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American Myth and Ideologies of Straight White Masculinity in Men's Literary Self-Representations Mary Parish

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American Myth and Ideologies of Straight White Masculinity in Men's Literary Self-Representations Mary Parish Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 4-11-2018 American Myth and Ideologies of Straight White Masculinity in Men's Literary Self-Representations Mary Parish Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Part of the Literature in English, North America Commons, and the Other Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Parish, M. (2018). American Myth and Ideologies of Straight White Masculinity in Men's Literary Self-Representations (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1429 This One-year Embargo is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMERICAN MYTH AND IDEOLOGIES OF STRAIGHT WHITE MASCULINITY IN MEN’S LITERARY SELF-REPRESENTATIONS A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Mary J. Parish May 2018 Copyright by Mary J. Parish 2018 AMERICAN MYTH AND IDEOLOGIES OF STRAIGHT WHITE MASCULINITY IN MEN’S LITERARY SELF-REPRESENTATIONS By Mary J. Parish Approved April 9, 2018 ________________________________ ________________________________ Linda A. Kinnahan Magali C. Michael Professor of English Associate Dean, McAnulty College of (Committee Chair) Liberal Arts Professor of English (Committee Member) ________________________________ Thomas P. Kinnahan Associate Professor of English (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ James Swindal Greg Barnhisel Dean, McAnulty College of Liberal Arts Chair, Department of English Professor of Philosophy Professor of English iii ABSTRACT AMERICAN MYTH AND IDEOLOGIES OF STRAIGHT WHITE MASCULINITY IN MEN’S LITERARY SELF-REPRESENTATIONS By Mary J. Parish May 2018 Dissertation supervised by Professor Linda A. Kinnahan This study explores three autobiographical texts written in post-World War II America (1945-1980) that take as their subject a straight white man’s reflection on and engagement with the exercise of male power and the forces, both internal and external, that shape the degree to which he is “self-made,” i.e., an autonomous agent able to exert his will within a particular life domain (domestically, publicly, or in war). The United States emerged from World War II victorious and positioned to assume the mantle of world leadership, yet even at the apex of the nation’s preeminence, the security of straight white masculinity seemed oddly unsettled. The economic, social, and political changes the nation was experiencing offered a succession of challenges to the authority of straight white men, calling into question assumptions about the autonomy and agency that validated their privileged status. iv The writers featured in this analysis, Robert Lowell, Norman Mailer, and Tim O’Brien, surveil the uses of power in order to critique, assert, and question the gendered realities and expectations that impact their perceptions and experience of manhood. This dissertation considers each text through the lens of one national mythology—American Individualism, the American Dream, and American Exceptionalism—taking into account the effect of that strand of mythology on the performance of masculinity, including the entitlements these mythologies normalize and the deviancies (the Otherness) they contain and control. Finally, this analysis examines the intersection between genre and the representation of the self as a straight white man, discussing the ways in which the choice of how to present the self, whether through lyric poetry, the personal essay, New Journalistic inquiry, or the memoir, interacts with and magnifies the effects of gender in each text. v DEDICATION For my father, Lee Parish vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express heartfelt gratitude to my dissertation director, Dr. Linda A Kinnahan for her brilliance and generosity. Her good will, patience, and enthusiasm for this project kept it and me going through challenging times. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Magali Michael and Dr. Thomas Kinnahan for their wisdom, guidance, and support. I am very fortunate in my friends, and so I thank Martha Berg, Laura Callanan, Maureen Gallagher, Gina Godfrey, Jade Higa, Von Keairns, Allie Reznik, Emily Rutter, and Scilla Wahrhaftig for their grace and good company on the journey. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my family, but I will try. To my indomitable sister, Donna Parish Neiport, I offer Namaste. And to my beloved husband, Chuck Slayton, I thank you for inspiring me every day. I could not have done this without you. Thank you all for believing in me. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication .......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................ vii Introduction ........................................................................................................................ ix Chapter 1 ..............................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................86 Chapter 3 ..........................................................................................................................166 Epilogue ...........................................................................................................................226 Works Cited .....................................................................................................................228 viii Introduction If the promise of the American “self-made” masculinity was the possibility of unlimited upward mobility, its dark side was the nightmarish possibility of equally unstoppable downward mobility. American manhood—always more about the fear of falling than the excitement of rising, always more about the agony of defeat, as it were, than the thrill of victory.1 —Michael S. Kimmel To be a self-made man in the United States is to assume a powerful subject position within the national ideology. To do so is to enter the company of men like Andrew Carnegie, Benjamin Franklin, and Ray Kroc, men who have shaped the nation and its culture and whose personal narratives embody the concept of self-determination— the exercise of control over one’s destiny. In attaining this status, a man often invests in and is certainly incorporated into three fundamental national myths: American Individualism,2 the freedom to choose his own path as he relies on himself and his own resources; the American Dream,3 the freedom to act in order to realize financial security 1 Manhood in America: A Cultural History 218. 2 Frederick Jackson Turner in his classic essay “The Significance of the Frontier in America” argued that “to the frontier American intellect owes its striking characteristics. That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and with all that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom” (37). Through the industrial revolution and the emergence of America as a dynamic economic world power, the notion that a man should have control over his own life, be able to sets its priorities, and determine its outcomes became deeply enmeshed with American capitalism. It is primarily through this lens that this dissertation shall examine American Individualism in the years 1945-1980. 3 James Truslow Adams first used the language “American Dream” in his book The Epic of America¸ published in 1931 at the height of the Great Depression. He defined it as “that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement. … It has been a dream of being able to grow to the fullest development as man and woman, unhampered by the barriers which had slowly been erected in older civilizations, unrepressed by social orders which had been developed for the benefit of classes rather than for the simple being of any and every class. And that dream has been realized more fully in actual life here than anywhere else, though very imperfectly even among ourselves” (404-405). Adams’ “dream” was focused primarily on opportunity and freedom from the limitations of class restrictions and the possibility of upward mobility, fueled by an overarching cultural investment in equality. For those on the margins of American society, reality has lagged behind this ideal. Indeed, the ideal itself became enmeshed with consumer capitalism in the post- ix and social status through personal effort; and American Exceptionalism,4 playing his part in asserting and reinforcing America’s and Americans’ special character and role in the
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