100,000- 100,000- INC INC INC INC 165,000 165,000 East Mediterranean, SW & 500,000 290,000 STA STA S Asia East Mediterranean 60,000 60,000 STA STA SW & S Asia 240,000 240,000 ? ? Phoenicopterus minor - West Africa 15,000 15,000 15,000- 15,000- STA STA STA STA 25,000 25,000

- Eastern Africa 4,000,00 2.0-4.0 1.5-2.5 1.5-2.5 DEC DEC DEC DEC 0 million million million

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Southern Africa (to 40,000 55,000- 55,000- 55,000- DEC STA STA STA Madagascar) 65,000 65,000 65,000 ANATIDAE Dendrocygna bicolor - West Africa (Senegal to 100,000 100,000 50,000- 50,000- ? ? ? ? Chad) 100,000 100,000 - Eastern & Southern Africa 200,000- 150,000- 150,000- 150,000- ? ? ? ? 500,000 350,000 350,000 350,000 Dendrocygna viduata - West Africa (Senegal to 250,000 250,000- 600,000- 600,000- INC INC INC INC Chad) 500,000 700,000 700,000 - Eastern & Southern Africa 1.0-2.0 D D D INC INC INC INC million Thalassornis leuconotus leuconotus - West Africa 1,000 <1,000 <500 <500 DEC DEC DEC DEC - Eastern & Southern Africa 10,000- 10,000- 10,000- 10,000- STA STA STA STA 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 Oxyura leucocephala - West Mediterranean 1,200 2,000- 2,500 2,500 INC INC INC INC (Spain & Morocco) 4,500 - Algeria & Tunisia 400 400 400-600 400-600 STA STA STA STA - E Mediterranean, Turkey 8,000- 8,000- 5,000- 5,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC & SW Asia 15,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 Oxyura maccoa - Eastern Africa 15,000- 1,500 DEC DEC 25,000 - Ethiopian Highlands 500- 500- DEC DEC 2,000 2,000 - E Africa 1,500 1,500 DEC DEC

- Southern Africa 15,000- A 7,000- 7,000- INC INC INC INC 25,000 8,250 8,250 Cygnus olor 50

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - NW Mainland & Central 210,000 210,000 250,000 250,000 INC INC INC INC 24: Increasing strongly in NW & Central Europe Europe; decreasing in Baltic/Nordic - Black Sea 45,000 45,000 45,000 45,000 INC INC INC DEC 24: Improved data quality allows identification of a decrease - W & Central Asia/Caspian 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 INC INC INC INC Cygnus cygnus - Iceland/UK & Ireland 16,000 20,900 20,900 20,900 ? INC INC INC - NW Mainland Europe 59,000 59,000 59,000 59,000 INC INC INC INC - N Europe & W Sib/B Sea 17,000 17,000 17,000 12,000 24 DEC DEC DEC DEC 24: Steep decrease since mid 1990s & E Med apparently continuing - W & Cent Siberia/Caspian 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC Cygnus columbianus bewickii - W Siberia & NE 29,000 29,000 20,000 20,000 INC DEC DEC DEC Europe/NW Europe - Northern Siberia/Caspian 500 500 1,000 1,000 ? ? ? ? Anser brachyrhynchus - E Greenland & 250,000 241,000 270,000 270,000 INC INC INC INC Iceland/UK - Svalbard/NW Europe 37,000 37,000 42,000 42,000 INC STA INC INC Anser fabalis fabalis - NE Europe/NW Europe 100,000 100,000 70,000- 70,000- STA STA DEC DEC 90,000 90,000 - W & C Sib/Turkmenistan - ? 5,000 5,000 - ? DEC? DEC? to W China Anser fabalis rossicus - W & C Siberia/NE & SW 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 ? ? ? ? Europe Anser albifrons albifrons - NW Siberia & NE 600,000 600,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 INC (INC) STA STA Europe/NW Europe - Western Siberia/Central 100,000 100,000 10,000- 10,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Europe 40,000 40,000 - Western Siberia/Black 650,000 650,000 350,000- 350,000- (STA) STA STA STA Sea & Turkey 700,000 700,000

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Northern Siberia/Caspian 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC & Iraq Anser albifrons flavirostris - Greenland/Ireland & UK 33,000 30,000 27,000 24,800 26 INC STA DEC DEC Anser erythropus - N Europe & W Sib/B Sea 15,000 8,000- 8,000- 8,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC & Caspian 13,000 13,000 13,000 Anser anser anser - Iceland/UK & Ireland 80,000 89,100 87,200 87,200 DEC (STA) (STA) (STA) - NW Europe/SW Europe 200,000 400,000 500,000 500,000 INC INC INC INC - Central Europe/N Africa 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 INC INC INC INC Anser anser rubrirostris - Black Sea & Turkey 85,000 85,000 85,000 85,000 ? ? ? ? - Western Siberia/Caspian >100.000 >100,000 250,000 250,000 INC INC INC INC & Iraq Branta leucopsis - E Greenland/Scotland & 40,000 54,100 56,400 56,400 INC INC INC INC Ireland - Svalbard/SW Scotland 23,000 23,000 27,000 27,000 INC INC INC INC - Russia/Germany & 267,000 360,000 420,000 420,000 INC INC INC INC Netherlands Branta bernicla bernicla - Western Siberia/Western 300,000 190,000 200,000 200,000 INC/ST DEC DEC DEC Europe A Branta bernicla hrota - Svalbard/Denmark & UK 5,000 5,000 7,000 7,000 STA STA INC INC - Canada & 20,000 20,000 26,400 26,400 STA STA STA STA Greenland/Ireland Branta ruficollis - Northern Siberia/Black 70,000 88,000 38,500 38,500 STA/IN INC DEC DEC Sea & Caspian C Alopochen aegyptiacus - West Africa 10,000- 10,000- 5,000- 5,000- ? DEC DEC DEC 25,000 25,000 10,000 10,000

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Eastern & Southern Africa 200,000- 200,000- 200,000- 200,000- ? STA STA STA 500,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 Tadorna ferruginea - Northwest Africa 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC - E Mediterranean & Black 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC Sea/NE Africa - Western Asia & 35,000 35,000 50,000 50,000 INC INC INC INC Caspian/Iran & Iraq Tadorna cana - Southern Africa 42,000 42,000 50,000 50,000 STA STA INC INC Tadorna tadorna - Northwestern Europe 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 INC STA STA STA - Black Sea & 75,000 75,000 75,000 75,000 STA/D DEC DEC DEC 24: Increasing in W Mediterranean, Mediterranean EC decreasing in E Mediterranean/Black Sea - Western Asia/Caspian & 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 INC INC INC INC Middle East Plectropterus gambensis gambensis - West Africa 50,000 100,000 50,000- 50,000- DEC STA STA STA 100,000 100,000 - Eastern Africa (Sudan to 200,000- 200,000- 200,000- 200,000- STA STA STA STA Zambia) 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 Plectropterus gambensis niger - Southern Africa 50,000- 50,000- 50,000- 50,000- STA INC INC INC 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Sarkidiornis melanotos melanotos - West Africa 50,000 50,000- 50,000- 50,000- STA STA DEC DEC 100,000 80,000 80,000 - Southern & Eastern Africa 500,000- 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- STA STA STA STA 1,000,00 500,000 500,000 500,000 0 Nettapus auritus

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - West Africa 20,000- <10,000 <10,000 <10,000 ? DEC DEC DEC 30,000 - Southern & Eastern Africa 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- ? ? ? ? 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 Anas capensis Eastern Africa (Rift Valley) A/B 5,000- 5,750- 5,750- STA DEC STA STA 15,000 7,000 7,000 Lake Chad Basin <500 <500 DEC DEC - Southern Africa (N to 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- INC INC INC INC Angola & Zambia) 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 Anas strepera strepera - Northwestern Europe 30,000 50,000 60,000 60,000 INC INC INC INC - NE Europe/Black Sea & 75,000- 75,000- 75,000- 75,000- DEC DEC (STA) (STA) Med 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 - W Siberia/SW Asia & NE 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 ? ? ? ? Africa Anas penelope - W Siberia & NE 1,250,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 INC INC STA STA Europe/NW Europe - W Siberia & NE Europe/B 560,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC 24: Strong decrease in E Sea & Med Mediterranean/Black Sea, moderate increase in W Mediterranean - Western Siberia/SW Asia 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC & NE Africa Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos - Northwestern Europe 5,000,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 4,500,000 STA DEC DEC/S DEC 24 TA - N Europe/Western 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 INC (STA) (STA) INC 24 Mediterranean - E Europe/Black Sea & E 2,250,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 DEC DEC (STA) DEC 24 Mediterranean - Western Siberia/SW Asia 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 ? ? ? ? Anas undulata undulata - Southern Africa >100,000 >100,000 >100,000 >100,000 STA STA STA STA

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Anas clypeata - NW & Central Europe 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 STA (STA) STA STA (win) - W Sib, NE & E Eur/S Eur 450,000 450,000 450,000 450,000 (DEC) ? STA STA 24: Increasing W Mediteranean, & W Africa Decreasing E Mediterranean - W Siberia/SW Asia, NE & 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 DEC (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) E Africa Anas erythrorhyncha - Southern Africa 500,000- 500,000- 500,000- 500,000- STA STA STA STA 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 - Eastern Africa 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- STA STA STA STA 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 - Madagascar 15,000- 15,000- 15,000- 15,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 Anas acuta - Northwestern Europe 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 DEC DEC STA STA - W Sib, NE & E Eur/S Eur 1,200,000 1,000,000 750,000 750,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC 24: Increasing W Mediteranean, & W Africa Decreasing E Mediterranean - W Siberia/SW Asia & 700,000 700,000 700,000 700,000 ? ? ? ? Eastern Africa Anas querquedula - W Siberia & Europe/West 2,000,00 2.0-3.3 2.0 2.0 DEC DEC DEC DEC Africa 0 million million million - W Siberia/SW Asia, NE & 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- ? ? ? ? East Africa 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 Anas crecca crecca - Northwestern Europe 400,000 400,000 500,000 500,000 INC STA INC INC - W Siberia & NE Europe/B 750,000- 1,000,000 750,000- 750,000- STA (STA) (STA) (STA) 24: Increasing W Mediteranean, Sea & Med 1.375 1.375 1.375 Decreasing E Mediterranean million million million - W Siberia/SW Asia & NE 1,500,00 1,500,00 1,500,00 1,500,00 DEC DEC DEC DEC Africa 0 0 0 0 Anas hottentota - Lake Chad Basin 5,000- <1,000 1,000- 1,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC 10,000 5,000 5,000 55

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Eastern Africa (south to N 100,000- C C C STA STA STA STA Zambia) 300,000 - Southern Africa (north to C C C C STA STA STA STA S Zambia) Marmaronetta angustirostris - W Mediterranean/W Med 3,000 3,000- 3,000- 3,000- DEC ? FLU FLU & West Africa 5,000 5,000 5,000 - Eastern Mediterranean 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC - Southwestern Asia 5,000- 5,000- 5,000- 5,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 Netta rufina - SW & Cent Europe/W 25,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 INC INC INC INC 24: Trends of rapid increase in Central Mediterranean Europe and decrease in W Mediterranean levelled off in 2000s - Black Sea & E 50,000 20,000- 20,000- 20,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Mediterranean 43,500 43,500 43,500 - Western & Central 200,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 STA (STA) (STA) (STA) Asia/SW Asia Netta erythrophthalma brunnea - Southern & Eastern Africa 30,000- 30,000- 30,000- 30,000- STA STA STA STA 70,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 Aythya ferina - NE Europe/NW Europe 350,000 350,000 350,000 300,000 DEC STA DEC DEC 24: Continuing long-term decrease - Central & NE Europe/B 1,000,000 1,100,000 1,000,000 800,000 DEC INC DEC DEC 24: Continuing long-term decrease Sea & Medit. - Western Siberia/SW Asia 350,000 350,000 350,000 350,000 (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) Aythya nyroca - W Mediterranean/North & 2,000- 2,000- 2,400- 2,400- DEC DEC DEC DEC West Africa 3,000 3,000 2,600 2,600 - E Europe/E Medit. & 10,000- 40,000- 36,000- 36,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Sahelian Africa 50,000 65,000 54,000 54,000 - Western Asia/SW Asia & 5,000 C C C DEC ? DEC DEC NE Africa

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Aythya fuligula - Northwestern Europe 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 INC INC STA STA (win) - Central Europe, Black 600,000 700,000 700,000 600,000 24 INC INC STA DEC 24 24: Decreasing in Central Europe, West Sea & Med (win) Maediterranean, and East Mediterranean/Black Sea - W Siberia/SW Asia & NE 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 ? ? ? ? Africa Aythya marila marila - Northern Europe/Western 310,000 310,000 310,000 310,000 ? STA STA STA Europe - W Siberia/Black Sea & 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- ? ? ? ? Caspian 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 Somateria mollissima mollissima - Baltic, Denmark & 1,350,000- 850,000- 760,000 760,000 STA DEC DEC DEC Netherlands 1,700,000 1,200,000 - Norway & Russia 300,000- 360,000- 300,000- 300,000- STA STA STA STA 550,000 540,000 550,000 550,000 Somateria mollissima borealis - Svalbard & Franz Joseph 40,000- 40,000- 40,000- 40,000- STA STA STA STA (bre) 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 Somateria spectabilis - E Greenland, NE Europe 300,000 300,000 300,000 300,000 (STA) STA STA STA & W Siberia Polysticta stelleri - Western Siberia/NE 40,000 30,000- 10,000- 10,000- INC STA/IN DEC DEC Europe 50,000 15,000 15,000 C Clangula hyemalis - Iceland & Greenland 150,000 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- STA STA STA STA 150,000 150,000 150,000 - Western Siberia/North 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 4,600,000 STA STA STA STA Europe Melanitta nigra nigra

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - W Siberia & N Eur/W Eur 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 STA STA STA STA & NW Africa Melanitta fusca fusca - W Siberia & N 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 STA STA STA STA Europe/NW Europe - Black Sea & Caspian 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 ? ? ? ? Bucephala clangula clangula - NW & Central Europe 300,000 400,000 1 million 1 million INC INC STA STA (win) – 1.3 – 1.3 million million - NE Europe/Adriatic 75,000 75,000 200,000 200,000 ? ? ? ? - W Siberia & NE 20,000 20,000 60,000 60,000 ? ? ? ? Europe/Black Sea - Western Siberia/Caspian 25,000 25,000 D D ? ? ? ? Mergellus albellus - NW & Central Europe 25,000- 40,000 40,000 40,000 STA INC ? STA 24 24: Trend close to stable in both NW and (win) 30,000 Central Europe - NE Eur/Black Sea & E 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 ? ? ? ? 24: Improving data quality suggests Mediterranean decreasing trend - Western Siberia/SW Asia 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 (DEC) (DEC) ? ? Mergus serrator serrator - NW & Central Europe 145,000 170,000 170,000 170,000 STA INC ? ? (win) - NE Europe/Black Sea & 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 ? ? ? ? Med - Western Siberia/SW & <10,000 <10,000 <10,000 <10,000 ? ? ? ? Cent Asia Mergus merganser merganser - NW & Central Europe 200,000 250,000 266,100 266,100 STA INC ? ? (win) - NE Europe/Black Sea 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 ? ? ? ? - Western Siberia/Caspian 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 ? ? ? ?

GRUIDAE 58

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Balearica pavonina pavonina - West Africa (Senegal to 11,500- 15,000 15,000 15,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC Chad) 17,500 Balearica pavonina ceciliae - Eastern Africa (Sudan to 55,000- 25,000- 28,000- 28,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Uganda) 60,000 55,000 55,000 55,000 Balearica regulorum regulorum - S Africa (N to Angola & S <10,000 8,000- 7,000- 7,000- DEC STA STA STA Zimbabwe) 12,000 9,000 9,000 Balearica regulorum gibbericeps - Eastern Africa (Kenya to 75,000- 50,000- 43,000- 43,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Mozambique) 85,000 65,000 55,000 55,000 Grus leucogeranus - Iran (win) 9 3 4 4 STA DEC DEC DEC Grus virgo - Black Sea (Ukraine)/NE 500 450-510 600-750 600-750 DEC DEC STA STA Africa - Turkey (bre) <100 60-90 30-60 30-60 ? DEC DEC DEC - Kalmykia/NE Africa 30,000- 30,000- 60,000- 60,000- STA STA/IN INC INC 35,000 35,000 75,000 75,000 C Grus paradisea - Extreme Southern Africa 21,000 20,000- >25,500 >25,500 DEC STA STA STA 21,000 Grus carunculatus - Central & Southern Africa 13,000- 8,000 <7,550 <7,550 DEC DEC DEC DEC 15,000 Grus grus - Northwest Europe/Iberia 60,000- 75,000 150,000 150,000 INC INC INC INC & Morocco 70,000 - NE & Central >60,000 70,000 90,000 90,000 STA/IN DEC INC INC Europe/North Africa C

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - E Eur/Turkey, Mid. East & 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC NE Africa - Turkey & Georgia (bre) 200-500 300-900 200-500 200-500 DEC DEC DEC DEC - Western Siberia/South 55,000 70,000 70,000 70,000 DEC ? ? ? Asia

RALLIDAE Sarothrura elegans elegans - NE, Eastern & Southern ? ? ? ? ? ? (STA) (STA) Africa Sarothrura elegans reichenovi - S West Africa to Central ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Africa Sarothrura boehmi - Central Africa ? ? A A ? DEC DEC DEC Sarothrura ayresi - Ethiopia & Southern <1,000 700 ? DEC Africa4 Ethiopia 450-650 450-650 DEC DEC Southern Africa 235 235 DEC DEC Rallus aquaticus aquaticus - Europe & North Africa D 390,000- D D STA STA DEC DEC 1,170,000 Rallus aquaticus korejewi - Western ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Siberia/Southwest Asia Rallus caerulescens - Southern & Eastern Africa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Crecopsis egregia - Subsaharan Africa ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Crex crex

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Europe & West D 3.4-6.0 E E DEC DEC DEC DEC Asia/Subsaharan Africa million Amaurornis flavirostris - Subsaharan Africa E E E E ? ? ? ? Porzana parva parva - Western Eurasia/Africa C/D D D D DEC DEC DEC DEC Porzana pusilla intermedia - Europe (bre) B 10,000- 2,000- 2,000- DEC STA/D ? ? 20,000 10,000 10,000 EC Porzana porzana - Europe/Africa D D D D DEC DEC FLU FLU Aenigmatolimnas marginalis - Subsaharan Africa ? ? A/B A/B (DEC) DEC DEC DEC Porphyrio alleni - Subsaharan Africa ? ? C/D C/D ? ? ? ? Gallinula chloropus chloropus - Europe & North Africa E 2.6-4.5 >2.7-5.1 >2.7-5.1 STA STA STA STA 24: Increases in Baltic, NW & Central million million million Europe offset by decreases in W & E Mediterranean/Black Sea - West & Southwest Asia D D D D ? ? ? ? Gallinula angulata - Subsaharan Africa ? C/D C/D C/D ? ? ? ? Fulica cristata - Subsaharan Africa D/E D/E D D ? ? ? ? - Spain & Morocco A 5,000- 5,000 5,000 ? ? DEC DEC 10,000 - Madagascar 2,000- 2,000- DEC DEC 6,000 6,000 Fulica atra atra - Northwest Europe (win) 1.5 1.75 1.75 1.75 STA INC million million million million STA STA - Black Sea & 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 (STA) (INC) ? ? 24: Increasing W Mediterranean, 61

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Mediterranean (win) million million million million decreasing in E Mediterranean/Black Sea - Southwest Asia (win) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 ? ? million million million million ? ?

DROMADIDAE Dromas ardeola - NW Indian Ocean, Red 43,000 43,000 60,000- 60,000- ? (STA) (STA) (STA) Sea & Gulf 80,000 80,000 HAEMATOPODIDAE Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus - Europe/S & W Europe & 1,000,000 1,020,000 1,020,000 820,000 15 INC INC DEC DEC 15 Decrease estimated in 15 not apparent in NW Africa 24 Haematopus ostralegus longipes - SE Eur & W Asia/SW 25,000 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- ? (STA) (DEC) (DEC) Asia & NE Africa 200,000 200,000 200,000 Haematopus moquini - Coastal Southern Africa 4,780 4,800 5,000- 5,000- ? STA INC INC 6,000 6,000 RECURVIROSTRIDAE Himantopus himantopus himantopus - Subsaharan Africa ? D 100,000- 100,000- ? ? ? ? (excluding south) 200,000 200,000 - Southern Africa - 15,000- 15,000- 15,000- - INC INC INC (‘meridionalis’) 30,000 30,000 30,000 - SW Europe & NW 40,000 71,000- 71,000- 71,000- STA STA STA STA 24: Increasing in W Mediterranean Africa/W Africa 82,000 82,000 82,000 - Central Europe & E 30,000- 23,000- 40,000- 40,000- STA ? STA? STA? 24: Decreasing in E Mediterranean Medit./N-C Africa 60,000 44,000 60,000 60,000 - W, C & SW Asia/SW Asia B 20,000- 30,000- 30,000- ? ? ? ? & NE Africa 50,000 70,000 70,000 Recurvirostra avosetta

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Southern Africa 10,000- 19,300 19,300 19,300 INC (INC) INC? INC? 20,000 - Eastern Africa ? C C C ? ? ? ? - Western Europe & NW 67,000 73,000 73,000 73,000 INC STA STA STA 24: Increasing in NW Europe, stable in W Africa (bre) Mediteranean - SE Europe, Black Sea & C 47,000 47,000 47,000 (DEC) STA/D STA/ STA/ 24: Decreasing in E Mediterranean/Black Turkey (bre) EC DEC? DEC? Sea - W & SW Asia/Eastern B B B B ? (STA) STA? STA? Africa

BURHINIDAE Burhinus senegalensis senegalensis - West Africa ? B B B ? ? ? ? Burhinus senegalensis inornatus - Northeast & Eastern ? B B B ? ? ? ? Africa GLAREOLIDAE Pluvianus aegyptius aegyptius - West & Eastern Africa ? B ? ? West Africa 20,000- 20,000- STA STA 50,000 50,000 East Africa A/B A/B DEC DEC Lower Congo basin A A ? ? Glareola pratincola pratincola - W Europe & NW 16,000- 18,000- 18,000- 18,000- ? STA STA STA Africa/West Africa 20,000 19,500 19,500 19,500 - Black Sea & E Med/E B 16,000- 16,000- 16,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Sahel zone 31,000 32,000 32,000 - SW Asia/SW Asia & NE B/C B/C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? Africa Glareola nordmanni

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - SE Europe & W D 29,000- 29,000- 136,000- 23 DEC DEC DEC DEC 23 Better information based on extensive Asia/Southern Africa 45,000 45,000 180,000 surveys of breeding areas in Kazakhstan Glareola ocularis - Madagascar/East Africa ? A/B 5,000- 5,000- ? ? DEC DEC 10,000 10,000 Glareola nuchalis nuchalis - Eastern & Central Africa ? C C C DEC ? ? ? Glareola nuchalis liberiae - West Africa ? B/C >100,000 100,000- 3 ? ? ? ? 200,000 Glareola cinerea cinerea - SE West Africa & Central ? B/C B B ? ? ? ? Africa

CHARADRIIDAE Pluvialis apricaria apricaria - Britain, Ireland, DK, Ger & 70,000 69,000 140,000- 140,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Baltic (bre) 210,000 210,000 Pluvialis apricaria altifrons - Iceland & Faroes/E 750,000 930,000 930,000 930,000 (STA) (STA) (STA) (STA) Atlantic coast - N Europe/W Europe & 1,000,000 645,000- 500,000- 500,000- STA STA STA STA NW Africa 954,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 - Northern Siberia/Caspian ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? & Asia Minor Pluvialis fulva - N-C Siberia/S & SW Asia, C/D 50,000- 50,000- 50,000- ? ? ? ? NE Africa 100,000 100,000 100,000 Pluvialis squatarola - W Siberia /W Europe & W 168,000 247,000 247,000 247,000 INC INC DEC DEC Africa - C & E Siberia/SW Asia, E 50,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 ? ? ? ? & S Africa

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula - N Europe/Europe & North 47,500 73,000 73,000 73,000 INC INC DEC DEC 24: Long term decrease apparently Africa levelling off Charadrius hiaticula psammodroma - Can, Greenl. & Iceland/W 195,000 190,000 190,000 190,000 ? (DEC) DEC DEC & S Africa Charadrius hiaticula tundrae - NE Eur & Sib/SW Asia, E 200,000 145,000- D D ? ? ? ? & S Africa 280,000 Charadrius dubius curonicus - Europe & NW Africa/W D 180,000- 200,000- 200,000- STA (STA) STA? STA? Africa 290,000 300,000 300,000 - West & SW Asia/Eastern ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Africa Charadrius pecuarius pecuarius - Southern & E & NE Africa ? 50,000- 100,000- 100,000- ? ? ? ? 100,000 400,000 400,000 - West Africa - 10,000- 20,000- 20,000- - ? ? ? 20,000 50,000 50,000 Charadrius tricollaris tricollaris - Southern & Eastern Africa ? 40,000- 70,000- 70,000- ? INC INC INC 100,000 130,000 130,000 Charadrius forbesi - West & Central Africa ? B/C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? Charadrius pallidus pallidus - Southern Africa 6,000- 11,200 11,200 11,000- 20 STA STA STA STA As counts fluctuate, sometimes over 7,000 16,000 11,200, this range is more appropriate. Charadrius pallidus venustus - Eastern Africa B 4,000- 4,000- 6,500 20 ? ? ? ? A coordinated census in January 2005 65

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend 5,000 5,000 resulted in a more accurate and precise estimate Charadrius alexandrinus alexandrinus - West Europe & W 67,000 62,000- 62,000- 62,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC 24: Small NW Europe population Med/West Africa 70,000 70,000 70,000 increasing - Black Sea & E Medit./E C 32,000- 32,000- 32,000- DEC (DEC) DEC DEC Sahel 49,000 49,000 49,000 - SW & Cen Asia/SW Asia C/D C C C ? ? ? ? & NE Africa Charadrius marginatus mechowi Southern & Eastern Africa ? 25,000- ? ? 35,000 Inland Eastern to Southern 10,000- ? ? Africa 15,000 Inland East & Central 10,000- 1 Treated as mechowi/tenellus. Africa 15,000 ? 10,000- 10,000- ? ? ? ? West to West-central Africa 15,000 15,000 West Africa 10,000- 1 Range does not include parts of Central 15,000 Africa.

Charadrius mongolus pamirensis - West-central Asia/SW >30,000 >30,000 30,000- 100,000- 1 ? ? ? ? Previous estimates excluded birds Asia & E Africa 50,000 150,000 wintering in Pakistan & India Charadrius leschenaultii columbinus - Turkey & SW Asia/E. Med A A A A ? ? ? ? & Red Sea Charadrius leschenaultii crassirostris

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Caspian & SW 65,000 C C C ? ? ? ? Asia/Arabia & NE Africa Charadrius leschenaultii leschenaultii - Central Asia/Eastern & - B 25,000- 25,000- - ? ? ? Southern Africa 50,000 50,000 Charadrius asiaticus Central Asia/ E & southern B/C B/C 40,000- 40,000- DEC (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) Africa 55,000 55,000 Eudromias morinellus - Europe/NW Africa D 39,000- 40,000- 40,000- DEC STA/D (STA/D (STA/D 110,000 120,000 120,000 EC EC) EC) - Asia/Middle East B/C B/C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? Vanellus vanellus - Europe/Europe & N Africa 7 million 2.8-4.0 5.1-8.4 5.1-8.4 DEC DEC DEC DEC million million million - Western Asia/SW Asia C/D 1.6-2.9 C/D C/D ? ? ? ? million Vanellus spinosus - Black Sea & C C C C INC INC INC INC Mediterranean (bre) Vanellus albiceps - West & Central Africa ? 10,000- 30,000- 30,000- ? ? STA STA 20,000 70,000 70,000 Vanellus senegallus senegallus - West Africa ? C 25,000- 25,000- ? ? ? ? 60,000 60,000 Vanellus senegallus solitaneus - Southwest Africa ? C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? Vanellus senegallus lateralis - Eastern & Southeastern ? C C C ? ? STA STA Africa

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Vanellus lugubris - Southern West Africa - 5,000- 5,000- 5,000- - (DEC) ? ? 20,000 20,000 20,000 - Central & Eastern Africa ? 20,000- 20,000- 20,000- ? DEC ? ? 50,000 50,000 50,000 Vanellus melanopterus minor - Southern Africa ? 2,000- 2,000- 2,000- (DEC) DEC DEC DEC 3,000 3,000 3,000 Vanellus coronatus coronatus - Eastern & Southern Africa ? 200,000- 400,000- 400,000- ? (INC) ? ? 400,000 900,000 900,000 - Central Africa ? ? A/B A/B ? ? ? ? Vanellus coronatus xerophilus - Southwest Africa ? ? B/C B/C ? ? INC INC Vanellus superciliosus - West & Central Africa ? A/B A/B A/B ? ? ? ? Vanellus gregarius - SE Europe & Western A 400- 400- 16,000 19 DEC DEC DEC DEC Intensive surveys of breeding areas in Asia/NE Africa 1,200 1,200 Kazakhstan in 2005-2007 revealed the scale of earlier under-estimates - Central Asian <1,000 200-600 200-600 200-600 DEC DEC DEC DEC Republics/NW India Vanellus leucurus - SW Asia/SW Asia & NE B/C B B B (INC) (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) Africa - Central Asian B/C B/C B/C B/C ? (INC) (INC) (INC) Republics/South Asia

SCOLOPACIDAE Scolopax rusticola - Europe/S & W Europe & >15 21-25 10-25 10-25 STA STA STA STA North Africa million million milion milion

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Western Siberia/SW Asia ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (Caspian) Gallinago stenura - N Siberia/South Asia & C/D C/D C/D C/D ? ? ? ? Eastern Africa Gallinago media - Scandinavia/probably 18,000- 18,000- 18,000- 18,000- STA STA STA STA West Africa 51,000 51,000 51,000 51,000 - W Siberia & NE D D D D DEC (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) Europe/SE Africa Gallinago gallinago gallinago - Europe/S & W Europe & >20,000, E >2.5 >2.5 DEC DEC DEC/S DEC/S NW Africa 000 million million TA TA - W Siberia/SW Asia & E >1.5 >1.5 >1.5 ? ? ? ? Africa million million million

Gallinago gallinago faeroeensis - Iceland, Faroes & N 750,000 570,000 570,000 570,000 STA (STA) (STA) (STA) Scotland/Ireland Lymnocryptes minimus - N Europe/S & W Europe C/D D/E E E DEC STA STA STA & W Africa - W Siberia/SW Asia & NE ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Africa Limosa limosa limosa - Western Europe/NW & 350,000 148,000- 162,000- 162,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC West Africa 183,000 183,000 183,000 - Eastern Europe/Central & D 93,000- 90,000- 90,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Eastern Africa 173,000 165,000 165,000 - W-cen. Asia/SW Asia & C C C C ? ? ? ? Eastern Africa Limosa limosa islandica - Iceland/Western Europe 65,000 35,000 47,000 47,000 INC INC INC INC

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Limosa lapponica lapponica - N Europe/Western 115,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 STA/D STA STA STA Europe EC Limosa lapponica taymyrensis - W Siberia/West & 700,000 520,000 600,000 600,000 ? DEC DEC? DEC? Southwest Africa Limosa lapponica taymyrensis - Cen Siberia/S & SW Asia C/D 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- ? ? ? ? & E Africa 150,000 150,000 150,000 Numenius phaeopus phaeopus - Northern Europe/West - 156,000- 190,000- 190,000- - ? (STA) (STA) Africa 298,000 340,000 340,000 - West Siberia/Southern & ? D D D ? ? ? ? Eastern Africa Numenius phaeopus islandicus - Iceland, Faroes & - 610,000 600,000- 600,000- - STA (STA) (STA) Scotland/West Africa 750,000 750,000 Numenius phaeopus alboaxillaris - SW Asia/Eastern Africa A A A A DEC ? DEC DEC Numenius tenuirostris - Cen 50-270 <50 <50 <50 DEC DEC DEC DEC Siberia/Mediterranean & SW Asia Numenius arquata arquata - Europe/Europe, North & 348,000 420,000 700,000- 700,000- STA/IN STA/IN DEC DEC West Africa 1,000,000 1,000,000 C C Numenius arquata orientalis - W Siberia/SW Asia, E & S C C C C (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) Africa

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Numenius arquata suschkini - SE Europe & SW Asia - ? ? ? - (DEC) DEC DEC (bre) Tringa erythropus - N Europe/S Europe, N & 75,000- 77,000- 60,000- 60,000- (STA) (STA) (STA) (STA) W Africa 150,000 131,000 120,000 120,000 - W Siberia/SW Asia, NE & B/C B/C B/C B/C ? ? ? ? East Africa Tringa totanus totanus - NW Europe/W Europe, 177,000 222,500 250,000 DEC DEC DEC NW & W Africa - Northern Europe 200,000- 1 STA 1 (breeding) 300,000 - Central & East Europe/E D 223,000- 223,000- DEC DEC DEC Med & Africa 464,000 464,000 - Central & Eastern Europe 570,000- 1 DEC 1 (breeding) 870,000 Tringa totanus britannica - Britain & Ireland/Britain, - 124,000- 95,000- 95,000- - DEC DEC DEC Ireland, France 127,000 135,000 135,000 Tringa totanus ussuriensis - West Asia/SW Asia, NE & ? 213,000- D D ? ? ? ? E Africa 326,000 Tringa totanus robusta - Iceland & Faroes/Western 150,000- 64,500 150,000- 150,000- STA/IN STA/IN (STA/I (STA/I Europe 300,000 400,000 400,000 C C NC) NC) Tringa stagnatilis - Eastern Europe/West & C/D 21,000- 14,000- 14,000- ? ? (DEC) (DEC) Central Africa 52,000 40,000 40,000 - W Asia/SW Asia, E & S C C 50,000- 50,000- ? ? ? ? Africa 100,000 100,000 Tringa nebularia - N Europe/SW Europe, D 234,000- 190,000- 190,000- STA STA STA STA NW & W Africa 395,000 270,000 270,000 71

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Western Siberia/SW Asia, C/D D D D ? ? ? ? E & S Africa Tringa ochropus - N Europe/S & W Europe, D/E 1.0-1.9 1.0-2.4 1.0-2.4 STA/IN STA/IN STA STA West Africa million million million C C - W Siberia/SW Asia, NE & ? D/E D/E D/E ? ? ? ? E Africa Tringa glareola - NW Europe/West Africa E 855,000- 900,000- 900,000- DEC DEC STA STA 1,220,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 - NE Europe & W Siberia/E D/E >2 million >2 million >2 million ? (STA) (STA) (STA) & S Africa Xenus cinereus - NE Eur & W Sib/SW Asia, 44,000 D D D (STA) (STA) (STA) (STA) E & S Africa Actitis hypoleucos - W & Central Europe/West E 1.4-2.0 1.5-2.0 1.5-2.0 STA STA (DEC) (DEC) Africa million million million - E Europe & W Siberia/C, (E) E E E ? (STA) (STA) (STA) E & S Africa Arenaria interpres interpres - NE Can & Greenl/W Eur >80,000 100,000- 100,000- 100,000- (INC) INC DEC STA 24 24: Decreases in NW Europe and W & NW Africa 200,000 200,000 200,000 Mediterranean have levelled off - Northern Europe/West 50,000- 46,000- 45,000- 45,000- STA STA DEC DEC Africa 100,000 119,000 120,000 120,000 - W & Cen Siberia/SW C 100,000 100,000 100,000 ? ? ? ? Asia, E & S Africa Calidris tenuirostris - E Siberia/SW Asia & W A 2,000- 2,000- 2,000- ? ? ? ? South Asia 5,000 5,000 5,000 Calidris canutus canutus - N Siberia/Western & 260,000 340,000 400,000 400,000 DEC DEC ? (DEC) 15 Southern Africa

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Calidris canutus islandica - NE Canada & 400,000 450,000 450,000 380,000 24 (STA) DEC DEC DEC Greenland/West Europe Calidris alba - E Atlantic, W & S Africa 123,000 123,000 123,000 123,000 STA STA/IN STA/IN STA/IN (win) C C C - SW Asia, E & S Africa 120,000 140,000 150,000 150,000 ? (STA) (STA) (STA) (win) Calidris minuta - N Europe/Europe, North 211,000 200,000 >200,000 >200,000 STA (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) & West Africa - Western Siberia/SW Asia, 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 D/E 1 ? ? ? ? E & S Africa Calidris temminckii - Fennoscandia/North & ? 39,000- 39,000- 30,000- 1 ? ? ? DEC? 1 West Africa 80,000 80,000 55,000 - NE Eur & W Sib/SW Asia ? (E) D/E D/E ? ? ? ? & E Africa Calidris maritima maritima - North & W Europe (excl. 50,500 50,000- 50,000- STA STA STA Iceland) (win) 100,000 100,000 N Europe & W Siberia 50,000- 1 (STA) 1 (breeding) 100,000 NE Canada & N Greenland 20,000- 1 (DEC) 1, 24 (breeding) 30,000 Calidris alpina alpina - NE Eur & NW Sib/W Eur 1,373,000 1,330,000 1,330,000 1,330,000 DEC STA STA STA & NW Africa Calidris alpina centralis - Central Siberia/SW Asia 150,000 300,000 500,000 500,000 ? ? ? ? & NE Africa Calidris alpina schinzii - Iceland & Greenland/NW 800,000 940,000- 940,000- 940,000- STA STA STA STA and W Africa 960,000 960,000 960,000

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - U.K. & Ireland/SW Eur & 33,000- 23,000- 23,000- 23,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC NW Africa 36,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 - Baltic/SW Europe & NW - 3,600- 3,300- 3,300- - DEC DEC DEC Africa 4,700 4,100 4,100 Calidris alpina arctica - NE Greenland/West 15,000 21,000- 21,000- 21,000- STA (STA) (STA) (STA) Africa 45,000 45,000 45,000 Calidris ferruginea - Western Siberia/West 436,000 740,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 STA INC INC INC Africa - Central Siberia/SW Asia, 310,000 330,000 400,000 400,000 STA STA STA STA E & S Africa Limicola falcinellus falcinellus - Northern Europe/SW Asia 40,000- 61,000- 61,000- 61,000- (DEC) ? DEC DEC & Africa 60,000 64,000 64,000 64,000 Philomachus pugnax - N Europe & W E E 1.0 1.0 DEC DEC DEC DEC Siberia/West Africa million- million- 1.5 1.5 million million - Northern Siberia/SW D/E E E E ? (DEC) (DEC) (DEC) Asia, E & S Africa Phalaropus lobatus - Western Eurasia/Arabian D/E E E E (STA) ? ? ? Sea Phalaropus fulicarius - Can & Greenland/Atlantic ? 920,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 ? ? DEC DEC coast Africa LARIDAE Larus leucophthalmus - Red Sea & nearby coasts 20,000 20,000 37,000- 37,000- STA STA STA STA 44,000 44,000 Larus hemprichii

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Red Sea, Gulf, Arabia & D 150,000- 150,000- 150,000- ? ? (INC) (INC) Eastern Africa 300,000 300,000 300,000 Larus canus canus - NW & C Europe/Atlantic & 1,600,00 1.3-2.1 1.2-2.25 1.2-2.25 DEC DEC (DEC) (DEC) Medit. 0 million million million Larus canus heinei - NE Eur & W Sib/Black C D E E ? (INC) (INC) (INC) Sea & Caspian Larus audouinii - Mediterranean/N & W 40,000 57,600 57,600 57,600 INC INC INC INC coasts of Africa Larus marinus - North & Western Europe 480,000 420,000- 330,000- 330,000- INC STA INC STA 24 510,000 540,000 540,000 Larus dominicanus vetula - Coastal Southern Africa ? 69,000 70,000 70,000 ? INC INC INC Larus hyperboreus hyperboreus - North Atlantic 200,000 135,000- 135,000- 135,000- STA STA STA STA 360,000 360,000 360,000 Larus hyperboreus leuceretes Canada Greenland & D D ? ? Iceland (bre) Larus glaucoides glaucoides - Greenland/Iceland & NW C/D 90,000- 90,000- 90,000- STA STA STA STA Europe 300,000 300,000 300,000 Larus argentatus argentatus - North & Northwest 1,400,00 1.1-1.5 1.7-3.6 1.7-3.6 INC INC INC STA 24 Europe 0 million million million Larus argentatus argenteus - Iceland & Western 1,300,00 1,090,00 560,000- 560,000- ? (STA) DEC DEC Europe 0 0 620,000 620,000

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend Larus heuglini - NE Eur & W Sib/W Asia & ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NE Africa Larus (heuglini) barabensis - Southwest ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Siberia/Southwest Asia Larus armenicus - Armenia, E Turkey & NW 45,000- 69,000- 69,000- 69,000- STA ? ? ? Iran 60,000 75,000 75,000 75,000 Larus cachinnans cachinnans - Black S. & W Asia/SW C/D D D D ? (INC) INC INC Asia, NE Africa Larus cachinnans michahellis - Mediterranean, Iberia & 350,000 475,000- 630,000- 630,000- INC INC INC INC Morocco 585,000 768,000 768,000 Larus fuscus fuscus - NE Eur/Black Sea, SW 200,000- 156,000- 56,000 56,000 ? DEC DEC DEC Asia & E Africa 300,000 228,000 Larus fuscus graellsii - Western Europe/Med & 400,000- 525,000 530,000- 530,000- INC INC INC INC West Africa 500,000 570,000 570,000

Larus fuscus intermedius S Scandinavia, Germany, 325,000- 325,000- INC INC Netherlands, Ebro Delta, 440,000 440,000 Spain Larus ichthyaetus - Black Sea & Caspian/SW 70,000- 72,000- D D INC INC INC INC Asia 120,000 120,000 Larus cirrocephalus poiocephalus - West Africa ? 30,000 30,000 30,000 ? ? ? ? Coasts & rivers of E & S 200,000- 200,000- ? ? Africa 400,000 400,000 76

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Southern Africa ? (B) ? INC (excluding Madagascar) Larus hartlaubii - Coastal Southwest Africa 25,000 32,000- 30,000 30,000 ? STA/IN INC INC 33,000 C Larus ridibundus - W Europe/W Europe, W >5,000,0 5.6-7.3 3.7-4.8 3.7-4.8 (STA) INC DEC DEC Med, W Africa 00 million million million - E Europe/Black Sea & E D 1.3-1.7 770,000- 770,000- (STA) INC ? STA 24 Mediterranean million 1,800,00 1,800,000 0 - West Asia/SW Asia & NE 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 ? ? ? ? Africa Larus genei - West Africa (bre) 20,000 22,500 22,500 22,500 INC INC STA STA - Black Sea & 120,000- 123,000- 140,000- 140,000- (INC) INC STA STA 24: Increasing W Mediterranean, stable Mediterranean (bre) 240,000 237,000 205,000 205,000 or possibly decreasing East Mediterranean/Black Sea - W, SW & S Asia (bre) 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 INC INC INC INC Larus melanocephalus - W Europe, Med & NW D 570,000- 360,000- 360,000- INC INC STA STA Africa 1,110,00 960,000 960,000 0 Larus minutus - Cen & E Europe/SW 60,000- 66,000- 72,000- 72,000- STA/IN (STA) INC INC Europe & W Med. 90,000 102,000 174,000 174,000 C - W Asia/E Med, Black Sea (C) C C C ? ? ? ? & Caspian Xema sabini sabini - Canada & Greenland/SE ? ? 300,000- 300,000- ? ? ? ? Atlantic 600,000 600,000

Sterna nilotica nilotica - Western Europe/West 12,000 9,500- 14,000- 14,000- DEC DEC STA STA Africa 10,800 21,000 21,000

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Black Sea & E ? 14,000- 24,000- 24,000- DEC DEC DEC DEC Medit./Eastern Africa 39,000 52,000 52,000 - West & Central Asia/SW B B B B ? ? ? ? Asia Sterna caspia caspia - Southern Africa (bre) 1,500 5,000 2,000 2,000 STA (INC) STA STA - West Africa (bre) 15,000 40,500 45,000- 45,000- (DEC) INC STA STA 60,000 60,000 - Europe (bre) 5,000- 5,400- 8,000- 8,000- DEC DEC INC INC 7,000 7,800 11,000 11,000 - Caspian (bre) 10,000 9,000- 9,000- 9,000- DEC (DEC) ? ? 16,500 16,500 16,500 Sterna maxima albidorsalis - West Africa (bre) 75,000 129,000 225,000 225,000 STA STA/IN STA/IN STA/IN C C C Sterna bengalensis bengalensis - Persian Gulf/Southern 150,000- 150,000- 150,000- 150,000- ? ? ? ? Asia 180,000 180,000 180,000 180,000 Sterna bengalensis par - Red Sea/Eastern Africa C C 40,000- 40,000- ? ? STA STA 47,000 47,000 - S Mediterranean/NW & W 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 STA STA STA STA Africa coasts Sterna bergii bergii - Southern Africa (Angola – 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 ? (STA) (STA) (STA) Mozambique) Sterna bergii (enigma) - Madagascar & - 8,000- 7,500- 7,500- - ? ? ? Mozambique/S Africa 10,000 10,000 10,000 Sterna bergii thalassina - Tanzania, Seychelles, 1,200 2,550- 1,300- 1,300- ? ? ? ? Chagos 4,500 1,700 1,700 Sterna bergii velox

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Red Sea & NE Africa C C C 20,000 3 ? ? ? ? 5,300 pairs in the Red Sea & NE Africa, plus 3,500 pairs in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s. Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis - Western Europe/West 150,000 159,000- 166,000- 166,000- INC INC STA STA Africa 171,000 171,000 171,000 - Black Sea & 130,000 44,000- 61,000- 61,000- (DEC) DEC FLU FLU Mediterranean (bre) 73,000 197,000 197,000 - West & Central Asia/SW 110,000 110,000 110,000 110,000 ? ? ? ? & South Asia Sterna dougallii dougallii - Southern Africa 400 750 750-780 750-780 DEC INC - East Africa 38,000 26,000 25,500 25,500 ? ? ? ? - Europe (bre) 5,000 4,800- 5,400- 5,400- DEC DEC INC INC 5,400 5,700 5,700 Sterna dougallii arideensis - Madagascar, Seychelles 3,600 10,000- 12,000- 12,000- ? (DEC) DEC DEC & Mascarenes 15,000 15,000 15,000 Sterna dougallii bangsi - North Arabian Sea ? <600 <600 <600 ? ? ? ? (Oman) Sterna vittata vittata - Subantarctic islands/S 3,000- 3,000- >6,700 6,700- 22, 23 ? ? ? ? Breeding estimate of 2,215 pairs (6,645 Africa 6,000 6,000 8,000 individuals); wintering estimate of 8,000. Sterna vittata tristanensis - Tristan da Cunha & 2,500 2,500 2,400- 2,400- ? ? ? ? Gough/S Africa 4,500 4,500 Sterna hirundo hirundo - Southern & Western 180,000 170,000- 170,000- 170,000- (STA) (STA) STA STA Europe (bre) 200,000 210,000 210,000 - Northern & Eastern 600,000 460,000- 630,000- 630,000- (STA) (STA) STA STA Europe (bre) 820,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 - Western Asia (bre) C/D C/D C/D C/D ? ? ? ? Sterna paradisaea

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - Western Eurasia (bre) E 1.3-2.3 E E (STA) STA/D ? ? million EC Sterna albifrons albifrons - Eastern Atlantic (bre) 34,000 31,000- 42,500- 42,500- STA/IN STA DEC DEC 37,500 55,500 55,500 C - Black Sea & East 70,000- 63,500- 63,500- 63,500- DEC DEC DEC DEC Mediterranean (bre) 120,000 127,000 112,500 112,500 - Caspian (bre) B B B B ? ? ? ? Sterna albifrons guineae - West Africa (bre) ? ? 2,000- 2,000- ? ? ? ? 3,000 3,000 Sterna saundersi - W South Asia, Red Sea, 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 ? ? ? ? Gulf & E Africa Sterna balaenarum - Namibia & S 13,500 13,500 14,000 14,000 (DEC) (INC) STA STA Africa/Atlantic to Ghana Sterna repressa - W S Asia, Red Sea, Gulf 600,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 DEC DEC DEC DEC & E Africa Chlidonias hybridus hybridus - Western Europe & NW 20,000- 21,500- 16,300- 16,300- DEC DEC STA STA Africa (bre) 30,000 31,000 39,800 39,800 - Black Sea & E 50,000- 80,000- 98,000- 98,000- STA/IN STA/IN STA STA Mediterranean (bre) 80,000 120,000 108,000 108,000 C C - Caspian (bre) C C C C ? ? ? ? Chlidonias hybridus sclateri - Eastern Africa (Kenya & ? A 10,000- 10,000- ? ? ? ? Tanzania) 15,000 15,000 - Southern Africa (to ? B 5,000- 5,000- ? ? ? ? Malawi & Zambia) 15,000 15,000 Chlidonias leucopterus

Population CSR CSR CSR 3 Proposed Source Trend Trend Trend Propos Source Justification of changes 1999 2002 2006 revision 2008 1999 2002 2006 ed trend 2008 2008 revision 2008 trend - E Europe & W Asia/Africa 200,000- 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 DEC ? (STA) (STA) 250,000 Chlidonias niger niger - Europe & Asia/Atlantic 200,000 200,000- 500,000- 500,000- DEC STA/D DEC DEC coast of Africa 350,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 EC

RYNCHOPIDAE Rynchops flavirostris - Coastal West Africa ? <5,000 ? DEC - Central Africa ? B ? DEC Central & coastal West 7,000- 7,000- DEC DEC Africa 13,000 13,000 - Eastern & Southern Africa ? B 8,000- 8,000- ? DEC DEC DEC 12,000 12,000

TABLE 2: POPULATION SIZES AND TRENDS OF WATERBIRD SPECIES PROPOSED in 2005 FOR INCLUSION IN THE AGREEMENT

Estimate Proposed Source Trend Proposed Source Justification of changes Population 2005 revision 2008 2005 trend 2008 2008 trend 2008 revision

Phaethon aethereus Red-billed Tropicbird aethereus- South Atlantic <9,000 2,000 17 ? STA 11 Breeding pairs: ca. 86 in St Helena, 555 in Ascension mesonauta – Cape Verde & Senegal 300 400 5, 13, 3 ? DEC 5 Population includes ca. 30 pairs at Iles de la Madeleine, Senegal. Expected continuing decline in Cape Verde. indicus- Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea (<1000) 3,000 14, 3 ? STA 14 800 pairs estimated; nest site inaccessibility suggests the population is fairly secure.

Phaethon rubricauda Red-tailed Tropicbird rubricauda - Western Indian Ocean (A) 20,000 10, 21, ? STA 3 Breeding pairs: ca. 2,200 in 18, 3 Seychelles, 500-1,000 in Mauritius and 3,500 on Europa

Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Tropicbird lepturus - Western Indian Ocean 7,500 17,000- 9, 12, 3 ? STA 3 Breeding pairs: ca. 5,000 in 22,000 Seychelles, 500-1,000 in Mauritius, plus other smaller colonies. europae - Europa 1,500-3,000 9 STA 3 500-1,000 pairs on Europa. ascensionis –Ascension & Gulf of Guinea 4,500 17, 11, STA 3 Over 1,000 pairs at Ascension, islands 7, 12 ca. 1,000 pairs in São Tomé & Príncipe, and ca. 50 pairs on Annóbon.

Sula (Morus) bassana Northern Gannet 675,000 675,000 ? ?

Sula dactylatra Masked Booby dactylatara – St Helena and Ascension 4,000 17, 16, DEC 11 1,350 pairs on Ascension, 200 82

Estimate Proposed Source Trend Proposed Source Justification of changes Population 2005 revision 2008 2005 trend 2008 2008 trend 2008 revision 3, 25 birds on St Helena. melanops – W Indian Ocean, Red Sea and (A) 30,000- 3 DEC DEC Breeding pair estimates: ca. Gulf of Aden 35,000 9,000 in Seychelles, ca. 500 on Latham, 250 in Mauritius, 250 on Tromelin; breeds also in Comoros.

Fregata minor Great Frigatebird aldabrensis- W Indian Ocean (A) 15,000 21, 3, 9 ? DEC 21, 3, 4,000 pairs on Aldabra and 9 700-1,100 on Europa; widespread declines in the Indian Ocean.

Fregata ariel Lesser Frigatebird iredalei – W Indian Ocean (A) 20,000 21, 3, 9 ? STA 21, 3, 6,000 pairs on Aldabra; also 9 breeds on Cargados Carajos.

Catharacta skua Great Skua 40,800 40,800 ? ?

Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Skua Longicaudus (C/D) (C/D) ? ?

Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake tridactyla E E ? ?

Sterna anaethetus Bridled Tern melanopterus – W Africa 1,500 1,500 DEC DEC fuligula – Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea 390,000 750,000- 3 ? At least 250,000 pairs in the to W India 1,050,000 Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Arabian Gulf. antarctica – W Indian Ocean (C) 10,000- 3 ? ? Around 3,600 breeding pairs, 15,000 but some information gaps.

Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern 83

Estimate Proposed Source Trend Proposed Source Justification of changes Population 2005 revision 2008 2005 trend 2008 2008 trend 2008 revision fuscata – Gulf of Guinea & S. Atlantic 900,000 3, 2 ? Estimate of 300,000 breeding pairs, mostly from Ascension and Tinhosas. nubilosa –Western Indian Ocean (D/E) 13,500,000 3, 2 ? ? Close to 3,000,000 pairs in Seychelles, and large colonies also at several other sites.

Anous stolidus Brown Noddy plumbeigularis – Red Sea & Gulf of Aden 75,000 75,000 ? ?

Anous minutus Black Noddy atlanticus – Atlantic Islands, Gulf of Guinea 120,000- 90,000- 3, 2 ? ? 180,000 150,000

Anous tenuirostris Lesser Noddy tenuirostris –Seychelles, Mascarenes (B/C) 1,050,000- 3, 2 ? ? 1,350,000

Alle alle Little Auk alle High Arctic, Baffin Is – Novaya Zemlya 36,000,000- 36,000,000- ? ? 39,000,000 39,000,000

Uria aalge Common Guillemot aalge – E North America, Greenland, Iceland, (D) (D) ? ? Faeroes, Scotland, S Norway, Baltic albionis Ireland, S Britain, France, Iberia, (D) (D) ? ? Helgoland hyperborea Svalbard, N Norway to Novaya (D) (D) ? ? Zemlya

Uria lomvia Brunnich’s Guillemot lomvia – E North America, Greenland, E to 9,000,000- 9,000,000- ? ? Severnaya Zemlya 12,000,000 12,000,000

Estimate Proposed Source Trend Proposed Source Justification of changes Population 2005 revision 2008 2005 trend 2008 2008 trend 2008 revision Alca torda Razorbill torda E North America, Greenland, E to Baltic 240,000 240,000 ? ? & White Seas islandica Iceland, Faeroes, Britain, Ireland, 1,950,000 1,950,000 ? ? Helgoland, NW France

Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot grylle Baltic Sea (B/C) (B/C) ? ? mandtii Arctic E North America to Greenland, (C) (C) ? ? Jan Mayen & Svalbard E through Siberia to Alaska arcticus N America, S Greenland, Britain, (C) (C) ? ? Ireland, Scandinavia, White Sea islandicus Iceland 50,000 50,000 ? ? faeroeensis Faeroes (B/C) (B/C) ? ?

Fratercula arctica Atlantic Puffin arctica Hudson bay & Maine E to S Greenland, E E ? ? Iceland, Bear Is, Norway to S Novaya Zemlya naumanni NE Canada, N Greenland, to Jan E E ? ? Mayen, Svalbard, N Novaya Zemlya grabae Faeroes, S Norway & Sweden, Britain, 13,500,000 13,500,000 ? ? Ireland, NW France

SOURCES FOR TABLES 1 AND 2

1 Delany, S., Scott, D., Dodman, T. & Stroud, D. 2008. An Atlas of wader populations in Africa and West Eurasia. Final Consultation Draft. 2 Dodman, T. 2002. Waterbird Population Estimates in Africa. Unpublished report to Wetlands International. 3 Dodman, T. 2007. Population sizes and status of tropical and sub-tropical seabird populations proposed for inclusion in the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement in 2005 and of additional candidate species. Report to AEWA, Wetlands International.

4 Dodman, T. In press, 2008. Status, estimates and trends of waterbird populations in Africa. Wetlands International. 5 Hazevoet, C.J. 1995. The Birds of the Cape Verde Islands. BOU Checklist No. 13, Tring 6 Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J. & Ryan, P.G. (eds). 2005. Roberts - Birds of Southern Africa, VIIth ed. The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town. 7 Jones, P. & Tye, A. 2006. The Birds of São Tomé and Príncipe with Annobón. BOU Checklist No. 22. BOU, Tring, UK. 8 Kamp, Johannes, in litt, 2007 (GLANO) 9 Le Corre, M. & Safford, R. 2001. La Réunion and Iles Eparses. In: Fishpool, L.D.C. & Evans, M.I. Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury & Cambridge, UK: Pisces Publications and BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 11). 10 Le Corre, M. 2004. Diving depths of two tropical pelecaniformes: the red-tailed tropicbird and the red-footed booby. The Condor 99:1004-1007 11 McCulloch, N. 2004. A guide to the birds of St Helena and Ascension Island. The RSPB, Sandy, UK. 12 Monteiro, LR, Covas, R, Melo, MP, Monteiro, PR, Jesus, P, Pina, N, Sacramento, A & Vera Cruz, J. 1997. Seabirds of São Tomé e Príncipe. Progress Report, University of the Azores, Portugal. 13 Morel, G.J. & Morel, M-Y. 1990. Les Oiseaux de Sénégambie. Notices et cartes de distribution. ORSTOM, Paris. 14 PERSGA/GEF. 2003. Status of Breeding Seabirds in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. PERSGA Technical Series No. 8. PERSGA, Jeddah. 15 Pol, M. van de, Atkinson, P., Blew, J., Crowe, O., Delany, S., Duriez, O., Ens, B., Hälterlein, B., Hötker, H., Laursen, K., Oosterbeek, K., Petersen, A., Thorup, O., Tjørve, K., Triplet, P., & Yésou, P. In press, 2007. A global assessment of the conservation status of the nominate subspecies of Eurasian Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus). 16 Rowlands, B.W., Trueman, T., Olson, S.L., McCulloch, M.N. & Brooke, R.K. 1998. The Birds of St Helena. BOU Checklist No. 16. BOU, Tring, UK. 17 Rowlands, B. 2001. St Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha, including Gough Island. In: Fishpool, L.D.C. & Evans, M.I. Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury & Cambridge, UK: Pisces Publications and BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 11). 18 Safford, R. 2001. Mauritius. In: Fishpool, L.D.C. & Evans, M.I. Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury & Cambridge, UK: Pisces Publications and BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 11). 19 Sheldon, R.D., Grishina, K.V., Kamo, J., Khrokov, V.V., Knight, A. & Koshkin, M.A. 2006. Revising the breeding population estimate and distribution of the Critically Endangered Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarious Poster at Wader Study Group Conference, Falsterbo, Sweden. 20 Simmons, R., Baker, N., Braby, R., Dodman, T., Nasirwa, O., Tyler, S., Versfeld, W., Wearne, K. and Wheeler, M. 2007. The Chestnut-banded Plover is an overlooked globally Near Threatened Species.Bird Conservation International 17:283-293. 21 Skerrett, A., Bullock, I. & Disley, T. 2001. Birds of the Seychelles. Christopher Helm, London. 22 du Toit, M., Boere, G.C., Cooper, J., Kemper, J., Lenten, B., Simmons, R.S., Whittington, P.A. & Byers, O. (eds). 2002. Conservation assessment and management plan for southern African coastal seabirds. Workshop Report, Cape Town, South Africa, 4-8 February 2002. Avian Demography Unit, Cape Town & Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, IUCN/SSC. 23 Tree, A.J. & Klages, N.T.W. 2004. Population size, distribution and origins of Antarctic Terns Sterna vittata wintering in South Africa. Marine Ornithology 32: 55-61. 24 Wetlands International. November 2007. Unpublished population trend analysis based on the IWC database of January counts in Europe using TRIM software. See Annex 4. 25 White, R. 2002. Ascension’s Birds. Ascension Island Heritage Website. Ascension Heritage Society. 26 Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, 2007 http://www.wwt.org.uk/research/monitoring/greenland-whitefront_latest.asp

TABLE 3 SPECIES OF WATERBIRDS OCCURRING IN THE AGREEMENT AREA BUT CONSIDERED INAPPROPRIATE FOR INCLUSION IN THE AGREEMENT

KEY TO COLUMN HEADINGS

1. The species is not migratory, as defined in the Bonn Convention. Species which are entirely or almost entirely confined to a single Range State are indicated with a double asterisk (**).

2. The species occurs in the Agreement Area only as a vagrant or rare straggler from another region.

3. Only a very small part of the total range of the species lies within the Agreement Area. The region therefore has very little significance for the species.

4. The species is more properly regarded as a seabird, breeding on rocky or sandy sea coasts, cliffs, offshore islands etc., and spending the non-breeding season exclusively in marine environments.

The species is otherwise unusual in its habitat requirements, occurring in desert, grassland, heathland or forest, and is at no time dependent on wetland habitats.

The species has been artificially introduced in the Agreement Area.

1 2 3 4 5 6 Tachybaptus rufolavatus ** Tachybaptus pelzelnii ** Podilymbus podiceps * Phalacrocorax africanus * Phalacrocorax auritus * Phalacrocorax aristotelis * * Anhinga rufa * Egretta tricolor * Egretta caerulea * Egretta thula * Ardea humbloti ** Ardea goliath * Ardeola grayii * * Ardeola bacchus * Butorides striatus * Butorides virescens * Gorsachius leuconotus * Tigriornis leucolophus * Ixobrychus exilis * Ixobrychus eurhythmus * Botaurus lentiginosus * Scopus umbretta * Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis * Bostrychia hagedash * Bostrychia carunculata ** Bostrychia olivacea *

1 2 3 4 5 6

Bostrychia bocagei ** Bostrychia rara * Geronticus calvus * Lophotibis cristata ** Oxyura jamaicensis * Anser indicus * Anser caerulescens * Anser rossii * Branta canadensis * * Cyanochen cyanopterus ** Pteronetta hartlaubii * Nettapus coromandelianus * Aix sponsa * Aix galericulata * Anas americana * Anas falcata * Anas formosa * Anas bernieri ** Anas rubripes * Anas melleri ** Anas sparsa * Anas discors * Anas smithii * Aythya valisineria * Aythya collaris * Aythya innotata ** Aythya affinis * Somateria fischeri * Histrionicus histrionicus * Melanitta perspicillata * Bucephala islandica * Bucephala albeola * Lophodytes cucullatus * Grus canadensis * Grus monacha * Sarothrura pulchra * Sarothrura rufa * Sarothrura lugens * Sarothrura affinis * Sarothrura insularis ** Sarothrura watersi ** Himantornis haematopus * Canirallus oculeus * Canirallus kioloides ** Rallus madagascariensis ** Rougetius rougetii ** Dryolimnas cuvieri ** Amaurornis phoenicurus * Amaurornis olivieri ** Porzana carolina * Porphyrio porphyrio * Porphyrio martinicus * Fulica americana * 1 2 3 4 5 6 Podica senegalensis * Actophilornis africanus *

Actophilornis albinucha ** Microparra capensis * Hydrophasianus chirurgus * Rostratula benghalensis * Haematopus meadewaldoi ** Burhinus oedicnemus * Burhinus vermiculatus * Burhinus capensis * * Rhinoptilus africanus * * Rhinoptilus chalcopterus * Rhinoptilus cinctus * Cursorius cursor * Cursorius rufus * Cursorius temminckii * Glareola maldivarum * Glareola lactea * Pluvialis dominica * Charadrius semipalmatus * Charadrius vociferus * Charadrius thoracicus ** Charadrius sanctaehelenae ** Vanellus crassirostris * Vanellus armatus * Vanellus tectus * Vanellus melanocephalus ** Vanellus indicus * * Gallinago solitaria * Gallinago megala * Gallinago nigripennis * Gallinago macrodactyla ** Limosa haemastica * Numenius borealis * Numenius minutus * Bartramia longicauda * Tringa melanoleuca * Tringa flavipes * Tringa solitaria * Tringa macularia * Tringa brevipes * Catoptrophorus semipalmatus * Limnodromus griseus * Limnodromus scolopaceus * Limnodromus semipalmatus * Calidris pusilla * Calidris mauri * Calidris ruficollis * Calidris subminuta * Calidris minutilla * Calidris fuscicollis * Calidris bairdii * Calidris melanotos * Calidris acuminata * 1 2 3 4 5 6 Micropalama himantopus * Tryngites subruficollis * Steganopus tricolor *

Larus delawarensis * Larus brunnicephalus * Larus philadelphia * Larus atricilla * Larus pipixcan * Pagophila eburnea * Rhodostethia rosea * * Sterna elegans * Sterna sumatrana * Sterna forsteri * Sterna aleutica *

ANNEX 1 Species of waterbirds occurring in the Agreement Area but considered inappropriate for inclusion in The Agreement

PODICIPEDIDAE Alaotra Grebe Tachybaptus rufolavatus Endemic to Madagascar; confined to Lake Alaotra and now probably extinct as a result of hunting, habitat destruction, and competition and hybridisation with T. ruficollis. Madagascar Little Grebe Tachybaptus pelzelnii Endemic to Madagascar, where the population may number fewer than 5,000 individuals. Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Vagrant to Europe from North America.

PHALACROCORACIDAE Long-tailed Cormorant Phalacrocorax africanus Two subspecies occur: the nominate subspecies occurs throughout Africa south of the Sahara; P. a. pictilis is confined to Madagascar. All populations appear to be sedentary or dispersive. Some populations show local seasonal movements related to rainfall (e.g. in Congo), but no long-distance migrations are known. Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Vagrant to Europe from North America. European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis Invariably a marine species of rocky coasts. Three subspecies occur: the nominate race breeds in Iceland and on the Atlantic coast of Europe; P. a. desmarestii breeds in the central Mediterranean; and P.c. riggenbachi breeds on the coast of Morocco. All populations are mainly sedentary, with the northernmost populations showing some post-breeding dispersal (e.g. from extreme north-western Russia to northern Norway). Populations of desmarestii appear to be entirely sedentary.

ANHINGIDAE African Darter Anhinga rufa Mainly sedentary; apparently subject to some local movements, but these have yet to be documented.

ARDEIDAE Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor Vagrant to the Western Palearctic from North America. Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Vagrant to the Western Palearctic from North America. Snowy Egret Egretta thula Vagrant to Europe from North America. Madagascar Heron Ardea humbloti Endemic to Madagascar. Goliath Heron Ardea goliath Largely sedentary, with some post-breeding dispersal. Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii Extralimital; a scarce visitor to the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf from south-eastern Iran and the Indian Subcontinent. Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia. Striated Heron Butorides striatus Largely sedentary, with some post-breeding dispersal. Green Heron Butorides virescens Vagrant to Europe from North America. White-backed Night-Heron Gorsachius leuconotus A forest heron; apparently sedentary. White-crested Bittern Tigriornis leucolophus A secretive forest bittern; apparently sedentary. Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis Vagrant to Europe from North America.

Schrenck's Bittern Ixobrychus eurhythmus Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia. American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Vagrant to Europe from North America.

SCOPIDAE Hamerkop Scopus umbretta Largely sedentary, with some wet-season dispersal to seasonal ponds in semi-arid areas. No evidence of regular migration anywhere.

CICONIIDAE Saddle-billed Stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Largely sedentary and probably territorial. Some nomadic movements within large expanses of swamp, but no migrations known.

THRESKIORNITHIDAE Hadada Ibis Bostrychia hagedash Apparently sedentary throughout its extensive range. Wattled Ibis Bostrychia carunculata Endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia. Olive Ibis Bostrychia olivacea A rather secretive forest ibis; sedentary. Dwarf Olive Ibis Bostrychia bocagei Endemic to Sao Tome; rare. Spot-breasted Ibis Bostrychia rara A forest ibis; sedentary. Bald Ibis Geronticus calvus Confined as a breeding species to the highlands of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Mainly sedentary, but subject to local movements (up to 18 km) outside the breeding season. The present population of 8,000-10,000 individuals has remained relatively stable since 1970, after a long period of decline. White-winged Ibis Lophotibis cristata Endemic to Madagascar.

ANATIDAE Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis Introduced into Western Europe from North America. Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus Introduced into Western Europe from Central Asia; possibly also a vagrant. Snow Goose Anser caerulescens Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Ross’s Goose Anser rossii Vagrant to Europe from North America. Canada Goose Branta canadensis Widely introduced into Europe from North America; also a vagrant. Blue-winged Goose Cyanochen cyanopterus Endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia. Hartlaub's Duck Pteronetta hartlaubii Sedentary along rivers and streams in forested areas of West and Central Africa. Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus Very scarce winter visitor to the Arabian Peninsula from South Asia. Wood Duck Aix sponsa Introduced into Western Europe from North America. Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata Introduced into Western Europe from eastern Asia. American Wigeon Anas americana Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Falcated Duck Anas falcata Vagrant to Europe and the Middle East from eastern Asia. Baikal Teal Anas formosa

Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia. Madagascar Teal Anas bernieri Endemic to Madagascar, where threatened with extinction. American Black Duck Anas rubripes Vagrant to Europe from North America. Meller's Duck Anas melleri Endemic to Madagascar. African Black Duck Anas sparsa Sedentary and territorial with a permanent home range. A species of rivers, streams and mountain bogs. Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Cape Shoveler Anas smithii Confined to Southern Africa. Largely sedentary, with some irregular movements but no clear pattern of migration. Canvasback Aythya valisineria Vagrant to Europe from North America. Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata Endemic to Madagascar. Formerly considered as ‘probably extinct’, this species was rediscovered in 2006. Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Vagrant to Europe from North America. Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri Vagrant to Western Siberia and northern Norway from north-eastern Asia (east of the Lena Delta). Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus Primarily a North American and East Asian species, confined in the Agreement Area to Greenland and Iceland where the populations are resident. There is some movement of birds to adjacent coasts in winter. Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata Vagrant to Europe from North America. Barrow's Goldeneye Bucephala islandica A North American species, confined in Agreement Area to Iceland, where the population of about 800 pairs is resident. Bufflehead Bucephala albeola Vagrant to Europe from North America. Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Vagrant to Europe from North America.

GRUIDAE Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis Vagrant to Europe from North America. Hooded Crane Grus monacha Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia.

RALLIDAE White-spotted Flufftail Sarothrura pulchra A sedentary forest rail. Four subspecies have been described. Red-chested Flufftail Sarothrura rufa Sedentary. Three subspecies have been described. Chestnut-headed Flufftail Sarothrura lugens Sedentary. Two subspecies have been described. Striped Flufftail Sarothrura affinis Sedentary. Two subspecies have been described. Madagascar Flufftail Sarothrura insularis Endemic to Madagascar where locally abundant. Slender-billed Flufftail Sarothrura watersi Endemic to Madagascar where apparently very rare and local. Nkulengu Rail Himantornis haematopus

A sedentary rail of lowland rain forest, occasionally occurring in mangroves. Grey-throated Rail Canirallus oculeus Sedentary. An uncommon and secretive rail of lowland rain forest in West and Central Africa. Madagascar Wood Rail Canirallus kioloides Endemic to Madagascar. Two subspecies have been described. Madagascar Rail Rallus madagascariensis Endemic to eastern Madagascar. Rouget’s Rail Rougetius rougetii Confined to the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea; sedentary. White-throated Rail Dryolimnas cuvieri Endemic to Madagascar (D. c. cuvieri) and Aldabra (D. c. aldabranus). White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Vagrant to the Arabian Peninsula from southern Asia. Sakalava Rail Amaurornis olivieri Endemic to Madagascar; rare. Sora Porzana carolina Vagrant to Europe from North America. Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Sedentary over most of its very extensive range; sometimes moves locally after breeding in Northwest Africa and Egypt. Four subspecies are relevant: the nominate race in Southwest Europe and Northwest Africa; madagascariensis in Madagascar, Egypt and Africa south of the Sahara; seistanicus in eastern Turkey and northern and eastern Iran; and poliocephalus in Iraq. Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinicus Vagrant to Europe from North America. American Coot Fulica americana Vagrant to Europe from North America.

HELIORNITHIDAE African Finfoot Podica senegalensis Highly localised and apparently sedentary. Four subspecies are generally recognised.

JACANIDAE African Jacana Actophilornis africanus Mainly sedentary, but may undertake dispersive or nomadic movements in response to drought. Madagascar Jacana Actophilornis albinucha Endemic to Madagascar. Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis Apparently sedentary, unless forced to move by drought. Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus Mainly extralimital; a scarce winter visitor to the Arabian Peninsula from southern Asia.

ROSTRATULIDAE Greater Painted-snipe Rostratula benghalensis Mainly sedentary but performs irregular movements in response to rainfall or drought.

HAEMATOPODIDAE Canary Island Oystercatcher Haematopus meadewaldoi Endemic to the Canary Islands; extinct.

BURHINIDAE Eurasian Thick-knee Burhinus oedicnemus A bird of dry grasslands, heathlands and semi-desert. Water Thick-knee Burhinus vermiculatus Largely sedentary, making only local movements related to changes in water level. Spotted Thick-knee Burhinus capensis A bird of savanna, open woodland, cultivated land, semi-arid scrub and stony hillsides. Mainly sedentary.

GLAREOLIDAE

Double-banded Courser Rhinoptilus africanus A bird of flat, stony and gravelly desert and semi-desert plains; mainly sedentary. Bronze-winged Courser Rhinoptilus chalcopterus A bird of Acacia and other savanna, bushveld and thorn scrub. Migratory. Three-banded Courser Rhinoptilus cinctus A bird of dry mopane and miombo woodland, thorn savanna and scrub and other dry, open woodlands. Mainly sedentary, but migratory in southernmost part of range. Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor A bird of desert and semi-desert. Migratory. Burchell’s Courser Cursorius rufus A bird of desert, semi-desert and overgrazed grasslands. Highly nomadic. Temminck's Courser Cursorius temminckii A bird of semi-arid bush savanna, bushveld and short grasslands. Migratory in some areas. Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia. Small Pratincole Glareola lactea Vagrant to Iran and the Arabian Peninsula from southern Asia.

CHARADRIIDAE American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus Vagrant to Europe from North America. Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Vagrant to Europe from North America. Madagascar Plover Charadrius thoracicus Endemic to Madagascar where restricted to coastal grassy areas in the southwest. St Helena Plover Charadrius Sanctaehelenae Endemic to St Helena. Long-toed Lapwing Vanellus crassirostris Three subspecies have been described: crassirostris around Lake Chad and in Sudan, Uganda and Kenya; hybrida from Tanzania and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to Malawi; and leucopterus from southern Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and Malawi to South Africa. V. c. hybrida is regarded by some authors as merely the intergrades between crassirostris and leucopterus. The species appears to be largely sedentary throughout its range. Blacksmith Plover Vanellus armatus Largely sedentary, but subject to local movements in some parts of its range in relation to the rains. Black-headed Lapwing Vanellus tectus Largely sedentary throughout its range, with some local movements in Mauritania, Mali and Nigeria during the rains. Spot-breasted Lapwing Vanellus melanocephalus Endemic to the highlands of Ethiopia. Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Mainly extralimital, occurring throughout southern Asia west to north-central Iraq and extreme southeastern Turkey; also in Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Mainly sedentary.

SCOLOPACIDAE Solitary Snipe Gallinago solitaria Vagrant to eastern Iran and central Saudi Arabia from Central Asia. Swinhoe's Snipe Gallinago megala Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia. African Snipe Gallinago nigripennis Largely sedentary, but subject to local movements often associated with drying of temporary floods, and an altitudinal migrant in some areas. Madagascar Snipe Gallinago macrodactyla Endemic to Madagascar where uncommon. Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica Vagrant to Europe from North America.

Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis Former vagrant to Europe from North America. Little Curlew Numenius minutus Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia. Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda Vagrant to Europe from North America. Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria Vagrant to Europe from North America. Spotted Sandpiper Tringa macularia Vagrant to Europe from North America. Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes Vagrant to Europe from eastern Asia. Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Vagrant to Europe from North America. Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus Vagrant to Europe from North America. Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus Vagrant to the United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Kenya from eastern Asia. Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla Vagrant to Europe from North America. Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri Vagrant to Europe from North America. Rufous-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Mainly extralimital breeding in Northeast Asia and wintering in Southeast Asia and Australasia. Recorded as a vagrant or very scarce passage migrant on the East African coast, and as a regular winter visitor in very small numbers to South Africa. Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta Mainly extralimital breeding in Northeast Asia and wintering in Southeast Asia and Australasia. Rare winter visitor to the Arabian Peninsula; vagrant to Europe and eastern Africa. Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla Vagrant to Europe from North America. White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Vagrant to Europe and the Arabian Peninsula from eastern Asia. Stilt Sandpiper Micropalama himantopus Vagrant to Europe from North America. Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis Vagrant to Europe, Africa and the Arabian Peninsula from North America. Wilson's Phalarope Steganopus tricolor Vagrant to Europe, Africa and the Arabian Peninsula from North America.

LARIDAE Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus Mainly extralimital, breeding in Central Asia and wintering in southern and Southeast Asia. A very rare winter visitor to the southern Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea; vagrant to the Near East. Bonaparte's Gull Larus philadelphia

Vagrant to Europe from North America. Laughing Gull Larus atricilla Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Franklin's Gull Larus pipixcan Vagrant to Europe and Africa from North America. Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea A marine species. Breeds in the high Arctic (Greenland, Svalbard, Russia) and winters mainly in Arctic waters within drift ice and along the edge of the pack-ice. A vagrant further south in Europe. Ross’s Gull Rhodostethia rosea Breeds on the tundra of north-eastern Siberia between the Khroma and Kolyma Rivers (120o to 160oE). The winter distribution is poorly known, but is presumed to be along the edge of the pack-ice in the Arctic Ocean. Only a vagrant to Northwest Europe. Elegant Tern Sterna elegans Vagrant to Europe from the Americas. Black-naped Tern Sterna sumatrana Vagrant to South Africa and Mozambique from Southeast Asia. Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri Vagrant to Europe from North America. Aleutian Tern Sterna aleutica Vagrant to Europe from North America. .

ANNEX 2 History of the AEWA Conservation Status Report

The first edition of the AEWA Conservation Status report (1999)

The first report on the status and trends of waterbird populations covered by the Agreement was compiled by Wetlands International and presented as an information document (AEWA Inf. 1.1.) at the First Session of the Meeting of the Parties in Cape Town, South Africa, in November 1999. The final version of this document, entitled Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area, was subsequently published by the AEWA Secretariat as Technical Series No.1 (Wetlands International 2000). The report was intended to serve two purposes; firstly to fulfil the requirement in paragraph 7.4 of the Action Plan for an international review of the status and trends of the populations included in the Action Plan, and secondly to provide the necessary information to facilitate amendment of the Action Plan to include all populations of waterbirds covered by the Agreement at that time (a total of 170 species). The report also considered a number of species and populations of waterbirds occurring in the Agreement Area but not listed in Annex 2 to the Agreement, in an attempt to identify any additional migratory populations which had an unfavourable conservation status and would be appropriate for inclusion in the Agreement and Action Plan.

The second edition of the AEWA Conservation Status report (2002)

The second edition of this Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area was prepared as an information document for the Second Session of the Meeting of the Parties held in Bonn, Germany, in September 2002. Like its predecessor, this report summarised the present status and trends of all waterbird populations covered by the Agreement on the basis of the latest available information (a total of 369 populations of 170 species). It also summarised the status and trends of an additional 134 populations of waterbirds that were under consideration for inclusion in the Agreement and Action Plan. Eighteen of these populations belonged to species that were already included in Annex 2 to the Agreement. The remaining 116 populations belonged to an additional 65 species which had been proposed for inclusion.

Third Edition (2006 -2007)

The third edition of the AEWA Conservation Status Report, published in 2007, included a number of differences in approach from the first two editions (Annex 2). Delegates at MoP 2 in Bonn (2002) expressed a need for a report with a higher analytical content. They also asked for more accessible summaries of the conservation status of waterbirds in the Agreement Area, and requested the Technical Committee to review possibilities. A small working group in the Technical Committee drafted a proposal for modifications to the format that was approved by the full Committee. This was made available in 2005 at AEWA MOP3 in Dakar, Senegal, as document AEWA/Inf. 3.1., which followed these recommendations as far as possible. The timing of the 2005 contract did not, however, allow preparation of a full report, and the third edition of this report was completed in 2006. Following inclusion of amendments made by the Technical Committee in November 2006, the final draft was published in early 2007.

STATUS AND TRENDS OF WATERBIRD POPULATIONS

First edition

The first edition of the Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area provided information on the sizes and trends of 360 migratory populations of all 170 species listed in Annex 2 to the Agreement, and also included some information on the migratory populations of a further 50 species of waterbirds that were considered to be appropriate for inclusion in the Agreement. This information was based to a large extent on the second edition of Waterfowl Population Estimates (Rose & Scott 1997), but included a number of more recent estimates and trends taken from The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997), The Atlas of Southern African Birds (Harrison et al. 1997), Goose Populations of the Western Palearctic (Madsen et al.1999) and various other published and unpublished sources available up until mid-1999.

Second edition

The second edition updated the information given in the first edition of the status report on the basis of the most recently available information. This information was being compiled by Wetlands International for the third edition of Waterbird Population Estimates, (WPE3) which was published in October 2002. Much of the new information for WPE3 was derived from the results of the International Waterbird Census (IWC) co-ordinated by Wetlands International, new material provided by Wetlands International’s Specialist Groups, and direct input from Wetlands International’s extensive network of contacts. Other major sources of new information included Threatened Birds of the World (BirdLife International 2000), European Bird Populations: Estimates and trends (BirdLife International/European Bird Census Council 2000), Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands (Fishpool & Evans 2001), and four publications on waterbird numbers in preparation at that time: Waterbird Population Estimates in Africa (Dodman 2002), Status of Migratory Wader Populations in Africa and Western Eurasia in the 1990s (Stroud et al. 2004), Breeding Waders in Europe 2000 (Thorup 2005), and Results from the International Waterbird Census in the Western Palearctic and Southwest Asia in 1997, 1998 and 1999 (Gilissen et al. 2002).

As the compilation of the second edition of the report pre-dated the finalisation of WPE3 by some months, some discrepancies arose between the estimates and trends given in the second edition of this report and those given in WPE3.

The second edition was divided into three sections. The first section reviewed the current status of all 360 populations of waterbirds included in the Action Plan1. The second section reviewed the current status of a further 65 species and 134 populations of waterbirds that had been proposed for inclusion in the Agreement and Action Plan. The third section drew attention to the remaining species of waterbirds (of the traditional ‘waterbird’ families) that had been recorded in the Agreement Area, but were considered inappropriate for inclusion in the Agreement.

ANNEX 3 Explanation of methods used to list populations in Table 1

Extracted from second edition of this report.

WATERBIRD SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE AGREEMENT

In the species accounts that follow, the introductory text describing the subspecies and populations is taken from the first edition of this status report, with some updating in the light of improved understanding. The sequence and composition of families follow Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vols. 1 and 3 (del Hoyo et al. 1992 & 1996), while the taxonomic treatment at species level and scientific nomenclature generally follow Sibley and Monroe (1990 & 1993). Each migratory population occurring within the Agreement Area is listed with an estimate of population size (or range category) followed by an indication of recent trends, where known. Unless otherwise stated, population sizes and trends are identical to those given in the third edition of Waterbird Population Estimates.

Populations are listed in one of four ways:

When the breeding grounds and the wintering areas of a population are well known and these are widely separated, the breeding grounds are given first, followed by a slash (/), followed by the wintering areas e.g. Western Siberia/Western Europe for the single population of Branta bernicla bernicla.

When the population has been identified largely or wholly on the basis of its distribution during the boreal winter, and the breeding grounds are either poorly known or overlap extensively with those of other wintering populations (as is the case in many ducks wintering in Western Eurasia), the population is described only by its winter distribution, and this is indicated the word ‘(wintering)’ in the text and with the abbreviation ‘(win)’ in table 1.

Similarly, when a population has been identified largely or wholly on the basis of its breeding distribution, and the wintering grounds are either poorly known or overlap extensively with those of other breeding populations (as is the case in many herons and shorebirds breeding in Western Eurasia and wintering widely in Subsaharan Africa), the population is described only by its breeding distribution, and this is indicated with the work ‘(breeding)’ in the text and the abbreviation ‘(bre)’ in table 1.

When there is a considerable amount of overlap between breeding and wintering ranges (i.e. when some individuals remain throughout the breeding range year round) or when both breeding and non-breeding ranges are poorly known (e.g. in many Afrotropical species), the population is described by its entire range.

Estimates of population size are given in two ways: either as the number of individuals present in the population (a ‘best-guess figure’ or a minimum-maximum range) or as being in one of five size categories, A to E. These size categories are as follows:

A: Less than 10,000 B: 10,000-25,000 C: 25,000-100,000 D: 100,000-1,000,000 E: Over 1,000,000

In a relatively small number of cases (e.g. some species of Rallidae), it is impossible to give even a rough indication of total population size.

The section Changes in status summarises recent information on population trends. It should be noted that in many cases, the change in status is merely the result of improved knowledge of population trends, and does not reflect any real change in the long-term trend of the population concerned.

The section Comments includes a note on those species which are currently listed as globally threatened or near-threatened. It includes information on listing in the Appendices to the Bonn Convention, and draws attention to any special action plans or management plans that have been produced in recent years.

100

This section also includes a discussion of any recent changes in population limits which have been necessary because of improved understanding of migration routes.

Finally, this section includes recent information on population size, especially when there appears to have been a major change since 1999, when the first edition of this status report was prepared. Again it should be noted that in many cases, the new population estimate is derived from better census data, and does not imply that there has been any significant change in population size. Whenever the new estimate is believed to reflect a real change in population size, this is clearly stated.

101

ANNEX 4 Analysis of waterbird population trends in Europe, 1974-2005, based on data from the International Waterbird Census (IWC)

The International Waterbird Census and TRIM The International Waterbird Census (IWC) has been coordinated in Europe, North Africa and parts of West and Central Asia (a region roughly equivalent to the Western Palearctic) by Wetlands International and its predecessor organisation IWRB since 1967. The long time-series and consistent coverage of many sites from year to year allow analysis and estimation of population trends for over 60 species, mostly in Europe. In Sub- Saharan Africa the Census was established in 1991 and large-scale population trend analyses will soon become possible.

The program TRIM (TRends and Indices for Monitoring data) (Pannekoek & van Strien 1998, http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/natuur-milieu/methoden/trim/default.htm) was used to calculate the population trend estimates presented here. TRIM uses log-linear Poisson regression to model population trends based on the site-based time series count data in the IWC database. Missing values which arise in years when a site is not counted are “imputed” using data from other sites in the same year. In such a large dataset covering about 20,000 sites over 30 years or more, there are a lot of missing values, and trend analyses are only presented for species where missing values account for fewer than half the data in a geographic area used in the analysis.

Methods For the purposes of this analysis, the Western Palearctic was divided into six areas, shown in Figure 1., as follows:

1. North-west Europe: Belgium, France (excluding Mediterranean), Germany (excluding Bavaria), Iceland, Ireland, The Netherlands, UK. 2. Baltic/Nordic: Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden. 3. Central Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany (Bavaria), Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland. 4. West Mediterranean: Algeria, France (Mediterranean), Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia. 5. East Mediteranean/Black Sea: Albania, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Syria Turkey, Ukraine. 6. South-west Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Iraq, Jordan. Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, UAE, Uzbekistan, Yemen.

The quality of IWC data is highest in regions 1, 2 and 3, and trend analyses are presented for the most species in these three regions. Data quality is good enough for trend analyses of many species in regions 4 and 5, but is not yet sufficiently high for any analyses in region 6. The quality and quantity of data submitted to the IWC database has improved over time, and for some species and regions, it is possible to present a 10-year trend, covering the years 1996 to 2005, when calculation of a longer-term trend is impossible. Long-term trends, from 1974 to 2005 have been calculated for most of the ducks, but for other groups of waterbirds, data quality are generally only sufficient after 1990. Trends are thus presented for a number of time periods, depending on data quality. Population trends are presented on the graphs as indices relative to a base year, which was set at 1996. All the indices thus have a value of 1 for 1996, and an index value of 2 represents a doubling of the population relative to the level in 1996, and a value of 0.5 represents a population at half the 1996 level.

A small table adjacent to each of the graphs provides a summary of the basis for the population trend presented on the graph. These tables list the number of sites in the region that were used in the analysis by TRIM, the number of years over which the trend was calculated, and the number of counts that were used to calculate the trend, separated into observed zero counts, observed positive counts and missing counts. The number of missing counts indicates the completeness of the dataset, and analyses were not included if the number of missing counts exceeded the number of observed counts. Finally, the overall slope of the trend graph is presented for the 10-year period 1996 to 2005, and in addition, if appropriate, for the longest time period available. A slope value of 1 represents a perfectly stable population and values above 1 indicate a positive population trend, and below 1 a negative trend. A slope value of 1.01 represents a rate of increase of 1% per year, and 1.1 an increase of 10% per year. Slope values of 0.99 and 0.9 similarly represent decreases of 1 % and 10 %

102

Interpretation of the population trend data The population graphs presented in this Annex are the most objective and rigorous attempt yet made to assess population trends of waterbirds in the AEWA region at such an extensive geographical scale, but they should nevertheless be interpreted with considerable caution. The analyses divide the Western Palearctic into standard regions which rarely conform to the boundaries of biogeographic populations. The use of standardised time periods for the calculation of the slopes of population trajectories (comprising 10-year medium-term trends and the longest time series available for long-term trends) allows comparison between trends of different populations, but may result in neglect of the most biologically meaningful changepoints. Finally, changes in the number of birds counted in January often do not represent actual changes which might be taking place in the population as a whole. For example, increases in numbers of Northern Lapwing, Eurasian Golden Plover and Eurasian Curlew counted in winter do not correspond with decreases recorded during the breeding season, and it has been suggested that these species are changing their habitat use, moving from inland sites, often on farmland, that are not included in surveys, to coastal sites of which a high proportion are included in counts. Changes in numbers of birds counted can also represent shifts in the geographical ranges of populations rather than actual changes in numbers. These shifts may be related to climate change, and it seems likely, for example, that the widespread increases in numbers of sandpipers of the genus Tringa revealed in this analysis are a result of increasing numbers of these largely trans-Saharan migrant species stopping for the winter in southern and western Europe. The decreasing population trend recorded by 75% of populations analysed in the East Mediterranean/Black Sea region very probably result in part from these populations shifting their wintering grounds further north and east, into regions of Russia and Ukraine where large scale waterbird counting does not yet take place. These are some of the reasons why apparently obvious trends revealed in the graphs and tables in this section have not always been included in Table 1.

Figure 1: Regions used for TRIM analysis of IWC data

The graphs and tables that follow were produced by running TRIM (Trends and Indices for Monitoring data, Pannekoek & van Stiein 2002) on waterbird count data selected from the IWC database.

103 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe

Baltic/Nordic

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988199019921994199619982000200220042006 Year

Number of sites 78 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 517 Number of observed positive counts 443 Number of missing counts 288 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0731 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1269

NW Europe

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. (1996=1.00) std. Trend

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 1996 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 8918 Number of observed positive counts 14621 Number of missing counts 8397 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0384 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0469

104 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe)

10,000

9,000

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000 Numbers ± std. err. ± std. Numbers 3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 468 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1087 Number of observed positive counts 4068 Number of missing counts 2333 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0101 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9906

West Mediterranean

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little Grebe)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 983 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 3235 Number of observed positive counts 6324 Number of missing counts 6169 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0619 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0464

105 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe

Baltic/Nordic

Podiceps cristatus (Great Crested Grebe)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 199 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1488 Number of observed positive counts 1141 Number of missing counts 555 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1396 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1630

NW Europe

Podiceps cristatus (Great Crested Grebe) Podiceps cristatus 1990-2005 NW

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 2304 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 7430 Number of observed positive counts 19098 Number of missing counts 10336 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0067 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0032

106 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Podiceps cristatus (Great Crested Grebe) Podiceps cristatus 1990-2005 CE

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 280 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1202 Number of observed positive counts 2405 Number of missing counts 873 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9820 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0252

West Mediterranean

Podiceps cristatus (Great Crested Grebe) Podiceps cristatus 1990-2005 WM

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 705 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1996 Number of observed positive counts 5055 Number of missing counts 4229 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0669 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0432

107 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Podiceps cristatus (Great Crested Grebe)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 193 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 379 Number of observed positive counts 1140 Number of missing counts 1569 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9756 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9269

108 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe

NW Europe

Podiceps nigricollis (Black-necked Grebe)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 91 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 636 Number of observed positive counts 717 Number of missing counts 103 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0954 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0593

Central Europe

Podiceps nigricollis (Black-necked Grebe)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 41 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 212 Number of observed positive counts 434 Number of missing counts 10 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0338 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0437

109 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Podiceps nigricollis (Black-necked Grebe)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 288 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1252 Number of observed positive counts 1955 Number of missing counts 1401 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0821 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9621

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Podiceps nigricollis (Black-necked Grebe)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 146 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 307 Number of observed positive counts 927 Number of missing counts 1102 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0162 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9455

110 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Pelecanus crispus (Dalmatian Pelican)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 31 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 46 Number of observed positive counts 169 Number of missing counts 95 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0867

111 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant

Baltic/Nordic

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 608 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 2692 Number of observed positive counts 4721 Number of missing counts 2315 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0361 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0771

NW Europe

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 2853 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 10621 Number of observed positive counts 22086 Number of missing counts 12941 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0397 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0417

112 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 498 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1490 Number of observed positive counts 3876 Number of missing counts 2602 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0028 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0175

West Mediterranean

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 1199 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 2499 Number of observed positive counts 8337 Number of missing counts 8348 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0523 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0256

113 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend(1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 193 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 165 Number of observed positive counts 975 Number of missing counts 790 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0226

114 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Phalacrocorax pygmaeus Pygmy Cormorant

Central Europe

Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pygmy Cormorant)

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Trend ± std. (2001=1.00) err. 2.00

0.00 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 -2.00 Year

Number of sites 4 Number of years 5 Number of observed zero counts 3 Number of observed positive counts 15 Number of missing counts 2 Overall slope 2001-2005 1.5399

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pygmy Cormorant)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 102 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 283 Number of observed positive counts 563 Number of missing counts 786 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0678 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0108

115 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron

Baltic/Nordic

Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 419 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 2506 Number of observed positive counts 2580 Number of missing counts 1618 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0004 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0609

NW Europe

Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 3063 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 12890 Number of observed positive counts 21773 Number of missing counts 14345 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0397 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0509

116 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00)std. ± err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 612 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1797 Number of observed positive counts 4211 Number of missing counts 3784 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0222 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0222

West Mediterranean

Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 1431 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 2900 Number of observed positive counts 9657 Number of missing counts 10339 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0615 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0499

117 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend(1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 185 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 174 Number of observed positive counts 891 Number of missing counts 785 Overall slope 2001-2005 1.0165

118 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret

NW Europe

Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret)

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

1.00

0.00 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -1.00 Year

Number of sites 25 Number of years 13 Number of observed zero counts 117 Number of observed positive counts 168 Number of missing counts 40 Overall slope 1993-2005 1.2899

West Mediterranean

Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 259 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1181 Number of observed positive counts 1354 Number of missing counts 1609 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0403 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0208

119 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Egretta garzetta Little Egret

NW Europe

Egretta garzetta (Little Egret)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 201 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1284 Number of observed positive counts 1517 Number of missing counts 415 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1878 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0744

West Mediterranean

Egretta garzetta (Little Egret)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 599 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 1783 Number of observed positive counts 3813 Number of missing counts 3988 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0779 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0530

120 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediteranean/Black Sea

Egretta garzetta (Little Egret)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00)err. ± std. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 82 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 138 Number of observed positive counts 556 Number of missing counts 618 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0316 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9826

121 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Botaurus stellaris Eurasian Bittern

NW Europe

Botaurus stellaris (Eurasian Bittern)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 62 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 569 Number of observed positive counts 323 Number of missing counts 100 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1831 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0212

Central Europe

Botaurus stellaris (Eurasian Bittern)

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. ± (1996=1.00) Trend 1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -1.00 Year

Number of sites 13 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 134 Number of observed positive counts 70 Number of missing counts 4 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1556 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0821

122 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Botaurus stellaris (Eurasian Bittern)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 1.00

0.50

0.00 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 82 Number of years 15 Number of observed zero counts 453 Number of observed positive counts 470 Number of missing counts 307 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1398 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0538

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Botaurus stellaris (Eurasian Bittern)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 24 Number of years 13 Number of observed zero counts 106 Number of observed positive counts 81 Number of missing counts 125 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9266 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8922

123 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Phoenicopterus roseus Greater Flamingo

West Mediterranean

Phoenicopterus roseus (Greater Flamingo)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 161 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 587 Number of observed positive counts 989 Number of missing counts 1000 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0807 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.872

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Phoenicopterus roseus (Greater Flamingo)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. ± (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -0.50 Year

Number of sites 46 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 146 Number of observed positive counts 279 Number of missing counts 311 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1997 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1144

124 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Grus grus Common Crane

NW Europe

Grus grus (Common Crane)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -0.50 Year

Number of sites 12 Number of years 13 Number of observed zero counts 44 Number of observed positive counts 96 Number of missing counts 16 Overall slope 1993-2005 1.1916 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0644

West Mediterranean

Grus grus (Common Crane)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

Trend (1996=1.00)std. ± err. 2.00

1.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 49 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 150 Number of observed positive counts 248 Number of missing counts 92 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1229

125 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Grus grus (Common Crane)

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -2.00 Year

Number of sites 16 Number of years 15 Number of observed zero counts 71 Number of observed positive counts 89 Number of missing counts 80 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9027 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8304

126 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Cygnus olor Mute Swan

Baltic/Nordic, 1996 – 2005

Cygnus olor (Mute Swan)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 640 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 1061 Number of observed positive counts 3734 Number of missing counts 1604 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9907

NW Europe

Cygnus olor (Mute Swan) (>3 visits/site)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 3484 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 19222 Number of observed positive counts 40668 Number of missing counts 51598 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0312 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0405

127 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Cygnus olor (Mute Swan)

1.40

1.20

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err.

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 713 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 3017 Number of observed positive counts 7903 Number of missing counts 11896 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0120 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0146

West Mediterranean

Cygnus olor (Mute Swan)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 112 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 436 Number of observed positive counts 753 Number of missing counts 603 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.1526 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1468

128 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Cygnus olor (Mute Swan)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. ± (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 132 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 194 Number of observed positive counts 597 Number of missing counts 529 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9041

129 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan

Baltic/Nordic, 1996 – 2005

Cygnus cygnus (Whooper Swan)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

Trend (1996=1.00) ±Trend (1996=1.00) std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 233 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 645 Number of observed positive counts 1217 Number of missing counts 468 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0093

NW Europe

Cygnus cygnus (Whooper Swan)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 1043 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 10618 Number of observed positive counts 8510 Number of missing counts 14248 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0396 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0403

130 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Cygnus cygnus (Whooper Swan)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. std. Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 27 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 447 Number of observed positive counts 256 Number of missing counts 161 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0570 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0612

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Cygnus cygnus (Whooper Swan)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 34 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 76 Number of observed positive counts 135 Number of missing counts 129 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8911

131 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Cygnus columbianus bewickii Bewick’s Swan

Baltic/Nordic, 1996 – 2005

Cygnus (columbianus) bewickii (Bewick's Swan)

18.00

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.err.

2.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 -2.00 Year

Number of sites 10 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 51 Number of observed positive counts 43 Number of missing counts 6 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8441

NW Europe

Cygnus (columbianus) bewickii (Bewick's Swan)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00)std. ± err. 0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ±Trend (1996=1.00) std. err.

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 248 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 3434 Number of observed positive counts 1687 Number of missing counts 2815 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0061 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0030

132 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose

NW Europe

Alopochen aegyptiacus (Egyptian Goose)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. Trend (1996=1.00) std.

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

-1.00 Year

Number of sites 315 Number of years 17 Number of observed zero counts 1935 Number of observed positive counts 2066 Number of missing counts 1354 Overall slope 1989-2005 1.2902 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.2067

133 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck

Central Europe, 1996 – 2005

Tadorna ferruginea (Ruddy Shelduck)

500

400

300

200

Numbers ± std. err. 100

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

-100 Year

Number of sites 22 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 88 Number of observed positive counts 126 Number of missing counts 6 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.5948

134 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck

Baltic/Nordic

Tadorna tadorna (Shelduck)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites 59 Number of years 16 Number of observed zero counts 387 Number of observed positive counts 389 Number of missing counts 168 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0710 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0565

NW Europe

Tadorna tadorna (Shelduck)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 1125 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 8841 Number of observed positive counts 12238 Number of missing counts 14921 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0197 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0184

135 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Tadorna tadorna (Shelduck)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 34 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 579 Number of observed positive counts 292 Number of missing counts 217 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0528 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1065

West Mediterranean

Tadorna tadorna (Shelduck)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 122 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 254 Number of observed positive counts 704 Number of missing counts 262 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0528 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0411

136 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Tadorna tadorna (Shelduck)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. Trend (1996=1.00) std.

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 69 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 111 Number of observed positive counts 342 Number of missing counts 237 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9516

137 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon

Baltic/Nordic

Anas penelope (Wigeon)

16.00

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 -2.00 Year

Number of sites 128 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 1693 Number of observed positive counts 1065 Number of missing counts 1338 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.1032 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1442

NW Europe

Anas penelope (Wigeon)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 2345 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 17314 Number of observed positive counts 24854 Number of missing counts 32872 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0355 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0156

138 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Anas penelope (Wigeon)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 161 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 2431 Number of observed positive counts 1363 Number of missing counts 1358 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0521 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0710

West Mediterranean

Anas penelope (Wigeon)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 340 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 778 Number of observed positive counts 1904 Number of missing counts 718 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0345

East Mediterranean/Black Sea 139 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Anas penelope (Wigeon)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 121 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 179 Number of observed positive counts 585 Number of missing counts 446 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9303

140 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Anas strepera Gadwall

NW Europe

Anas strepera (Gadwall)

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err.

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-0.50 Year

Number of sites 1355 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 12944 Number of observed positive counts 12689 Number of missing counts 17727 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0937 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0714

Central Europe

Anas strepera (Gadwall)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 201 umber of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 1981 Number of observed positive counts 2460 Number of missing counts 1991 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0686 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0115

141 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Anas strepera (Gadwall)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.err. 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 309 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 1745 Number of observed positive counts 2460 Number of missing counts 572 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0536

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Anas strepera (Gadwall)

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err.

1.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 62 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 115 Number of observed positive counts 293 Number of missing counts 212 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0198

142 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Common Teal

Baltic/Nordic

Anas crecca (Common Teal)

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-2.00 Year

Number of sites 107 umber of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 1273 Number of observed positive counts 715 Number of missing counts 1436 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0331 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1611

NW Europe

Anas crecca (Common Teal)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 3061 umber of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 20077 Number of observed positive counts 31796 Number of missing counts 46079 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0262 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0458

143 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Anas crecca (Common Teal)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 433 umber of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 3177 Number of observed positive counts 4864 Number of missing counts 5815 Overall slope 1974-2005 0.9997 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0026

West Mediterranean

Anas crecca (Common Teal)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 566 umber of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 999 Number of observed positive counts 3373 Number of missing counts 1288 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0645

144 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Anas crecca (Common Teal)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)std. ± err. 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 165 umber of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 200 Number of observed positive counts 804 Number of missing counts 645 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9524

145 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Anas platyrhynchos Mallard

Baltic/Nordic

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 985 umber of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 1207 Number of observed positive counts 6237 Number of missing counts 2406 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.034

NW Europe

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) (>7 visits per site)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 3765 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 6369 Number of observed positive counts 63358 Number of missing counts 50753 Overall slope 1974-2005 0.9943 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0071

146 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. ± (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 815 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 329 Number of observed positive counts 5199 Number of missing counts 2632 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0101

West Mediterranean

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.err. 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 1288 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 1064 Number of observed positive counts 7613 Number of missing counts 4203 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0730

147 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 255 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 129 Number of observed positive counts 1301 Number of missing counts 1120 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9115

148 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Anas acuta Northern Pintail

Baltic/Nordic

Anas acuta (Northern Pintail)

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

-2.00 Year

Number of sites 16 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 65 Number of observed positive counts 77 Number of missing counts 18 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.2471

NW Europe

Anas acuta (Northern Pintail)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 791 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 9973 Number of observed positive counts 7583 Number of missing counts 7756 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0085 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0552

149 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Anas acuta (Northern Pintail)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 58 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 223 Number of observed positive counts 325 Number of missing counts 32 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0071

West Mediterranean

Anas acuta (Northern Pintail)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Trend (1996=1.00)Trend std. ±err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 191 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 458 Number of observed positive counts 1072 Number of missing counts 380 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0794

150 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Anas acuta (Northern Pintail)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.err. 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 70 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 117 Number of observed positive counts 358 Number of missing counts 225 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.933

151 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler

NW Europe

Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 1192 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 11910 Number of observed positive counts 11685 Number of missing counts 14549 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0248 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0906

Central Europe

Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 87 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 1343 Number of observed positive counts 962 Number of missing counts 479 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0134 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9527

152 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 457 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 864 Number of observed positive counts 2590 Number of missing counts 1095 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0584

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 80 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 82 Number of observed positive counts 419 Number of missing counts 299 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9972

153 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard

NW Europe

Netta rufina (Red-crested Pochard)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. (1996=1.00) err. Trend 1.00

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 -1.00 Year

Number of sites 90 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 1640 Number of observed positive counts 532 Number of missing counts 708 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0979 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.67

Central Europe

Netta rufina (Red-crested Pochard)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

Trend (1996=1.00) Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 -0.50

-1.00 Year

Number of sites 69 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 1215 Number of observed positive counts 721 Number of missing counts 272 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.2267 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0709

154 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Netta rufina (Red-crested Pochard)

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

1.00

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 137 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 958 Number of observed positive counts 836 Number of missing counts 2590 Overall slope 1974-2005 0.9805 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0502

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Netta rufina (Red-crested Pochard)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 18 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 50 Number of observed positive counts 74 Number of missing counts 56 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9192

155 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Aythya ferina Common Pochard

Baltic/Nordic

Aythya ferina (Pochard)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend(1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 206 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 2617 Number of observed positive counts 491 Number of missing counts 2521 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0256 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0074

NW Europe

Aythya ferina (Pochard)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 3417 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 22830 Number of observed positive counts 36238 Number of missing counts 50276 Overall slope 1974-2005 0.9913 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.98

156 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Aythya ferina (Pochard)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 541 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 2775 Number of observed positive counts 6863 Number of missing counts 7674 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0104 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9729

West Mediterranean

Aythya ferina (Pochard)

160,000

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000 Numbers ± std.err.

40,000

20,000

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 489 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 1076 Number of observed positive counts 2757 Number of missing counts 1057 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9720

157 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Aythya ferina (Pochard)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 180 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 230 Number of observed positive counts 856 Number of missing counts 714 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9031

158 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Aythya nyroca Ferruginous Duck

Central Europe

Aythya nyroca (Ferruginous Duck)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 44 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 915 Number of observed positive counts 375 Number of missing counts 118 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0122 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0675

West Mediterranean

Aythya nyroca (Ferruginous Duck)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

1.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 54 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 221 Number of observed positive counts 237 Number of missing counts 82 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1818

159 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Aythya nyroca (Ferruginous Duck)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 21 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 42 Number of observed positive counts 91 Number of missing counts 77 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8567

160 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck

Baltic/Nordic

Aythya fuligula (Tufted Duck)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. ± (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 703 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 5315 Number of observed positive counts 6145 Number of missing counts 11036 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0192 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0128

NW Europe

Aythya fuligula (Tufted Duck) (>3 visits per site)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 3634 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 17848 Number of observed positive counts 44004 Number of missing counts 54436 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0039 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0148

161 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Aythya fuligula (Tufted Duck)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 571 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 2555 Number of observed positive counts 7287 Number of missing counts 8430 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0104 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9692

West Mediterranean

Aythya fuligula (Tufted Duck)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 245 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 593 Number of observed positive counts 1471 Number of missing counts 385 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9420

162 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Aythya fuligula (Tufted Duck)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 130 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 175 Number of observed positive counts 610 Number of missing counts 515 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9455

163 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Bucephala clangula Goldeneye

Baltic/Nordic

Bucephala clangula (Goldeneye)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 821 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 1276 Number of observed positive counts 5067 Number of missing counts 1867 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9884

NW Europe

Bucephala clangula (Goldeneye)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 2670 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 19340 Number of observed positive counts 28734 Number of missing counts 37366 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0120 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9761

164 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Bucephala clangula (Goldeneye)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.Trend (1996=1.00) err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 473 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 2573 Number of observed positive counts 5405 Number of missing counts 7158 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0043 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0007

West Mediterranean

Bucephala clangula (Goldeneye)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 28 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 68 Number of observed positive counts 190 Number of missing counts 22 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0043 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0702

165 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Bucephala clangula (Goldeneye)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. ± (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 65 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 100 Number of observed positive counts 272 Number of missing counts 278 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8404

166 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Mergellus albellus Smew

Baltic/Nordic

Mergellus albellus (Smew)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 252 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 3108 Number of observed positive counts 1568 Number of missing counts 3388 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0683 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0560

NW Europe

Mergellus albellus (Smew)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 913 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 12225 Number of observed positive counts 7410 Number of missing counts 9581 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0036 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0110

167 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Mergellus albellus (Smew)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites 200 Number of years 32 Number of observed zero counts 2266 Number of observed positive counts 1432 Number of missing counts 2702 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0222 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9683

West Mediterranean

Mergellus albellus (Smew)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

-1.00 Year

Number of sites 10 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 49 Number of observed positive counts 42 Number of missing counts 9 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0504

168 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean

Mergellus albellus (Smew)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites 53 Number of years 10 Number of observed zero counts 111 Number of observed positive counts 210 Number of missing counts 209 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9627

169 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser

Baltic/Nordic

Mergus serrator (Red-breasted Merganser)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 833 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 5727 Number of observed positive counts : 7991 Number of missing counts : 12938 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0121 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9683

NW Europe

Mergus serrator (Red-breasted Merganser)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 646 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 5471 Number of observed positive counts : 7706 Number of missing counts : 7495 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0268 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9980

170 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Mergus serrator (Red-breasted Merganser)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 41 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 771 Number of observed positive counts : 360 Number of missing counts : 181 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0591 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0350

West Mediterranean

Mergus serrator (Red-breasted Merganser)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.00 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

-0.50 Year

Number of sites : 86 Number of years : 27 Number of observed zero counts : 538 Number of observed positive counts : 670 Number of missing counts : 1114 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0502 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9925

171 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean

Mergus serrator (Red-breasted Merganser)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 45 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 63 Number of observed positive counts : 229 Number of missing counts : 158 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9424

172 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Mergus merganser Goosander

Baltic/Nordic

Mergus merganser (Goosander)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 607 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 1162 Number of observed positive counts : 3477 Number of missing counts : 1431 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9233

NW Europe

Mergus merganser (Goosander)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00)std. ± err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 2187 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 19977 Number of observed positive counts : 20640 Number of missing counts : 29367 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0025 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9962

173 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Mergus merganser (Goosander)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 469 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 3202 Number of observed positive counts : 5200 Number of missing counts : 6606 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0173 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9819

West Mediterranean

Mergus merganser (Goosander)

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

2.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 8 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 35 Number of observed positive counts : 42 Number of missing counts : 3 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1770

174 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Mergus merganser (Goosander)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

1.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 24 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 53 Number of observed positive counts : 95 Number of missing counts : 92 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9677

175 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Oxyura jamaicensis North American Ruddy Duck

NW Europe

Oxyura jamaicensis (Ruddy Duck)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 -0.20 Year

Number of sites : 252 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 4007 Number of observed positive counts : 2021 Number of missing counts : 2036 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.1107 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0396

176 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen

Baltic/Nordic

Gallinula chloropus (Moorhen)

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 5 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 9 Number of observed positive counts : 24 Number of missing counts : 17 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0852

NW Europe

Gallinula chloropus (Moorhen)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 2228 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 4075 Number of observed positive counts : 13506 Number of missing counts : 4699 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0852

177 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Gallinula chloropus (Moorhen)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 195 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 492 Number of observed positive counts : 1231 Number of missing counts : 227 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0830

West Mediterranean

Gallinula chloropus (Moorhen)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 800 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 1297 Number of observed positive counts : 4260 Number of missing counts : 2443 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9342

178 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean

Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 59 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 97 Number of observed positive counts : 259 Number of missing counts : 234 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0147

179 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Fulica atra Common Coot

Baltic/Nordic

Fulica atra (Common Coot)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 456 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 4293 Number of observed positive counts : 3983 Number of missing counts : 6316 Overall slope 1974-2005 0.988 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0632

NW Europe

Fulica atra (Common Coot) (>4 visits per site)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 3657 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 10117 Number of observed positive counts : 46547 Number of missing counts : 60360 Overall slope 1974-2005 0.9982 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0105

180 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Fulica atra (Common Coot)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Number of sites : 750 Number of years : 32 Number of observed zero counts : 2140 Number of observed positive counts : 9497 Number of missing counts : 12363 Overall slope 1974-2005 1.0007 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0152

West Mediterranean

Fulica atra (Common Coot)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 853 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 1088 Number of observed positive counts : 5089 Number of missing counts : 2353 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0185

181 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Fulica atra (Common Coot)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ±Trend (1996=1.00) err. std.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 224 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 149 Number of observed positive counts : 1138 Number of missing counts : 953 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9528

182 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher

Baltic/Nordic

Haematopus ostralegus (Eurasian Oystercatcher

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± Trend (1996=1.00) 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

-0.50 Year

Number of sites : 9 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 84 Number of observed positive counts : 43 Number of missing counts : 17 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0029

NW Europe

Haematopus ostralegus (Eurasian Oystercatcher)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 469 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 2482 Number of observed positive counts : 3144 Number of missing counts : 1878 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0127 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0439

183 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt

West Mediterranean

Himantopus himantopus (Black-winged Stilt)

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

5.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 82 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 193 Number of observed positive counts : 375 Number of missing counts : 252 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.929

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Himantopus himantopus (Black-winged Stilt)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend(1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 24 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 23 Number of observed positive counts : 212 Number of missing counts : 149 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9764 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9653

184 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Recurvirostra avosetta Pied Avocet

NW Europe

Recurvirostra avosetta (Avocet)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 81 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 385 Number of observed positive counts : 772 Number of missing counts : 139 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0445 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0482

West Mediterranean

Recurvirostra avosetta (Avocet)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) ± std. Trend 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 121 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 553 Number of observed positive counts : 800 Number of missing counts : 583 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9975 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0086

185 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Recurvirostra avosetta (Avocet)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 30 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 29 Number of observed positive counts : 181 Number of missing counts : 90 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9475

186 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Vanellus vanellus Northern Lapwing

Baltic/Nordic

Vanellus vanellus (Northern Lapwing

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

Numbers ± std. err. ± Numbers 1,000

500

0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -500 Year

Number of sites : 22 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 163 Number of observed positive counts : 126 Number of missing counts : 63 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9146 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.2689

NW Europe

Vanellus vanellus (Northern Lapwing)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 1203 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 5249 Number of observed positive counts : 8650 Number of missing counts : 5349 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0156 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0019

187 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Vanellus vanellus (Northern Lapwing)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 625 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 2315 Number of observed positive counts : 3822 Number of missing counts : 3863 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0652 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9534

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Vanellus vanellus (Northern Lapwing)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 75 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 204 Number of observed positive counts : 486 Number of missing counts : 510 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9820 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8674

188 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Pluvialis apricaria Eurasian Golden Plover

NW Europe

Pluvialis apricaria (Eurasian Golden Plover)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 441 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 2489 Number of observed positive counts : 3021 Number of missing counts : 1546 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0563 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0758

West Mediterranean

Pluvialis apricaria (Eurasian Golden Plover)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. (1996=1.00) err. Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 140 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 679 Number of observed positive counts : 772 Number of missing counts : 789 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0882 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0040

189 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover

NW Europe

Pluvialis squatarola (Grey Plover)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 292 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 864 Number of observed positive counts : 2910 Number of missing counts : 898 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0071 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9982

West Mediterranean

Pluvialis squatarola (Grey Plover)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 150 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 437 Number of observed positive counts : 1079 Number of missing counts : 884 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0092 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9585

190 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Pluvialis squatarola (Grey Plover)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 36 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 120 Number of observed positive counts : 228 Number of missing counts : 228 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0283 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9104

191 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Charadrius hiaticula Great Ringed Plover

NW Europe

Charadrius hiaticula (Ringed Plover)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 335 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 1027 Number of observed positive counts : 3106 Number of missing counts : 1227 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9969 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0080

West Mediterranean

Charadrius hiaticula (Ringed Plover)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. ± (1996=1.00) Trend 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 132 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 446 Number of observed positive counts : 869 Number of missing counts : 797 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0282 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9573

192 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Charadrius hiaticula (Ringed Plover)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 20 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 93 Number of observed positive counts : 130 Number of missing counts : 97 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0676 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9744

193 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover

East Mediterranean

Charadrius dubius (Little Ringed Plover)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00)

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

-0.20 Year

Number of sites : 7 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 51 Number of observed positive counts : 45 Number of missing counts : 16 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9862 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8913

194 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover

NW Europe

Charadrius alexandrinus (Kentish Plover)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -0.20 Year

Number of sites : 17 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 158 Number of observed positive counts : 102 Number of missing counts : 12 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.2155 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0531

West Mediterranean`

Charadrius alexandrinus (Kentish Plover)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 210 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 775 Number of observed positive counts : 1326 Number of missing counts : 1259 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0096 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9491

195 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Charadrius alexandrinus (Kentish Plover)

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

-1.00 Year

Number of sites : 32 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 105 Number of observed positive counts : 202 Number of missing counts : 205 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0750 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9470

196 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit

NW Europe

Limosa limosa (Black-tailed Godwit)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 150 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 655 Number of observed positive counts : 1368 Number of missing counts : 377 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0938 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0874

West Mediterranean

Limosa limosa (Black-tailed Godwit)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± Trend (1996=1.00) std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 116 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 583 Number of observed positive counts : 699 Number of missing counts : 574 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0108 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0662 197 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Limosa limosa (Black-tailed Godwit)

10.00

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 18 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 75 Number of observed positive counts : 108 Number of missing counts : 105 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9139 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8766

198 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit

NW Europe

Limosa lapponica (Bar-tailed Godwit)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 236 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 792 Number of observed positive counts : 2260 Number of missing counts : 724 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0199 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0107

West Mediterranean

Limosa lapponica (Bar-tailed Godwit)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 56 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 247 Number of observed positive counts : 376 Number of missing counts : 273 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0294 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0319

199 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel

West Mediterranean

Numenius phaeopus (Whimbrel)

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00 Trend (1996=1.00) (1996=1.00) err. ± std. Trend

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

-5.00 Year

Number of sites : 53 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 237 Number of observed positive counts : 296 Number of missing counts : 315 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0921 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1473

200 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew

Baltic/Nordic

Numenius arquata (Eurasian Curlew)

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err.

2.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 35 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 248 Number of observed positive counts : 218 Number of missing counts : 94 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0036 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1477

NW Europe

Numenius arquata (Eurasian Curlew)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 898 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 2668 Number of observed positive counts : 7575 Number of missing counts : 4125 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0111 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0221

201 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Numenius arquata (Eurasian Curlew)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 9 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 20 Number of observed positive counts : 70 Number of missing counts : 0 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0196

West Mediterranean

Numenius arquata (Eurasian Curlew)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 178 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 649 Number of observed positive counts : 1327 Number of missing counts : 872 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0181

202 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Numenius arquata (Eurasian Curlew)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 36 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 46 Number of observed positive counts : 186 Number of missing counts : 128 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9558

203 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank

NW Europe

Tringa erythropus (Spotted Redshank)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 66 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 493 Number of observed positive counts : 425 Number of missing counts : 138 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0746 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0647

West Mediterranean

Tringa erythropus (Spotted Redshank)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 79 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 402 Number of observed positive counts : 520 Number of missing counts : 342 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0792 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0359

204 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Tringa erythropus (Spotted Redshank)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± err. std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -0.50 Year

Number of sites : 27 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 94 Number of observed positive counts : 187 Number of missing counts : 151 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9769 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8800

205 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Tringa totanus Common Redshank

Baltic/Nordic

Tringa totanus (Redshank)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 34 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 191 Number of observed positive counts : 203 Number of missing counts : 150 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.8577 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9120

NW Europe

Tringa totanus (Redshank)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.std. (1996=1.00) Trend ± 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 694 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 2058 Number of observed positive counts : 5974 Number of missing counts : 3072 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0058 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0301

206 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Tringa totanus (Redshank)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00)std. ±err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 182 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 634 Number of observed positive counts : 1192 Number of missing counts : 1086 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0307 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0271

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Tringa totanus (Redshank)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 78 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 136 Number of observed positive counts : 541 Number of missing counts : 571 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9926 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9474

207 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank

NW Europe

Tringa nebularia (Greenshank)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ±Trend std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 176 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 739 Number of observed positive counts : 1394 Number of missing counts : 683 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0520 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0734

West Mediterranean

Tringa nebularia (Greenshank)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 110 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 415 Number of observed positive counts : 787 Number of missing counts : 558 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1159 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1080

208 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Tringa nebularia (Greenshank)

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err.

2.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 36 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 140 Number of observed positive counts : 204 Number of missing counts : 232 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1357 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1133

209 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper

NW Europe

Tringa ochropus (Green Sandpiper)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -0.50 Year

Number of sites : 143 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 1244 Number of observed positive counts : 737 Number of missing counts : 307 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1643 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1742

Central Europe

Tringa ochropus (Green Sandpiper)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

-0.20 Year

Number of sites : 19 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 152 Number of observed positive counts : 81 Number of missing counts : 71 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0802 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8812

210 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Tringa ochropus (Green Sandpiper)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 207 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 1053 Number of observed positive counts : 1012 Number of missing counts : 1247 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1760 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1216

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Tringa ochropus (Green Sandpiper)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 36 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 131 Number of observed positive counts : 211 Number of missing counts : 234 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0391 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9896

211 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone

Baltic/Nordic

Arenaria interpres (Ruddy Turnstone)

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 2.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -2.00 Year

Number of sites : 22 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 182 Number of observed positive counts : 130 Number of missing counts : 40 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.8840 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0078

NW Europe

Arenaria interpres (Ruddy Turnstone)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 395 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 1156 Number of observed positive counts : 3606 Number of missing counts : 1558 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0050 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0367

212 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Arenaria interpres (Ruddy Turnstone)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 395 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 65 Number of observed positive counts : 53 Number of missing counts : 26 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0438 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0237

213 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Calidris canutus Red Knot

NW Europe

Calidris canutus (Red Knot)

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 191 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 821 Number of observed positive counts : 1769 Number of missing counts : 466 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9962 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0091

214 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Calidris alba Sanderling

NW Europe

Calidris alba (Sanderling)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. std. (1996=1.00) ± Trend 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 231 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 1012 Number of observed positive counts : 1949 Number of missing counts : 735 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0635 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0773

West Mediterranean

Calidris alba (Sanderling)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 99 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 377 Number of observed positive counts : 582 Number of missing counts : 625 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1575 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1750

215 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Calidris alba (Sanderling)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

-1.00 Year

Number of sites : 9 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 56 Number of observed positive counts : 45 Number of missing counts : 42 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0533 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0490

216 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Calidris minuta Little Stint

NW Europe

Calidris minuta (Little Stint)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 16 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 137 Number of observed positive counts : 115 Number of missing counts : 4 Overall slope 1990-2005 09903 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9438

West Mediterranean

Calidris minuta (Little Stint)

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.Trend err. (1996=1.00)

1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 126 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 571 Number of observed positive counts : 832 Number of missing counts : 613 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.1881 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0350

217 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean

Calidris minuta (Little Stint)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -0.50 Year

Number of sites : 41 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 141 Number of observed positive counts : 246 Number of missing counts : 269 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0245 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.8842

218 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper

Baltic/Nordic

Calidris maritima (Purple Sandpiper)

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 57 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 348 Number of observed positive counts : 291 Number of missing counts : 273 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9266 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0274

NW Europe

Calidris maritima (Purple Sandpiper)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.std. (1996=1.00) Trend ± 0.40

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 136 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 674 Number of observed positive counts : 1009 Number of missing counts : 493 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9858 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9937

219 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Calidris alpina Dunlin

Baltic/Nordic

Calidris alpina (Dunlin) Calidris alpina 1990-2005 BA

14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -2.00 Year

Number of sites : 19 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 120 Number of observed positive counts : 108 Number of missing counts : 76 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9904 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.2446

NW Europe

Calidris alpina (Dunlin)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) err. ± std. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 541 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 2063 Number of observed positive counts : 4692 Number of missing counts : 1901 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9994 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0011

220 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Calidris alpina (Dunlin)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 212 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 776 Number of observed positive counts : 1497 Number of missing counts : 1119 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0603 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0029

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Calidris alpina (Dunlin)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) ± std. Trend 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 -0.50 Year

Number of sites : 51 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 150 Number of observed positive counts : 322 Number of missing counts : 344 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0153 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9449

221 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Philomachus pugnax Ruff

NW Europe

Philomachus pugnax (Ruff)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 92 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 652 Number of observed positive counts : 596 Number of missing counts : 224 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0930 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0556

West Mediterranean

Philomachus pugnax (Ruff)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00)Trend ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 61 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 348 Number of observed positive counts : 360 Number of missing counts : 268 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0789 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1047

222 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Philomachus pugnax (Ruff)

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 2.00

1.00

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 12 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 57 Number of observed positive counts : 77 Number of missing counts : 58 Overall slope 1990-2005 1.0712 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0836

223 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Larus canus Common Gull

Baltic/Nordic

Larus canus (Common Gull)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 118 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 458 Number of observed positive counts : 526 Number of missing counts : 196 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0242

NW Europe

Larus canus (Common Gull)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00)std. ±err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 1283 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 2853 Number of observed positive counts : 7171 Number of missing counts : 2806 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9902

224 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Larus canus (Common Gull)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 167 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 701 Number of observed positive counts : 1384 Number of missing counts : 587 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9898 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9515

West Mediterranean

Larus canus (Common Gull)

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 95 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 281 Number of observed positive counts : 494 Number of missing counts : 175 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0824

225 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Larus canus (Common Gull)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

1.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 62 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 127 Number of observed positive counts : 244 Number of missing counts : 249 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0486

226 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull

Baltic/Nordic

Larus marinus (Great Black-backed Gull)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 234 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 548 Number of observed positive counts : 1389 Number of missing counts : 403 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9675

NW Europe

Larus marinus (Great Black-backed Gull)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 756 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 1686 Number of observed positive counts : 4476 Number of missing counts : 1398 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9946

227 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Larus argentatus Herring Gull

Baltic/Nordic

Larus argentatus (Herring Gull)

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 307 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 500 Number of observed positive counts : 1911 Number of missing counts : 659 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0030

NW Europe

Larus argentatus (Herring Gull)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 1180 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 2440 Number of observed positive counts : 6742 Number of missing counts : 2618 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9930

228 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

West Mediterranean

Larus argentatus (Herring Gull)

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

Trend (1996=1.00)± std. err. 2.00

1.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 31 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 65 Number of observed positive counts : 152 Number of missing counts : 93 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9732

229 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull

NW Europe

Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 499 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 1651 Number of observed positive counts : 2689 Number of missing counts : 650 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0869

West Mediterranean

Larus fuscus (Lesser Black-backed Gull)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 292 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 544 Number of observed positive counts : 1530 Number of missing counts : 846 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0372

230 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Larus ridibundus Common Black-headed Gull

Baltic/Nordic

Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull)

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. Trend (1996=1.00) 0.40

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 58 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 186 Number of observed positive counts : 280 Number of missing counts : 114 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0007

NW Europe

Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull)

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 1955 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 3094 Number of observed positive counts : 11799 Number of missing counts : 4657 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0039

231 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Central Europe

Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull)

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

0.20

0.00 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Year

Number of sites : 283 Number of years : 16 Number of observed zero counts : 909 Number of observed positive counts : 2333 Number of missing counts : 1286 Overall slope 1990-2005 0.9946 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9920

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00)std. ± err.

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 181 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 191 Number of observed positive counts : 871 Number of missing counts : 748 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0133

232 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Larus geni Slender-billed Gull

West Mediterranean

Larus genei (Slender-billed Gull)

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. (1996=1.00) Trend

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 33 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 67 Number of observed positive counts : 201 Number of missing counts : 62 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.1238

East Mediterranean/Black Sea

Larus genei (Slender-billed Gull)

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

Trend (1996=1.00) ± std.err. 1.00

0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 20 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 32 Number of observed positive counts : 112 Number of missing counts : 56 Overall slope 1996-2005 0.9890

233 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

Larus melanocephalus Mediterranean Gull

NW Europe

Larus melanocephalus (Mediterranean Gull)

9.00

8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err.

1.00

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 -1.00 Year

Number of sites : 35 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 165 Number of observed positive counts : 170 Number of missing counts : 15 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.2265

West Mediterranean

Larus melanocephalus (Mediterranean Gull)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 Trend (1996=1.00) ± std. err. 0.50

0.00 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year

Number of sites : 89 Number of years : 10 Number of observed zero counts : 226 Number of observed positive counts : 446 Number of missing counts : 218 Overall slope 1996-2005 1.0060 234 See pages 103-104 for notes on interpreting the graphs

235

ANNEX 5 Report on seabird populations proposed in 2005 for inclusion in the Agreement

236

Population sizes and status of tropical and sub-tropical seabird populations proposed for inclusion in the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement in 2005 and of additional candidate species

Brown Booby Sula leucogaster at an islet off Príncipe (Tim Dodman)

Tim Dodman

Report to the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement, with support of the European Commission

November 2007

237

Introduction

This document provides information on the status of seabirds that were proposed for inclusion in the African- Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) in 2005. The sizes of the populations given do not necessarily reflect sizes of discreet biological populations or subspecies, but focus on numbers occurring within the AEWA region. The document also provides information on some additional species and populations that were not proposed for inclusion in the AEWA in 2005, but, for reasons provided, potentially merit further consideration. All species mentioned occur in the Agreement area (see map), which embraces many islands of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in particular, which are of great importance as breeding sites for seabirds.

The Agreement Area

Species Texts

Red-billed Tropicbird Phaeton aethereus

There are breeding populations of this tropicbird in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Persian Gulf; Cape Verde and Senegal; the South Atlantic (St Helena, Ascension and islands off the east coast of Brazil); the Caribbean; and the eastern Pacific seaboard between Peru and Mexico. There are three sub-species / populations within the AEWA region: a. aethereus - South Atlantic: St Helena & Ascension In the AEWA region, this population breeds only in St Helena and Ascension. There are an estimated 86 breeding pairs in St Helena, with about 43 pairs in northeast St Helena and another 43 pairs in southwest St Helena (Rowlands et al. 1998; Rowlands 2001). In Ascension, there are 55 pairs around the main island and about 500 pairs on Boatswainbird Island off the northeast of Ascension (Rowlands 2001). The tropicbird also breeds off the coast of Brazil at Fernando da Noronha, but these are outwith the AEWA region. The numbers thus occurring in the AEWA region are around 641 breeding pairs, equivalent to 1,921 birds, rounded up to 2,000. Numbers have declined significantly in St Helena, especially in the southwest, due to rats, cats and

238

hunting (Rowlands et al. 1998), but despite past declines here and at Ascension, the population overall is currently stable (McCulloch 2004). b. mesonauta - Cape Verde & Senegal The stronghold of this population is in Cape Verde, where clusters of breeding pairs occur on several islands. Hazevoet (1995) considered that the population had declined to about 100-125 pairs, due largely to predation by man. There is also a population on the Iles de la Madeleine, a small group of islands off Dakar, Senegal. The population here seems to fluctuate somewhat, but the site is protected as a national park, and the birds do not seem under threat. There are around 30 pairs (Morel & Morel 1990; Coulthard 2001). It is unlikely the population in Cape Verde exceeds 100 pairs, given the declines noted, so a total population estimate is given of 130 breeding pairs, rounded to 400 individuals. c. indicus - Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea This subspecies is endemic to the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea eastwards to the Gulf of Oman and eastern Arabian Gulf, breeding on rocky islands and at some mainland cliffs (Gallagher et al. 1984). PERSGA/GEF (2003) estimate the population at 800 pairs (2,400 birds), and it is probably stable given the inaccessibility of many of its nesting sites. However, their analysis excluded Eritrea, where the Red-billed Tropicbird breeds in the Dehalak Archipelago and is fairly common offshore post-breeding (Coulthard 2001a). The estimate is thus increased to 1,000 pairs or 3,000 birds to account for these birds, noting that surveys are required to determine the numbers breeding here.

Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubicauda rubicauda - Western Indian Ocean This tropicbird occurs in Seychelles and other islands of the western Indian Ocean. In Seychelles, it breeds mainly in the Aldabra group, with about 2,000 pairs on the lagoon islands of Aldabra and 50-200 pairs on Cosmoledo, whilst in the granitic group its only breeding site is Aride with up to six pairs (Skerrett et al. 2001). Their restriction to a small number of breeding islands and their disappearance from others, such as Astove and Assumption, is most likely due to the presence of cats and rats (Skerrett et al. 2001). In Mauritius, there are 500-700 pairs on Round Island, a site of intensive and continuous conservation management, and a handful of birds on Gunner’s Quoin (Michel 1992; Safford 2001). There is also a sizeable breeding population of around 3,500 pairs on Europa (Le Corre 2004), and a small colony on Nosy Ve, southwest Madagascar, where there were 16 pairs in 1985 (Langrand 1990). Seabirds on Europa suffer from predation by introduced rats and land-birds (Le Corre & Safford 2001). The total population estimate is thus estimated at 6,072-6,822 breeding pairs or 18,216-20,466 individuals, rounded to 20,000. Given conservation management at most of its breeding sites, the population appears to be stable.

White-tailed Tropicbird Phaeton lepturus

This species occurs widely in tropical and subtropical waters. There are three populations within the AEWA region, although only one is mentioned in Table 1 of the proposal for new species to be added to AEWA Annex 2, which provides summarised information on the candidate seabird species for inclusion in the AEWA and Action Plan (AEWA 2005). The two additional populations, europae and ascensionis, are also presented here, as both can be considered migratory / nomadic, and both fall 100% within the Agreement area. a. lepturus – Western Indian Ocean Highest numbers occur in Seychelles, where estimates of breeding pairs include 300 on Aride during each monsoon season, 500 on Cousin during the southeast monsoon and 1,500 during the northwest monsoon, 450-850 on Cousine, and 2,000-2,500 on Aldabra, whilst there are small numbers at various other islands and possible breeding sites on Cosmoledo and Assumption (Skerrett et al. 2001). There are around 500- 1,000 pairs on Round Island off Mauritius (Safford 2001), whilst it also nests on Mauritius itself in some river gorges (Michel 1992). There are about 100 pairs at the Ravine de la Grande Chaloupe on La Réunion (Le Corre & Safford 2001), and a handful of pairs in the Comoros and Mayotte (Louette 1988). This tropicbird also breeds on rocky coasts of north and northwest Madagascar, especially at Antsirana, Nosy Be, Nosy Tanikely and Nosy Mitsio, where it is fairly common but vulnerable at accessibly colonies to collection of eggs, young and brooding adults (Langrand 1990). The total estimated within each island group is thus about 5,000-6,000 pairs on Seychelles, 550-1,050 on Mauritius, 100 pairs on La Réunion, around 30 pairs on Comoros and probably <100 pairs on Madagascar, giving a total estimate of 5,780-7,280 pairs, or 17,300-

239

21,800 birds, rounded to 17,000- 22,000. Although the species has declined across the region due largely to predation by man, cats and rats, the main populations are now protected, and the population overall is probably stable. b. europae – Europa This subspecies is endemic to the small island of Europa in the Mozambique Channel. The population numbers around 500-1,000 pairs (Le Corre & Safford 2001), equivalent to 1,500-3,000 birds. Seabirds do suffer from a number of threats at the site, especially predation by rats, Barn Owl Tyto alba and Pied Crow Corvus albus, though the island is a nature reserve (Le Corre & Safford 2001). Skerrett et al. (2001) consider that records of White-tailed Tropicbirds with plumage tinged golden yellow from Cousin in Seychelles might belong to europae, which has a high frequency of golden morphs. The population is probably stable. c. ascensionis – Ascension and Gulf of Guinea islands This subspecies is endemic to the tropical and sub-tropical Atlantic, with breeding populations on Ascension, São Tomé, Príncipe and Annóbon. In Ascension, there are about 1,000 pairs on Boatswainbird Island, whilst there are smaller numbers of birds breeding on cliffs of the main island. The species is quite widely scattered around the offshore islets of São Tomé and Príncipe, and Monteiro et al. (1997) estimated 141-292 breeding pairs from known sites, although there are several additional sites where breeding is uncertain. There are also about 50 pairs on Annóbon, further south (Jones & Tye 2006). This gives a total estimate of around 1,500 pairs or 4,500 birds. Given the protection status of Boatswainbird and the relative inaccessibility of nests at the offshore islets, the population is considered stable.

Cape Gannet Sula capensis

This gannet is a breeding endemic of Southern Africa, with colonies of 2,100 pairs on Mercury, 17,000 on Ichaboe and 800 on Possession in Namibia, 10,000 on Bird Island, Lambert’s Bay and 58,000 on Malgas Island of South Africa’s Western Cape and 68,000 on Bird Island, Algoa Bay of South Africa’s Eastern Cape, giving a total of about 156,000 pairs (Hockey et al. 2005). The estimate of 346,000 given in the third AEWA report on the conservation status of migratory waterbirds (Delany et al. 2007) was based on the estimate of 176,000 pairs by duToit et al. (2002), multiplied by two, rather than three (the factor normally used to derive population estimates from numbers of breeding pairs). The collapse of sardine stocks has led to decreases at Namibian colonies, and overall decrease is >20% over three generations, though numbers have fluctuated or increased at South African colonies; despite (Hockey et al. 2005).

Masked Booby Sula dactylatara

The Masked Booby has a pantropical distribution. There are two populations in the AEWA region, dactylatara and melanops. The colonies breeding in St Helena and Ascension are not mentioned in Table 1 of the proposal for new species to be added to AEWA Annex 2, which provides summarised information on the candidate seabird species for inclusion in the AEWA and Action Plan (AEWA 2005). This population is thus presented here, along with melanops of the western Indian Ocean. a. dactylatara – St Helena and Ascension The main breeding site is Boatswainbird Island off Ascension, where there are about 1,200 pairs, whilst other sites on Ascension are being reoccupied after removal of cats, including one site with 20 pairs in 1996 (Rowlands 2001; White 2002). There is an adult population of some 200 birds at St Helena, where it breeds mainly along the north and northeast coasts (Rowlands et al. 1998). This population also breeds further west on islands off Brazil, but the breeding population occurring in the AEWA region is around 1,300 pairs or 4,000 individuals. McCulloch (2004) indicates that this species has recently become scarce at St Helena and may have stopped breeding for a time, its decline probably due to disturbance and predation, whilst its existence on the main island of Ascension is also threatened. The overall trend is probably therefore a decline. b. melanops – Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden The race melanops breeds across the western Indian Ocean, with highest numbers in Seychelles, where there are 5,000-6,000 pairs on Cosmoledo, 3,000 pairs on Boudeuse and a few pairs on Desneuefs (Skerrett et al. 2001). It also used to breed on several other islands, and local extinctions have been caused largely by habitat destruction and direct exploitation by man (Skerrett et al. 2001). The Masked Booby breeds on M’Chaco islet off Mwali in the Comoros, where the highest count given by Louette (1988) is of 178 birds.

240

This probably represents a population of around 50-100 pairs. In the outer isles of Mauritius, there are around 50 pairs on Serpent Island and 200 pairs on Ile du Nord of the Cardagos Carajos Shoals (Safford 2001). There are 200-250 birds at Tromelin, a coralline island some 400km east of northern Madagascar (Le Corre & Safford 2001). Closer to the African continent, this booby is also found on Latham Island of Tanzania, where there may be around 1,500 birds (Baker & Baker 2002). The total population of the Western Indian Ocean is thus around 9,000-10,050 pairs. The population appears to be increasing at Tromelin (Le Corre & Safford 2001) but is overall in decline, notably in Seychelles (Skerrett et al. 2001).

Further north, there are breeding colonies also in the Gulf of Aden and in the Red Sea. In the Red Sea, there are about 48 breeding pairs on the rocky Abu Ali islands of Yemen (Al-Saghier 2002). In the Gulf of Aden, it breeds at Socotra and on Mait (or Maydh) Island of Somaliland, with combined estimates of 1,200-1500 pairs (PERSGA/GEF 2003). There is a count of 240 nests from Maydh Island during the month of November (Ash & Miskell 1998). The total estimate for the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea is therefore 1,250-1,550 pairs or 3,750-4,650 birds. PERSGA/GEF (2003) consider that these colonies are in rapid decline and in danger of extinction. The overall population estimate is 10,250-11,600 birds, equivalent to 30,750- 34,800, rounded to 30,000-35,000.

In addition to birds found in the western Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, this species also breeds on Great Chagos Bank in the Chagos Archipelago (Sheppard & Topp, undated), where the RSPB (2007) estimated 171 pairs to occur in 2006.

Brown Booby Sula leucogaster

This species has not been proposed for inclusion in the AEWA Action Plan. However, there are two populations occurring in the Agreement Area, which could be good candidates for inclusion. These are leucogaster in the Atlantic and plotus in the western Indian Ocean. Although Brown Booby adults are generally resident, immature birds wander widely, undoubtedly crossing international borders. a. leucogaster – Eastern and mid Atlantic Brown Booby breeds on Cape Verde, Alcatraz off Guinea, the Gulf of Guinea islands, St Helena and Ascension. There are less than 1,000 pairs in Cape Verde, with colonies on Santiago, Brava, Ilheu de Rombo, Raso and Boavista, though these colonies are under heavy pressure from human depredation (Hazevoet 1995). There are about 3,000 pairs on Guinea’s offshore island of Alcatraz (Altenburg & Kamp 1991). Monterio et al. (1997) estimated 1,680-3,360 pairs from five islets of São Tomé and Príncipe, the majority on the Ilhas Tinhosas, the country’s first Ramsar Site. Robins (1966) mentioned that each of the four southern islets of Annobón (Adams, Santarém, Escobár, Fernando Póo) had colonies of hundreds in May, so breeding presumably still occurs here. Brown Booby also breeds on St Helena and Ascension, though breeding may only be sporadic on St Helena. Seven pairs recently returned to the main island of Ascension after removal of cats (George & White 2003), whilst there are 700 pairs on nearby Boatswainbird Island (White 2002). The total population estimate for the region is about 7,250 pairs, equivalent to 21,750, rounded to 22,000. Although birds in Cape Verde are declining, the overall population is probably stable.

241

b. plotus – Western Indian Ocean, Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden This is the rarest booby in Seychelles and most vulnerable, with about 60 pairs in Cosmoledo, where it is prone to predation by people and cats and disturbance; the species has been extirpated from several other islands (Skerrett et al. 2001). In Madagascar it is common in the vicinity of Nosy Be in the northwest, where it has recently begun nesting in the Mitsio archipelago, where there is a breeding population of some 300-500 birds and roosts of several hundred birds (Langrand 1990; ZICOMA 2001). Further north, there are widespread colonies along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, with estimates of 13,234 pairs in Yemen (mostly on Socotra), 85 pairs on Egyptian islands in the Gulf of Suez and several breeding colonies in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea (PERSGA/GEF 2003). Brown Boobies also breed in their hundreds in the Dehalak Archipelago of Eritrea, occurring on several islands, including Harat, where 50 adults have been noted (Coulthard 2001a), and on the Sept Frères of Djibouti (Magin 2001). Altogether, there may be around 500 pairs in the western Indian Ocean and some 14,500 pairs in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, giving a total population estimate of 15,000 pairs or 45,000 birds. This estimate would be strengthened by improved data from Eritrea and Saudi Arabia in particular, whilst the presence of Brown Booby off Somaliland should also be investigated. The overall status is declining, given the alarming rate of decline in Seychelles, although other colonies may be increasing.

In addition, this population also includes 685 pairs in the Chagos Archipelago of the central Indian Ocean (RSPB 2007), though this island group is outwith the AEWA region.

Red-footed Booby Sula sula

This species has not been proposed for inclusion in the AEWA Action Plan. Two populations occur in the Agreement Area: a. sula - South Atlantic The South Atlantic population has declined to about 100 pairs, with only some 10 pairs on Boatswainbird Island of Ascension, whilst it has disappeared completely from St Helena (McCulloch 2004). b. rubripes - Western Indian Ocean There are about 25,000 pairs in Seychelles (Skerrett et al. 2001), 130-180 pairs on Tromelin and 2,800- 3,800 pairs on Europa (Le Corre & Safford 2001), giving a total population of around 30,000 pairs (90,000 birds). Some colonies are in decline, though on Aldabra they are increasing.

Ascension Frigatebird Fregata aquila

This species is endemic to Ascension, where it now breeds only on Boatswainbird Island, although it used to occur in large numbers on the main island (McCulloch 2004). Recent estimates of the declining population range from 5,000-12,000 (McCulloch 2004; BirdLife International 2007). As the species ranges fairly widely in the tropical waters of the Atlantic, with records from West Africa (BirdLife International 2007), it could be considered for inclusion in the AEWA.

Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens

The only remaining population of Magnificent Frigatebird in the Eastern Atlantic is in Cape Verde, where a handful of birds still breed on the islets of Curral Velho and Baluarte off Boavista (Hazevoet 1995). This population has been separated as subspecies lowei on account of its large bill, though Hazevoet (1995) found no diagnostic characters in Cape Verde specimens. However, it appears that the population is separate from birds of the West Atlantic (Caribbean to Brazil), as birds are generally resident throughout the year in Cape Verde. The population probably numbers less than 10 birds (Hazevoet 1995). This population is currently not covered by the AEWA, but as it would appear to be a discrete population, and as it is recorded in offshore waters of Mauritania and Senegambia (Borrow & Demey 2001), it is a suitable candidate for further consideration. The population is in decline and may well disappear altogether from the Eastern Atlantic in coming years. The heightened pace of tourism development in Cape Verde, with many new infrastructures on Boavista, render the conservation of this unique population a high priority.

Great Frigatebird Fregata minor

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This species is widespread throughout tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, also at Trinidade and Martin Vaz in the Atlantic (Harrison 1987). In the AEWA region it is represented by aldabrensis of the Western Indian Ocean, with breeding colonies on Aldabra, Europa, Cargados Carajos and formerly on Tromelin. There are 4,000 pairs on Malabar, Aldabra, with a further 10-20 pairs on Menai and South Island of Cosmoledo (Skerrett et al. 2001). The breeding population on Europa numbers 700-1,100 pairs, though the colony disappeared from Tromelin in the early 1980s (Le Corre & Safford 2001). Both Great Frigatebird and Lesser Frigatebird F. ariel have declined greatly on Cargados Carajos from populations of thousands in the 1950s. The total population is thus around 5,000 pairs, or 15,000 birds, though it may be higher if numbers on Cargados Carajos number more than a few hundred. The population is in decline, and several colonies have been eliminated, especially in Seychelles, where poaching has been a major threat, whilst tourism-related disturbance has also caused colonies to desert (Skerrett et al. 2001).

Further east, there are 164 pairs of Great Frigatebird in the Chagos Archipelago (RSPB 2007), outwith the AEWA region. These do not belong to aldabrensis.

Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel

This frigatebird is widespread in the Indian Ocean and tropical western Pacific, with small numbers at Trinidade and Martin Vaz in the Atlantic (Harrison 1987). There is one population iredalei in the AEWA region, which occurs in the western Indian Ocean. It breeds only at Aldabra and Cargados Carajos. There are 6,000 pairs on Aldabra, where the population appears to be stable, although it used to also occur on Cosmoledo and possibly elsewhere in the Aldabra island group (Skerrett et al. 2001). Both Great Frigatebird and Lesser Frigatebird have declined greatly on Cargados Carajos from populations of thousands in the 1950s. The total population is likely to number about 6,500 pairs, equivalent of about 20,000 birds. Although the population has declined in the past, with extinctions on some islands and declines on Cargados Carajos, the colony on Aldabra appears to be reasonably secure, so the population may be considered presently stable.

Further east, there are 239 pairs of Lesser Frigatebird in the Chagos Archipelago (RSPB 2007), outwith the AEWA region. These do not belong to iradelai.

Bridled Tern Sterna anaethetus

Wetlands International (2006) recognise eight discrete populations of Bridled Tern, of which three populations occur in the AEWA region: a. melanoptera – Western Africa Dodman (2002) reviewed the status of this population, which centres on the Gulf of Guinea Islands of São Tomé and Príncipe and Annobón, whilst there is also a breeding colony at Mauritania’s Banc d’Arguin and relatively recent small numbers in Senegal. Although far apart, these are treated as part of the same population. Breeding status is far from clear at São Tomé, Príncipe and the Ilhas Tinhosas, but there are regular records from around these islands, and breeding is likely (Jones & Tye 2006). At Annobón, a colony of 200 breeding pairs was recorded in 1959 on the islet of Tortuga, but does not appear to have been found since (Pérez del Val 2001; Jones & Tye 2006). In Senegal, there are 1-2 pairs regularly at Iles de la Madeleine, whilst there have also been breeding attempts at Langue de Barbarie. At the Banc d’Arguin, de Naurois (1969) reported some 1,200-1,800 pairs between 1959-1965, though by 1995 only 100 pairs were found (Gowthorpe et al. 1996). PNBA (1988) reported 440 pairs breeding from May to July 1984.

Rose & Scott (1997) gave an estimate of 4,500 based on Croxall et al. (1984). Dodman (2002) considered this too high, with a population decline apparent due to significant decreases at the Banc d’Arguin, and provided an estimate of 1,500 birds, based on 200 pairs at Annobón, about 200 at the Banc d’Arguin, with <100 elsewhere. The possibility of small overlooked breeding colonies elsewhere in West Africa should not be over-ruled. b. fuligula – Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and W India Bridled Tern is abundant and widespread in the eastern Red Sea (Yemen and Saudi Arabia), where 130,000 pairs have been recorded, whilst 8,500 pairs have also bee recorded at Suakin Archipelago in the Sudanese Red Sea, 500 pairs in the Egyptian Red Sea and 1,100 pairs in Socotra (PERSGA/GEF 2003). This species

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also breeds in the Gulf of Aden on islands of Somaliland, where hundreds of thousands of pairs have been reported (Archer & Godman 1937). Ash & Miskell (1998) noted 10,000 birds at one of these islands, Maydh Island, in the month of May, but no recent counts of breeding pairs have been made; (they consider this race to be antarctica). There are breeding colonies also in Eritrea’s Dehalak Archipelago (Coulthard 2001b), and there are several colonies in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf. These include 25,000-27,000 pairs in Iran, 100 pairs in Bahrain, 2,000-2,500 birds in Kuwait, 15,500 pairs in Oman, 50 pairs in Qatar, 34,000 pairs on the Gulf Coral Islands of Saudi Arabia and at least 20,000 pairs in the Unite Arab Emirates (Scott 1995). Based on these data, Dodman (2006) gave an estimate of >750,000 birds, which was revised to ‘D’ (100,000- 1,000,000) by Wetlands International (2006). This estimate is here revised to 750,000-1,050,000, which accounts for all breeding populations mentioned above, with the upper limit allowing for up to 100,000 pairs in Somaliland and up to 10,000 pairs in Eritrea. Given the lack of recent information from Somaliland, it is not possible to determine the overall status of this population. Birds of west India are not considered here, falling outwith the AEWA region. c. antarctica – Western Indian Ocean Breeding birds of the Kenya coast are thought to be of this population. A bird ringed in Seychelles was recovered from Pemba (Britton 1980), indicating at least some movement between the East African coast and the Indian Ocean islands. Britton (1980) gives 750 pairs for the Lamu Archipelago (Kiunga), with breeding in July-August each year. This species also breeds in some years at Whale Island in the Watamu Marine National Park (Bennun & Njoroge 1999). There are breeding records from the Bajan islands of southern Somalia, where 500 pairs have been recorded in the month of August (Ash & Miskell 1998).

In Seychelles, this species breeds in the granitic islands, with 600 pairs on Cousin (Burger et al. 1999), about 100 pairs on Aride, 1,000 pairs on Récif, with breeding records also from Cousine, Zavé, Booby, Mammelles, Ile Sèche and Bird Island (Skerrett et al. 2001). Bridled Tern is common in the Amirantes, though there are no breeding records except for small numbers on Desnoeufs (Skerrett et al. 2001), whilst it still breeds on rat-free islets of Cosmoledo (Mortimer & Constance 2000). Skerrett et al. (2001) also report of old colonies on Farquhar and Providence, and declines noted at Aride (from >1000 pairs in 1988 to <100 pairs in 1997). About 100 pairs breed on Nosy Mavony of the Iles Barren, west Madagascar (ZICOMA 2001). There are no breeding colonies in the Mascarenes (R. Safford, pers. comm.), whilst breeding status in the Iles Eparses in unclear. These colonies together give a total estimate for the Western Indian Ocean of some 3,600 pairs, but there are clearly some information gaps. A new estimate for the Western Indian Ocean is proposed of 10,000-15,000 birds.

Outside the AEWA region, breeding also occurs in the Andamans, and Chagos, where only 6 pairs were recorded in 2006 (RSPB 2007).

Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata

Two populations occur in the AEWA region, fuscata in the Atlantic and nubilosa in the Indian Ocean. a. fuscata – Tropical South Atlantic islands and Gulf of Guinea islands This population occurs widely in the non-breeding season along the West African coast from Mauritania to Cameroon, with breeding occurring in the Gulf of Guinea Islands. Further south, it also breeds on Ascension Island and Saint Helena. There is a large colony of around 100,000 pairs on the Tinhosas islands of Príncipe (Christy 2001). It probably also breeds on other islands of São Tomé and Príncipe and is known from Annobón (Jones & Tye 2006). Breeding has also been recorded in small numbers in the Sine Saloum delta and Langue de Barbarie of Senegal, where current breeding status is uncertain. No more than a few pairs ever seem to breed here. At Ascension, there were 194,000 pairs in 1997, with the main colonies found in the southwest of the island, occupying 9.14ha (Rowlands 2001). Breeding also occurs on the very small Boatswainbird Island just off Ascension and in northeast and southwest Saint Helena (Rowlands 2001). Based on these data, Dodman (2002) provided an estimate of 300,000 pairs (900,000 individuals), which was adopted by Wetlands International (2002) and retained by Wetlands International (2006). b. nubilosa – Gulf of Aden, coastal East Africa, western Indian Ocean There are several races of S. fuscata, and the sub-specific status of birds in the Indian Ocean is not entirely clear. Harrison (1983) ascribes birds breeding on Jasiira Maydh (Mait Island), northern Somalia to subspecies somaliensis, whilst birds breeding here and in Seychelles have also been described as fuscata. However, there would seem to be a more general agreement that all birds from the Red Sea / Gulf of Aden,

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throughout the Indian Ocean and as far as South Japan in the north Pacific Ocean all belong to subspecies nubilosa. There may well be more than one population of nubilosa. Here, a summary is presented only of those birds occurring in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden / Red Sea, i.e. those occurring in the AEWA region.

There is no recent breeding information from Jasiira Maydh of northern Somalia, and the post-breeding movements of this colony are not clear. There is a large breeding population in Seychelles, where it is the most common seabird. Totals of island populations given by Skerrett et al. (2001) yield a total breeding population in Seychelles of some 2,950,000 pairs or 8,850,000 individuals. In Madagascar, 2,000 pairs were recorded on Nosy Fasy in July 1997, with a further 30 pairs on Nosy Foty, both islands in the Cape Anorontany archipelago (ZICOMA 2001). There are also 100,000 pairs on Iles du Lys in the Glorieuses Archipelago, 100,000 pairs on Juan de Nova and 500,000-1,000,000 pairs on the coralline island of Europa in the Mozambique Channel (Le Corre & Safford 2001). A further 250,000-500,000 pairs breed on Serpent Island, just north of Mauritius, 20,000 pairs in the Cargados Carajos shoals, whilst some 150 pairs were recorded in the Cocos and Sables islets of Rodrigues in 1998 (Safford 2001). This results in an additional number of around 1,500,000 pairs or 4,500,000 birds.

In East Africa, S. fuscata breeds in the Bajan Islands, southern Somalia, Kisite Island, southern Kenya, where there were around 20 pairs in 1997 (F. Ng’weno, in litt.) and on Latham Island, Tanzania, where there were 25,000-35,000 birds in 1989 (Baker & Baker 2002). There is in addition a breeding population on Chagos (outside the AEWA region), where there was a count of 82,208 pairs in 2006 (RSPB 2007). Sooty tern also breeds in small numbers in the Southern Indian Ocean at Ile Saint Paul and Amsterdam (Poillot & Salamolard 1999).

Based on these data, Dodman (2002) provided a total population estimate for the Western Indian Ocean and African coasts of 13,500,000 birds.

Brown Noddy Anous stolidus

Three populations occur in the AEWA region, though only one, plumbeigularis, is considered under the AEWA. The status of all three populations in the AEWA region is given below: a. stolidus – South Atlantic and Gulf of Guinea islands In the Gulf of Guinea, Christy (2001) gives a figure of 4,000-8,000 pairs for the Tinhosas Islands, though Monteiro et al. (1997) suggest 10,000-20,000 pairs. Breeding also takes place at São Tomé, including 200 pairs at Sete Pedras (Jones & Tye 2006) and Annobón, where there are 1,500 pairs (Pérez del Val 2001). There are also reports of several thousand birds from the southern islets of Annobón (Jones & Tye 2006). There is perhaps a total population in the Gulf of Guinea of 5,000-15,000 pairs, or 15,000-45,000 individuals. The stacks of Ascension support 500 pairs, whilst breeding also occurs in northeast and southwest St Helena and on Tristan Island, Inaccessible Island, the Nightingale Island Group and Gough Island, all in the Tristan da Cunha island group. Within the region there are most likely <100,000 birds, the population thus falling into category C (25,000-100,000). b. plumbeigularis – Southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden PERSGA/GEF (2003) give a population estimate of >30,000 breeding pairs in the southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including from colonies in Saudi Arabia, around 300 pairs in the Suakin Archipelago of Sudan and perhaps 10,000 pairs on Maydh Island of Somaliland. Ash & Miskell (1998) recorded 20,000 adults at Maydh in April 1979. Dodman (2002) gave an estimate of 25,000 pairs based on similar data, which was adopted by Wetlands International (2002) and retained by Wetlands International (2006). c. pileatus – Western Indian Ocean This is a widely distributed breeding bird in Seychelles, with colonies established on a number of islands, summarised by Skerrett et al. (2001) as being:

• Aride: about 8000 pairs • Cousin: about 1000 pairs • Cousine: about 900 pairs • Bird: about 10,000 pairs

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• African Banks: about 4000 pairs • Marie-Louise: about 2000 pairs • Etoile: about 1000 pairs • Desnoeufs: several thousand pairs • Farquhar: 10,000 pairs • Cosmoledo: a few hundred pairs • Aldabra: about 3500 pairs.

Skerrett et al. (2001) lists other breeding islands: Ile aux Vache Marine, Frégate, Ile Sèche, Mamelles, Récif, L’Ilot Frégate, Zavé, Booby, Coëtivy, Platte, Denis, Rémire, D’Arros, St Joseph Atoll, Desroches, Alphonse and Goëlettes. There would thus seem to be a minimum of 50,000 pairs (150,000 birds) in Seychelles.

In Madagascar, A. stolidus is reported from the Cape Anorontany archipelago in the north (ZICOMA 2001). There are some 100 pairs at Ile du Lys in the Glorieuses Archipelago (Le Corre & Safford 2001), some 10,000-100,000 pairs on Serpent Island, Mauritius, <1000 pairs on the Rodrigues islets and 4,500 pairs on Cargados Carajos shoals (Safford 2001). Brown Noddy also breeds on Réunion and on the Iles Glorieuses (Poillot & Salamolard 1999). In Eastern Africa, A. stolidus occurs on the Bajan islands in southern Somalia (Ash & Miskell 1998), and in Kenya in the Lamu Archipelago, where there are ‘hundreds’, on Whale Island, where it had bred, and on Kisite, where it may also breed (Britton 1980). It also breeds on Latham Island, Tanzania, where there were 10,000 adults in 1989 (Bregnballe et al. 1990).

The population in the Western Indian Ocean would appear to be in the order of 100,000-200,000 pairs, or 300,000-600,000 individuals. Outside the AEWA region, in the Chagos Archipelago, south of the Maldives, Symens in Sheppard & Seaward (1999) recorded 48,224 breeding pairs, though a much lower count of 6,433 pairs was made in 2006 (RSPB 2007).

Black Noddy Anous minutus

This population breeds on islands off Brazil (St Paul’s Rocks, Fernando de Noronha and Trinidade), the Gulf of Guinea Islands and Ascension and St Helena. In the Gulf of Guinea islands, there are some 10,000- 20,000 pairs in the Tinhosas Islands (Christy 2001) and 13,500 pairs on Annobón (Pérez del Val 2001), although Pérez del Val (2001a) indicates that the population on Annobón is smaller than this figure, which dates from 1959, suggesting that this is a result of earlier over-estimates of breeding numbers. There were 5,000 pairs on the stacks of Ascension in 1990, as well as 5,000 on Boatswainbird Island, just off Ascension Island; breeding also occurs at the two IBAs of St Helena (Rowlands 2001).

The total population in the South and tropical Atlantic within the AEWA region is likely to be in the order of 30,000-50,000 pairs or 90,000-150,000 birds.

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Lesser Noddy Anous tenuirostris

This population breeds in the Indian Ocean in Seychelles, Cargados Carajos, Mauritius, Chagos and the Maldives. Skerrett et al. (2001) list nine breeding islands in Seychelles, with a total breeding population in the order of 320,000 pairs or 960,000 birds. There is a colony of some 10,000-100,000 pairs on Serpent Island, just north of Mauritius, at least 4,000-6,000 pairs on the Rodrigues islets and 15,000 pairs on the Cargados Carajos shoals (Safford 2001). Based on these data, Dodman (2002) provided a population estimate for Africa of 1,050,000-1,350,000.

Outwith the AEWA region, Lesser Noddy also breeds in the Maldives, and in the Chagos Archipelago, where Symens in Sheppard & Seaward (1999) recorded 43,275 pairs (129,825 individuals), though only 2,682 pairs were counted in 2006 (RSPB2007).

White Tern Gygis alba

The race candida occurs in the Indian Ocean, though birds in Seychelles and Mascarenes have sometimes been ascribed to the race monte. Birds of the Indian Ocean are geographically isolated from the candida population that occurs from the southwestern central Pacific Islands to Marquesas. It is likely that the Seychelles and Mascarenes birds form a discrete population. White Terns can be found at their breeding islands throughout the year, but they also occur far from land in Indian Ocean waters.

White or Fairy Tern breeds throughout Seychelles. On Aride, there are 1,700 pairs during the southeast monsoon and 5,600 pairs during the northwest monsoon (Bowler & Hunter 2000). Numbers also vary on Cousin from 1,200-3,600 pairs, on Cousine from 1,000-1,500 pairs, on Frégate from 2,000-4,000 pairs, on St. François from 1,000-1,500 pairs, on Marie-Louise from 2,000-4,000 pairs and 100-400 pairs on Aldabra (Skerrett et al. 2001). However, as this species tends to breed year-round, total numbers breeding per island are likely to be significantly higher. About 5,000 pairs breed on Cargados Carajos shoals, with some 20 pairs on Cocos and Sables of the Rodrigues islets (Safford 2001). These data suggest a breeding population of around 30,000 pairs, rounded to 100,000 individuals for the Western Indian Ocean (Seychelles and Mascarenes).

Outwith the AEWA region, breeding also occurs on Chagos, where 603 pairs were counted in 2006 (RSPB 2007).

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