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Inside: the 1906 Earthquake and a Century of Progress in Understanding Earthquakes and Their Hazards, Mary Lou Zoback, P

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Inside: the 1906 Earthquake and a Century of Progress in Understanding Earthquakes and Their Hazards, Mary Lou Zoback, P VOL. 16, No. 4/5 A PUBLICATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA APRIL/MAY 2006 Inside: The 1906 earthquake and a century of progress in understanding earthquakes and their hazards, Mary Lou Zoback, p. 4 Philadelphia 2006 Call for Papers, p. 13 Penrose Conference Scheduled—Styria, Austria, p. 56 Penrose Conference Scheduled—Durham, UK, p. 58 GSA0106v2.ai 1/30/2006 2:53:58 PM VOLUME 16, NUMBER 4/5 APRIL/MAY 2006 Cover: The 1906 San Francisco earthquake sparked massive damage in the city and GSA TODAY publishes news and information for more than surrounding areas, as illustrated by this crack 20,000 GSA members and subscribing libraries. GSA Today running through a San Francisco street. Photo lead science articles should present the results of exciting courtesy California Historical Society. See new research or summarize and synthesize important problems or issues, and they must be understandable to “The 1906 earthquake and a century of all in the earth science community. Submit manuscripts to progress in understanding earthquakes and science editors Keith A. Howard, [email protected], or Gerald M. Ross, [email protected]. their hazards” by Mary Lou Zoback, p. 4–11. GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173 USPS 0456-530) is published 11 times per year, monthly, with a combined April/May issue, by The Geological Society of America, Inc., with offices at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado. Mailing address: P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA. Periodicals postage paid at Boulder, Colorado, and at SCIENCE ARTICLE additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to GSA Today, GSA Sales and Service, P.O. Box 4 The 1906 earthquake and a century of progress in understanding 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140. earthquakes and their hazards, M.L. Zoback. 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Sajban 62 Announcements ADVERTISING: 64 Meeting Announcement and Call for Papers—Drought and Water Scarcity Classifieds & Display: Ann Crawford, +1.800.472.1988, ext. 1053, +1.303.357.1053, Fax +1.303.357.1070; acrawford@ 65 GSA Today Online Forum geosociety.org 68 Classified Advertising GSA ONLINE: www.geosociety.org 69 Journal Highlights 50% Total Recovered Fiber 70 GeoMart Geoscience Directory 10% Postconsumer 70 years prior to 1906, averaging one about every four years The 1906 earthquake and a (Bakun, 1999, 2000). Significant earthquakes in this period include a magnitude 6.8–7.4 earthquake on the San Francisco century of progress in peninsula in 1838, probably on the San Andreas fault (Toppo- zada and Borchardt, 1998; Bakun, 1999); a magnitude 6.9–7.0 understanding earthquakes event on the Hayward fault in 1868 that killed more than 35 people across the region and caused significant damage both and their hazards in East Bay towns and in San Francisco (Yu and Segall, 1996; Bakun, 1999); and a magnitude ~6.8 event north of Point Arena, possibly on the offshore portion of the San Andreas Mary Lou Zoback, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield fault (Bakun, 2000). Rd., MS 977, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA Earthquakes seemed to be accepted as a nuisance but part of daily life in the region. On 12 December 1904, Andrew Law- son wrote in The Daily Californian, the UC–Berkeley newspa- INTRODUCTION per, “History and records show that earthquakes in this locality At the turn of the century, San Francisco was the wealthiest have never been of a violent nature, as so far as I can judge and most important city on the Pacific Coast. With a popula- from the nature of recent disturbances and from accounts of tion of 400,000, it was the eighth largest city in the country and past occurrences there is not occasion for alarm at present” (in the economic center of the West, largely the result of mining Fradkin, 2005, p. 25). and railroad wealth. Then, in the early dawn of 18 April 1906, the city was rocked awake by a violent earthquake, which, THE SHOCK RECORDED AROUND THE WORLD together with the subsequent firestorm, reduced much of the At 5:12 a.m. on 18 April 1906, San Francisco residents were city to ashes and ruins. The 1906 earthquake and subsequent awakened variously by a strong jolt or a large roar. Stumbling fire remains one of the most devastating natural disasters this from their beds, many were unable to stand as the floor and nation has known. At least 3000 people were killed, and in their buildings began to shake violently. Originating from an San Francisco alone, 225,000 out of the city’s ~400,000 resi- epicenter offshore from San Francisco, the earthquake rup- dents were left homeless (Hansen and Condon, 1989). While tured the San Andreas fault in two directions, to the NW and the 1906 earthquake marked a seminal event in the history of SE, and strongly shook all of coastal northern California. Care- California, it can also be remembered as the birth of modern ful observers reported strong shaking lasting for 45–60 s. Many earthquake science in the United States. It was the first time reliable observers also reported two strong pulses of shaking that an earthquake was recognized and documented as the separated by 25–30 s (probably subevents of the large rupture). result of a recurring tectonic process of strain accumulation The earthquake was recorded on six local seismometers and and release. Under the leadership of Professor Andrew Law- on 90 stations around the world, part of a growing global seis- son, of the University of California (UC)–Berkeley, teams of mic network. The next day, the New York Times featured on its scientists and engineers spread across the state, carefully col- front page a seismogram of the 1906 earthquake as recorded at lecting and documenting physical phenomena related to the the State Museum in Albany, New York. quake. Their exhaustive data and thoughtful conclusions, pub- The earthquake struck without warning. There was no lished in landmark volumes two and four years after the earth- unusual seismic activity noted in the days, weeks, and months quake, together with a complementary report published by the preceding the 1906 earthquake (Gilbert, 1907, p. 16). However, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1907, led to a number of new astute local observers did report shaking believed to be related discoveries about the cause and effects of earthquakes.
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