Floristic and Habitat Diversity of the Trigrad Gorge Protected Area (Central Rhodopes Mts.), Bulgaria

ECOLOGIA BALKANICA 2019, Vol. 11, Issue 1 June 2019 pp. 145-154

Dimitar Dimitrov*, Vassil Vutov

National Natural History Museum, 1 Tzar Osvoboditel Boulv., Sofia 1000, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. A research was conducted regarding the vascular flora and natural habitats of the Trigrad Gorge Protected area, located in the Central Rhodopes Mts. The taxonomic spectrum of the researched flora includes 203 species, 166 genera and 60 families of vascular plants (including the moss species). Four types of natural habitats and their conservation status were determined: 08H38210. Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation; 21G1 Supra Mediterranean hop- hornbeams woods; 9150. Medio-European limestone beech forests of the Cephalanthero-Fagion and 91EO. Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incane, Salicion albae). Key words: floral analysis, floristic complex, natural habitats, conservation status.

Introduction species. Other similar to the Trigrad Gorge Until now, no floristic or areas in the Central Rhodopes mountain are phytocenological studies of this natural the natural phenomena "The Wonder protected area have been conducted. Still, Bridges" and the protected area two local for the Rhodopes endemic species "Gyumurdzhinski snezhnik". The aim of this have been found already: Secale rhodopaeum research is to perform a complete inventory Delip. and Arenaria rhodopaea Delip. of the flora of the natural protected area and (DELIPAVLOV, 1962; 1964). Additional to describe the its natural habitats. information about specific plant species of the local flora can also be found in DIMITROV Material and methods (2006). The Trigrad Gorge Protected area is Study area also a part of the Protected Zone BG 0001030 The natural protected area Trigrad from NATURA 2000, which is a legislative Gorge is located in the Veliysko-Videshki act for the preservation and protection of part of the Central Rhodopes. This gorge is plant habitats. The Trigrad Gorge, along the third longest one in Bulgaria, right after with Perelik and Persenk, is included in the Buynovsko Gorge and the gorge of river “Important plant areas in Bulgaria” Erma. The Trigrad Gorge was formed due to (SPIRIDONOV et al., 2012). This gorge is an the constant erosive effects of the Trigrad actual refuge, where one can find quite river flow. The riverbed has carved the interesting and very rare, endemic and relict gorge through the local Proterozoic marble

© Ecologia Balkanica Union of Scientists in Bulgaria – Plovdiv http://eb.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg University of Plovdiv Publishing House Floristic and Habitat Diversity of the Trigrad Gorge Protected Area (Central Rhodopes Mts.), Bulgaria rocks and formed this natural landmark. It form happens to be such a refugium. The was officially given a “Protected Area” gorge starts from the Osmanov pond and status by order № 4021, issued on 06.12.1963 goes on until The Devil’s Throat Cave (Fig. by the Committee of Forestry and Forest 1). Its length is about 2.5 km. The width of industry. This natural protected area was the gorge at certain places goes up to 60 m, increased to 685.62 ha by order RD-429 from and depth at some places can reach 350 m. 18.06.2007, issued by the Bulgarian Ministry The altitude at Osmanov pond is 950 m, of Environment and Water (MOEW). The while at the Devil’s Throat Cave it goes up to Rhodopes are the oldest piece of land on the 1180 m. The climate here is continental. The Balkan peninsula. Its relatively mild climate average annual temperature is 5-90C. The allowed over the years for many plant average January temperature is 2,5 0C, while species to survive in refugia during the the average temperature during the July is extreme weather conditions of the Tertiary 13-160C. The biggest rainfalls are during the period and later during the Ice Age of the summer – 125 mm. The snow cover lasts Quaternary period. The Trigrad Gorge in its from November until April.

Fig. 1. A map exempt which outlines the researched area (the research area is marked and circled in yellow). The red line represent the tourist route E 8. The exempt piece was taken from an official map of the Dospat region in the Western Rhodopes mountain (Scale 1:100,000, issued by Carthograhy EOOD 1993).

146 Dimitar Dimitrov, Vassil Vutov

Data sampling and analysis (11; 5.41 %) and Apiaceae (10; 4.92 %). Other The research of the flora and natural families contain less than 10 species: habitats of the Trigrad Gorge Protected area Caryophyllaceae (9; 4.43 %), Rosaceae (9; was performed during several vegetative 4.43 %), Boraginaceae (6; 2.95 %), seasons in the period from 2012 until 2018. Ranunculaceae (6; 2.95 %), Scrophulariaceae The species determination was done (6; 2.95 %), Campanulaceae (5; 2.46 %), according to JORDANOV (1963-1979), Betulaceae (4; 1.97 %), Caprifoliaceae (4; 1.97 KOZUHAROV (1992), DELIPAVLOV & %), Crassulaceae (4; 1.97 %), Orchidaceae (4; CHESHMEDIJEV (2004), PEEV (2012), TUTIN et 1.97 %), Pinaceae (4; 1.97 %), Aspleniaceae al. (1964-1980), The transect and trial sites (3; 1.47 %), Celastraceae (3; 1.47 %), methods were used for the determination of Geraniaceae (3; 1.47 %), Liliaceae (3; 1.47 %), the vegetation in this case. The habitats were Salicaceae (3; 1.47 %), Saxifragaceae (3; 1.47 determined according to BISSERKOV et al. %), Convolvulaceae (2; 0.98 %), (2015). The geo-elemental composition was Chenopodiaceae (2; 0.98 %), Linaceae (2; 0.98 analyzed according to ASSYOV & PETROVA %), Polygonaceae (2; 0.98 %), Valerianaceae (2012). The species category with (2; 0.98 %), Violaceae (2; 0.98 %) etc. conservation status was determined (Appendix 1). according to PETROVA & VLADIMIROV (2009). In comparison, we can take into The protected species status is based on the consideration the flora of Dospat Dere Law for biological diversity of the republic (DIMITROV, 2017), which is comprised of 197 of Bulgaria. The herbarium specimens have species, 143 genera, 57 families within a been deposited in the herbarium of the territory that has almost the same size as the Institute of Biodiversity and Eco Systematic Trigrad Gorge Protected area. research (SOM). As per biological type, there are predominantly perennial herbaceous species Results and Discussion (132 species; 65 % of the total number of The systematic spectrum of the vascular species), followed by annual species (19; 9.3 flora of the Trigrad Protected area includes %), arboreal species (15; 7.38 %), bushes (10; 60 families, 166 genera and 203 vascular 4.9 %), annual to biennial species (8; 3.9 %), plant species (Appendix 1). The Phylum semi bushes (7; 3.4 %), biennial (5; 2.16 %), with the most numerous representatives is biennial to perennial species (4; 1.9 %) and Magnoliophyta: 51 families (80.5 %), 153 annual to perennial species (2; 0.98 %). genera (92.19 %) and 189 species (93.1%). Based on the conducted research, the From the Dicotyledonae class – 46 families following floristic elements were determined: (76.6 %), 134 genera (80.7 %) and 169 species there are predominantly Submediterranean (83.2 %). From Monocotyledonae – 5 families elements (31 species; 15.27 % of the total (8.3 %), 19 genera (11.4 %) and 20 species (9.8 number of species), followed by Euro-Asiatic %). Phylum Gymnospermae is represented (25; 12.31 %), Euro-Mediterranean (22; 10.83 with 1 family (1.6 %), 3 genera (1.8 %) and 4 %), Subboreal (18; 8.86 %), Boreal (16; 7.88 %), species (1.97 %). From Phylum Bryophyta- 2 Balkan endemites (14; 6.89 %), Euro-Siberian families (3.2 %), 2 genera 1.2 %) and 2 (13; 6.40 %), European (10; 4.92 %), Ponto- species (0.98 %). From the Phylum Mediterranean (7; 3.44 %), Mediterranean ( 5; Pteridophyta - 6 families (10 %), 7 genera (4.2 2.46 %), Bulgarian endemics (5; 2.46 %), Alpo- %) and 8 species (3.9 %). Out of the Carpato-Balcanic (5; 2.46 %), Carpato- examined families, the ones with the biggest Balcanic (4; 1.97 %), Euro-Submediterranean number of species are: Asteraceae (21 (3; 1.47 %), South-Pontic (3; 1.47 %), Balcano- species; 10.34 % of the total number of Anatolian (3; 1.47 %), Cosmopolitan (3; 1.47 species), Brassicaceae (13; 6.40 %), Lamiaceae %), Euro-Orientaloturanian (2; 0.98 %), (13; 6.40 %), Fabaceae (11; 5.41 %), Poaceae Balcano-Anatolian (2; 0.98 %), Balcano-Dacian

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(2; 0.98 %), Mediterrano-Orientaloturanian (2; Trachelium rumelianum, Dianthus cruentus, 0.98 %), Appenino-Balcanic (2; 0.98 %), Euro- Dianthus drenowskyanus, Scabiosa triniifolia, Southmediterranian (2; 0.98 %). Ponto- Hypericum umbellatum, Micromeria dalmatica, Siberian, Ponto-Centralasian, Alpo-Carpato- Linum thracicum, Orobanche esulae, Festuca Balcanic, Ponto-Siberian, Arcto-Alpinic (1; penzesii, Silene frivaldszkyana. There are 4 0.49 %). common species which can be found both in The most represented floral elements in Dospat Dere and within the Trigrad Gorge the flora of Dospat Dere are Mediterranean Protected area: Chondrilla urumoffii, species - 34 (17.7 %), Euro-Asian species – 23 Trachelium rumelianum, Scabiosa triniifolia, (11.6 %), Euro-Mediterranean species – 19 and Micromeria dalmatica. (9.6 %), Pontic-Mediterranean species – 19 The research has found presence of 17 (8.1 %) and 10 Balkan species (5.07 %). species with threatened, i.e. conservation The genera represented by the biggest status: number of species are: Sedum (4 species), Arenaria rhodopaea Delip. EN A1c; Arabis, Astragalus, Campanula, Saxifraga, B1ab(iv)+ 2ab (iv); C1, (DIMITROV, 2009) Silene and Sorbus (per 3 species of each). BDA, Annex 3 Tertiary relicts are 16 species: Abies alba Campanula orphanidea Boiss. EN Mill., Picea abies (L.) Carst., Pinus nigra B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii), (ANCHEV & Arnold, P. sylvestris L., Acer campestre L., GORANOVA, 2009), BDA, Annex 3 Asarum europaeum L., Alnus incana (L.) Sideritis scardica Griseb. EN B1ab(ii,iii,V) Moench, Carpinus betulus L., C. orientalis +2ab(ii,iii,iv);C2a(i) (EVSTATIEVA, 2009) Mill., Ostrya carpinifolia Scop., Trachelium Malcolmia orsiniana (Ten.) Ten. rumelianum Hampe, Tamus communis L., subsp.angulifolia (Boiss. & Orph.) Stork EN Haberlea rhodopensis Friv., Populus tremula L., B2ab(ii,iii);C2a(i), (ANCHEV & GORANOVA, Salix alba L. and S. caprea L. Qaternary glacial 2009), BDA, Annex 3 relicts are two species: Aster alpinus L. and Saxifraga aizoides L. EN B1ab(ii,iii) Saxifraga aizoides L. (ZAHARIEV et al., 2018). +2ab(ii,iii);C2a(i), (PEEV & TSONEVA, 2009), Quaternary interglacial relict is Morina BDA, Annex 2, 3 persica L. Secale rhodopaeum Delip. EN B1ab(iii) Out of all the determined species, there +2ab(iii) (VLADIMIROV, 2009), BDA, Annex 3 are 77 (37.9 %) medicinal plants. Orchis militaris L. EN B2ab(ii), Investigated flora of Trigrad Gorge (PETROVA, 2009), BDA, Annex 3 include presence of 5 Bulgarian endemic Aquilegia nigricans Baumg. VU B1ab species: Arenaria rhodopaea, Hieracium (ii,iii,iv,v); C2A (i) (EVSTATIEVA, 2009), BDA, kittanae, Marrubium frivaldskyanum, Annex 3 Scrophularia bulgarica and Secale rhodopaeum Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss. VU and 13 Balcan endemites: Campanula B1ab(iii)+2ab(ii);C2a(i) (MESHINEV, 2009) jordanovii, Campanula orphanidea, Carum Campanula jordanovii Anchev & graecum, Chondrilla urumoffii, Cirsium Kovanda VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv), (ANCHEV & appendiculatum, Dianthus quadrangulus, GORANOVA, 2009), BDA, Annex 3 Haberlea rhodopensis, Micromeria dalmatica, Scrophularia bulgarica (Stoj.) Peev VU Scabiosa triniifolia, Sesleria achtarovii, Sideritis B1ab(ii,v)+2ab(ii,v) (PEEV & TSONEVA, 2009) scardica, Silene fabarioides and Trachelium Kernera saxatilis (L.) Rchb. VU B1ab(ii,iii) rumelianum. +2ab(ii,iii) (GORANOVA & ANCHEV, 2009) The floristic complex of the flora of Trachelium rumelianum Hampe VU Dospat Dere also includes one Bulgarian B1ab(ii,iii,iv), (GORANOVA & ANCHEV, 2009), endemite Cerastium velenovskyi and 13 BDA, Annex 3 Balkan endemites: Anthemis macedonica, Chondrilla urumofii Degen VU Chondrilla urumoffii, Onosma thracica, B2ab(ii,iii), (DIMITROVA, 2009; 2015), BDA

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Morina persica L. NT (PEEV & TSONEVA Four species are also under the 2015), BDA protection of the CITES convention: Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. LC, Bern Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich, Epipactis Convention, (PEEV & TSONEVA, 2009), BDA, helleborine (L.) Crantz, Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Annex 3 Rich and Orchis militaris L. Lilium martagon L. BDA, Annex 4 With regards to the flora in Dospat Out of these species, 11 are protected by Dere, we managed to establish 15 species the Law for Biological Diversity of the with conservation status, 1 endangered republic of Bulgaria (Annexes 2 and 3). Next species - Galanthus elwesii Hook f., 5 species to Saxifraga aizoides L. (from the Annex 2), with vulnerable (VU) status: Chondrilla nine species are reported in Annex 3 - urumoffii, Trachelium rumelianum, Romulea Arenaria rhodopaea Delip., Aquilegia nigricans bulbocodium, Limodorum abortivum and Baumg., Campanula orphanidea Boiss., Ophrys cornuta. We also found one species Malcolmia orsiniana (Ten.) Ten. subsp. with a least concern (LC) status: e Lotus angulifolia (Boiss. & Orph.) Stork, Secale aegaeus. rhodopaeum Delip., Orchis militaris L., Further regarding the Dospat Dere Campanula jordanovii Anchev & Kovanda, flora, we managed to establish 7 species, Trachelium rumelianum Hampe and Haberlea which are protected by the Bulgarian rhodopensis Friv. One species - Lilium Biological Diversity Act (BDA, 2002 - Annex martagon L. is reported in Annex 4. 2, 3): Galanthus elwesii, Trachelium Thirteen species from the researched flora rumelianum, Romulea bulbocodium, Limodorum are reported in the Red Data Book of the abortivum, Ophrys cornuta, Arabis collina and republic of Bulgaria, v. 1 Plants and fungi Veronica multifida. (PEEV et al., 2015): Arenaria rhodopaea Delip. EN Additionally, there were 3 species A1c; B1ab(iv)+2ab(iv); C1 (DIMITROV, 2015a), found, which have been listed in the Red Hieracium kittaniae Vladimir. EN B1ab(iii) Data Book of the republic of Bulgaria, v. 1 (VLADIMIROV, 2015a), Malcolmia orsiniana Plants and fungi (PEEV et al., 2015): Dianthus (Ten.) Ten. subsp. Angulifolia (Boiss. & Orph.) drenowskyanus, Chondrilla urumoffii and A. Stork EN B2ab(ii,iii); C2a(i), (ANCHEV & Trachelium rumelianum. GORANOVA, 2015), Orchis militaris L. EN Another 6 species were found, which B2ab(iv), (PETROVA, 2015), Petkovia orphanidea have been included in the CITES (Boiss.) Stef. EN B1ab(ii.iii)+ 2ab(ii,iii), Convention: Cephalanthera rubra, Epipactis (ANCHEV & GORANOVA, 2015), Saxifraga atrorubens, Limodorum abortivum, Ophrys aizoides L., EN B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii); C2a(ii), cornuta, Orchis coriophora and Platanthera (PEEV & TSONEVA, 2015), Secale rhodopaeum chlorantha. Delip. EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii), (VLADIMIROV, Regarding the natural habitats here, 2015b), Sideritis scardica Griseb. EN there are: 08H3 Calcareous rocky slopes with B1ab(ii,iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv); C2a(i), (EVSTATIEVA, chasmophytic vegetation, 21G1 Supra 2015), Valeriana montana L. EN B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v) Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods, 9150 +2ab(ii,iii,iv.v); C2a(i), (EVSTATIEVA, 2015), Medio-European limestone beech forests of Campanula jordanovii Ancev & Kovanda VU the Cephalanthero-Fagion and 91EO Alluvial B1ab(ii,iii,iv), (ANCHEV & GORANOVA, 2015), forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus Chondrilla urumoffii Degen VU B2ab(ii,iii), excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion (DIMITROVA, 2009; 2015), Marrubium albae). friwaldskyanum Boiss. VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(ii); In general, the habitat 08H3 Calcareous C2a(i), (MESHINEV, 2015), Trachelium rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation rumelianum Hampe VU B1ab(ii,iii,iv), has a conservation status: vulnerable [VU- (GORANOVA & ANCHEV, 2015). A1,2B2 D2 H2 I J] (GUSSEV & RUSSAKOVA,

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2015). This habitat is the biggest one in the dams, along the river beds of Trigrad and researched area. Tchairska rivers. Other threats are the The habitat 21G1 Supra Mediterranean introduction and afforestation of foreign hop-hornbeam woods has a conservation trees and bushes, the building of new, status: vulnerable [VU-A1, B2 C1 D2 E2 F1 additional roads, the extraction of natural G1 H2 I L2]. This habitat has not been resource from this area and last, but not least reported in the literature (BISSERKOV et al., – the unauthorized forest cutting. The 2015). excessive use of fertilizers from the The habitat 9150 Medio-European agricultural activities in the villages above limestone beech forest of the Cephalanthero- the natural protected area (namely Kesten, Fagion has a conservation status: near Vodni pad, Zhrebevo and Trigrad) also pose threatened [NT-A1, 2B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 H1 I a significantly potential threat to the local L3], (DIMITROV, 2015b). flora and fauna. The habitat 91EO Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- References Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) has a ANCHEV M., V. GORANOVA. 2009. Campanula conservation status: vulnerable [VU-A1, 2B1 jordanovii, Campanula orphanidea, C1 D2 E2 F1 G1 H1 J L2], (DIMITROV & Malcolmia orsiniana. - In: Petrova A., V. TASHEV, 2015). Vladimirov (Eds.). Red List of There are 3 natural habitats, which are Bulgarian vascular plants. - Phytologia common for both Dospat Dere and Trigrad Balcanica, 15(1): 74, 78, 82. Gorge areas: 08H3 Calcareous rocky slopes ANCHEV M., V. GORANOVA. 2015. Campanula with chasmophytic vegetation, 21G1 Supra jordanovii. - In: Peev D. et al. (Eds.). Red Mediterranean hop-hornbeam woods and Data book of R. Bulgaria, v. 1. Plants & 02G1 Southern Helleno-Balcanic swamp fungi. BAS & MEW, S.: 664. alder woods. ASSYOV B., A. PETROVA (Eds.). 2012. Conspectus of Bulgarian vascular flora. Conclusion Distribution maps and floristic elements. The natural protected Trigrad Gorge 4-th edition. Bulgarian Biodiversity impresses its visitors not just with its Foundation, S. landscape (which includes vertical lime BDA. 2002. Biological diversity act of the slopes, caves and waterfalls), but also with republic of Bulgaria. - State gazette, its flora. One can find here the beautiful 77(9.08.2002). rocky species Haberlea rhodopensis, BISSERKOV V., et al. (Eds.). 2015. Red Data book Campanula orphanidea, Morina persica, Lilium of R. Bulgaria, v. 3. Natural habitats. BAS martagon, Epilobium dodonaei, Aster alpinus, & MEW. S. 458 p. and Secale rhodopaeum. A huge percentage of DELIPAVLOV D. 1962. Secale rhodopaeuma new the flora here is represented by relic and species of rye from the Rhodope endemic species, which can be found only in mountain. - Comptes Rendue de, l,Academie this area. The results of this research can also Bulgare de Sciences, 15(4): 407-410. be used for the development of the future DELIPAVLOV D. 1964. Arenaria rhodopaea sp. n. management plan of this protected area. - Comptes Rendue de, l,Academie Bulgare Also, these results can be useful for de Sciences, 17(7): 645-648. professional and connoisseur botanists who DELIPAVLOV D., I. CHESHMEDIJEV. 2003. A key would like to visit this interesting place of of plants in Bulgaria, Agrarian University. the Rhodopes. The main concerning threat Plovdiv, 591 p. (In Bulgarian). for the biodiversity of this natural protected DIMITROV D. 2006. New data on the vascular area are the uncontrolled and non-regulated flora of Western Rhodopes (Bulgaria). - building of small-scale, hydroelectric water In: Beron P. (Ed.). Biodiversity of Bulgaria.

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3. Biodiversity of Western Rhodopes GORANOVA V., M. ANCHEV. 2015. Trachelium (Bulgarian and Greece). BAS, Sofia. rumelianum. - In: Peev D. et al. (Eds.). DIMITROV D. 2009. Arenaria rhodopaea. - In: Red Data book of R. Bulgaria, v. 1. Plants Petrova A., V. Vladimirov. (Eds.). Red & fungi. BAS & MEW, S., pp. 691. List of Bulgarian vascular plants. - GUSSEV CH., V. RUSSAKOVA. 2015. Calcareous Phytologia Balcanica, 15(1): 73. rocky slopes with chasmophytic DIMITROV D. 2015a. Arenaria rhodopaea. - In: vegetation. - In: Bisserkov V. et al. (Eds.). Peev D. et al. (Eds.). Red Data Book of R. Red Book of R. Bulgaria, v. 3. Natural Bulgaria, V. 1. Plants & fungi. BAS & habitats. BAS & MEW, S., pp. 381-384. MEW, S., pp. 401. JORDANOV D. (Ed.). 1963-1979. [Flora of R. P. DIMITROV M. 2015b. Medio-European Bulgaria]. V. pp. 1-7, BAS (In Bulgarian). limestone beech forests of the KOZUHAROV S. (Ed.). 1992. [Guidebook to the Cephalanthero-Fagion. - In: Bisserkov V. et vascular plants in Bulgaria.] Sofia. al. (Eds.). Red Book of R. Bulgaria, V. 3. Nauka I izkustvo. (In Bulgarian). Natural habitats. BAS & MEW, S., pp. MESHINEV T. 2015. Marrubium friwaldskyanum. 296-298. - In: Peev D. et al. (Eds.). Red Data book DIMITROV D. 2017. Floristic and habitat of R. Bulgaria, v. 1. Plants & fungi. BAS & diversity of Dospat Dere in the Dabrash MAW. S., pp. 678. mountain (West Rhodopes), Bulgaria. - PEEV D. (Ed.). 2012. [Flora of R. Bulgaria,] v. Biologica Nyssana, 8(1): 39-45. 11. BAS, S. 523 p. (In Bulgarian). DIMITROV M., A. TASHEV. 2015. Alluvial PEEV D. et al. (Eds.). 2015. Red Data book of R. forests with Alnus glutinosa and Bulgaria, v. 1. Plants & fungi. BAS & Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion MAW. S., 887 p. incanae, Salicion albae). - In: Bisserkov PEEV D., S. TSONEVA. 2009. Morina persica, V. et al. (Eds.). Red Book of R. Bulgaria, Haberlea rhodopensis, Scrophularia V. 3. Natural habitats. BAS & MEW, S., bulgarica, Saxifraga aizoides. - In: pp. 280-281. Petrova A., V. Vladimirov. (Eds.). Red DIMITROVA D. 2009. Chondrilla urumoffii. - In: List of Bulgarian vascular plants. Petrova A., V. Vladimirov (Eds). Red Phytologia Balcanica, 15(1): 87, 89, 92. List of Bulgarian vascular plants. - PEEV D., S. TSONEVA. 2015. Saxifraga aizoides. Phytologia Balcanica, 15(1): 83. - In: Peev D. et al. (Eds.). Red Data book DIMITROVA D. 2015. Chondrilla urumoffii. - In: of R. Bulgaria. V. 1. Plants & fungi. BAS Peev D. et al. (Eds.). Red Data Book of R. & MAW, S., pp. 596. Bulgaria, v. 1. Plants & fungi. BAS & PETROVA A. 2009. Orchis militaris. - In: MEW, S., pp. 668. Petrova A., V. Vladimirov (Eds.). Red EVSTATIEVA L. 2009. Aquilegia nigricans, List of Bulgarian vascular plants. - Sideritis scardica. - In: Petrova A., V. Phytologia Balcanica, 15(1): 78. Vladimirov (Eds.) Red List of PETROVA A. 2015. Orchis militaris. - In: Peev Bulgarian vascular plants. - Phytologia D. et al. (Eds.). Red Data book of R. Balcanica, 15(1): 80, 82. Bulgaria. V. 1. Plants & fungi. BAS & EVSTATIEVA L. 2015. Sideritis scardica, Valeriana MAW, S., pp. 563. montana. - In: Peev D. et al. (Eds.). Red PETROVA A., V. VLADIMIROV. (Eds.). 2009. Data book of R. Bulgaria. V. 1. Plants & Red List of Bulgarian vascular plants. - fungi. BAS & MAW. S., pp. 607, 636. Phytologia Balcanica, 15(1): 63-94. GORANOVA V., M. ANCHEV. 2009. Kernera SPIRIDONOV G., A. GANEVA, CH. GUSSEV. saxatilis, Trachelium rumelianum. - In: 2012. Trigrad-Perelik-Persenk. - In: Petrova A., V. Vladimirov. Red List of Peev D. (Ed.). Important plant areas in Bulgarian vascular plants. - Phytologia Bulgaria. Pensoft. Sofia-Moskow, pp. Balcanica, 15(1): 85, 87. 414-418.

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TUTIN T.G., V.H. HEYWOOD, N.A. BURGES, D.M. 15.Acer campestre L. MOORE, D.H. VALENTINE, S.M. WALTERS, Adoxaceae D.A. WEBB. (Eds.). 1964-1980. Flora Europaea, 16.Adoxa moschatellina L. v. 1-5. Cambridge, University Press. London. Apiaceae VLADIMIROV V. 2009. Secale rhodopaeum. - In: Petrova 17.Aegopodium podagraria L. A., V. Vladimirov. (Eds.). Red List of Bulgarian 18.Angelica sylvestris L. vascular plants. - Phytologia Balcanica, 15(1): 79. 19.Bupleurum praealtum L. VLADIMIROV V. 2015a. Hieracium kittaniae. - In: Peev 20.Carum graecum Boiss. & Heldr. D. et al. (Eds.). Red Data book of R. Bulgaria, v. 21.Heracleum sibiricum L. 1. Plants & fungi. BAS & MAW. S., pp. 519. 22.Laserpitium siler L. subsp. VLADIMIROV V. 2015b. Secale rhodopaeum. - In: Peev garganicum(Ten.) Arcang. D. et al. (Eds.). Red Data book of R. Bulgaria. V. 23.Myrrhoides nodosa (L.) Cannon 1. Plants & fungi. BAS & MAW. S., pp. 602. 24.Peucedanum austriacum (Jacq.) Koch ZAHARIEV D., Z. DIMITROVA, A. ASSENOV, P. 25.Pimpinella saxifraga L. BOICHEVA, I. TANEVA. 2018. [Tertiary relicts 26.Seseli rigidum Waldst. & Kit. flora in Bulgaria.] Himera, Sofia. (In Bulgarian). Aristolochiaceae 27.Asarum europaeum L. Appendix 1. List of determined plants Asteraceae from the research area 28.Achillea grandifolia Friv. 29.Artemisia vulgarisL. Pteridophyta 30.Aster alpinus L. Aspidiaceae 31.Carduus nutans L. 1.Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth 32.Centaurea stoebe L. Aspleniaceae 33.Chondrilla juncea L. 2.Asplenium adianthum-nigrum L. 34.Ch. urumoffii Degen 3.A. ruta-muraria L. 35.Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb. 4.Ceterach officinarum DC. 36.Crepis biennis L. Athyriaceae 37.Doronicum orientale Hoffm. 5.Cystopteris fragilis(L.) Bernch. 38.Echinops sphaerocephalus L. Hypolepidaceae 39.Eupatorium cannabinum L. 6.Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 40.Hieracium kittaniae Vladimir. Polypodiaceae 41.Lactuca viminea (L.) J. & C. Presl 7.Polypodium vulgare L. 42.Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. Selaginellaceae 43.Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertner 8.Selaginella helvetica (L.) Spring 44.Ptilostemon afer (Jacq.) Greuter Bryophyta 45.Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. Conocephalaceae 46.Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. 9.Conocephalus conicum (L.) Dum. 47.Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baumg. Marchantiaceae 48.Tussilago farfara L. 10.Marchantia polymorpha L. Araliaceae Pinophyta 49.Hedera helix L. Pinaceae Betulaceae 11.Abies alba Mill. 50.Alnus incana (L.) Moench 12.Picea abies (L.) Carst. 51.Carpinus betulus L. 13.Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. pallasiana (Lamb.) 52.C. orientalis Mill. Holmboe 53.Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. 14.P. sylvestris L. Boraginaceae Magnoliophyta 54.Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnst. Aceraceae 55.Cerinthe minor L.

152 Dimitar Dimitrov, Vassil Vutov

56.Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. 96.Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. 57.Onosma heterophylla Griseb. 97.Convolvulus cantabrica L. 58.Pulmonaria officinalis L. Crassulaceae 59.P. rubra Schott 98.Sedum acre L. Brassicaceae 99.S. anopetalum DC. 60.Aethionema saxatile (L.) R.Br. 100.S. caespitosum (Cav.) DC. 61.Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & 101.S. hispanicum L. Grande Dioscoreaceae 62.Alyssum reiseri Velen. 102.Tamus communis L. 63.Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Euphorbiaceae 64.Arabis procurrens Waldst. & Kit. 103.Euphorbia myrsinites L. 65.Arabis turrita L. 104.E. taurinensis All. 66.Berteroa incana (L.) DC. 105.Mercurialis perennis L. 67.Cardamine pectinata Pall. ex DC. Fabaceae 68.Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl. 106.Anthyllis vulneraria L. 69.Kernera saxatilis (L.) Rchb. 107.Astragalus angustifolius Lam. 70.Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. 108.A. glycyphyllos L. 71.Malcolmia orsiniana (Ten.) Ten. subsp. 109.A. monspessulanus L. angulifolia (Boiss.& Orph.) Stork 110.Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link 72.Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser 111.Coronilla emerus L. subsp. emeroides Campanulaceae (Boiss. & Sprun.) Hayek 73.Asyneuma limonifolium (L.) Yanch. 112.C. varia L. 74.Campanula glomerata L. 113.Dorycnium herbaceum Vill. 75.C. jordanovii Anchev & Kovanda 114.Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) Kuntze 76.C. orphanidea Boiss. 115.Lotus corniculatus L. 77.Trachelium rumelianum Hampe 116.Trifolium heldreichianum Hausskn. Caprifoliaceae Fagaceae 78.Lonicera xylosteum L. 117.Fagus sylvatica L. 79.Sambucus ebulus L. Geraniaceae 80.S. nigra L. 118.Geranium lucidum L. 81.Viburnum opulus L. 119.G. macrorhizum L. Caryophyllaceae 120.G. robertianum L. 82.Arenaria rhodopaea Delip. Gesneriaceae 83.A. serpyllifolia L. 121. Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. 84.Dianthus petraeus Waldst. & Kit. Globulariaceae 85.D. quadrangulus Velen. 122.Globularia cordifolia L. 86.Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desv. Hypericaceae 87.Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench 123.Hypericum umbellatum A. Kern. 88.Silene fabarioides Hausskn. Juncaceae 89.S. flavescens Waldst. & Kit. 124.Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. 90.S. italica (L.) Pers. Lamiaceae Celastraceae 125.Acinos suaveolens (Sm.) Don 91.Evonymus europaeus L. 126.Ajuga genevensis L. 92.E. latifolius (L.) Mill. 127.Ballota nigra L. 93.E. verrucosus Scop. 128.Clinopodium vulgare L. Chenopodiaceae 129.Lamium garganicum L. 94.Chenopodium foliosum (Moench) Ascherson 130.L. galeobdolon (L.) L. 95.Polycnemum arvense L. 131.Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss. Convolvulaceae 132.Micromeria dalmatica Benth.

153 Floristic and Habitat Diversity of the Trigrad Gorge Protected Area (Central Rhodopes Mts.), Bulgaria 133.Nepeta catharia L. 168.Actaea spicata L. 134.Origanum vulgare L. 169.Anemone nemorosa L. 135.Scutellaria altissima L. 170.Aquilegia nigricans Baumg. 136.Sideritis scardica Griseb. 171.Clematis vitalba L. 137.Teucrium chamaedrys L. 172.Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. Liliaceae 173.Hepatica nobilis Mill. 138.Lilium martagon L. Rhamnaceae 139.Paris quadrifolia L. 174.Rhamnus saxatilis Jacq. 140.Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. Rosaceae Linaceae 175.Aremonia agrimonoides (L.) DC. 141.Linum tenuifolium L. 176.Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 142.L. catharticum L. 177.Geum urbanum L. Morinaceae 178.Fragaria vesca L. 143.Morina persica L. 179.Potentilla sulphurea Lam. Onagraceae 180.Sorbus aucuparia L. 144.Epilobium dodonaei Vill. 181.S. austriaca (Beck.) Hedl. Orchidaceae 182.Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz 145.Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. 183.Rubus thyrsanthus Focke 146.Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Rubiaceae 147.Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. 184.Galium anisophyllon Vill. 148.Orchis militaris L. Salicaceae Orobanchaceae 185.Populus tremula L. 149.Orobanche esulae Pancic 186.Salix alba L. Oxalidaceae 187.S. caprea L. 150.Oxalis acetosella L. Saxifragaceae Papaveraceae 188.Saxifraga aizoides L. 151.Papaver rhoeas L. 189.S. rotundifolia L. Poaceae 190.S. sempervivum C. Koch 152.Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. Scrophulariaceae 153.Bromus ramosus Huds. 191.Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. 154.Dactylis glomerata L. 192.Melampyrum sylvaticum L. 155.Koeleria nitidula Velen. 193.Odontites glutinosa (M. Bieb.) Benth 156.Melica uniflora Retz. 194.Scrophularia bulgarica (Stoj.) Peev 157.Phleum pratense L. 195.S. scopoli Hoppe ex Pers. 158.Poa nemoralis L. 196.Verbascum nigrum L. 159.Secale rhodopaeum Delip. Solanaceae 160.Sesleria achtarovii Deyl 197.Solanum dulcamara L. 161.S. rigida Heuffel ex Rchb. Ulmaceae 162.Vulpia myurus (L.) C.C. Gmel. 198.Ulmus glabra Hudson Polygalaceae Urticaceae 163.Polygala major Jacq. 199.Urtica dioica L. Polygonaceae Valerianaceae 164.Rumex acetosa L. 200.Valeriana montana L. 165.R. acetosella L. 201.V. tripteris L. Primulaceae Violaceae 166.Lysimachia vulgaris L. 202.Viola kitaibeliana Schult. Pyrolaceae 203.V. riviniana Rchb. 167.Orthilia secunda (L.) House Received: 21.12.2018 Ranunculaceae Accepted: 31.05.2019