ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for the Construction
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Construction and Setup of an Island Sewerage System in Dhiggaru Island, Meemu Atoll, Maldives Photo: Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd; October 2016 Proposed by Male' Water and Sewerage Company Pvt. Ltd (MWSC) Prepared by Ahmed Jameel, Ibrahim Faiz For Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Maldives November 2016 EIA for the construction and setup of an island sewerage system in Dhiggaru Meemu Atoll Page 2 EIA for the construction and setup of an island sewerage system in Dhiggaru Meemu Atoll 1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents 3 2 Declaration of the consultants 8 4 Proponents Commitment and Declaration 10 5 Non-Technical Summary 13 6 Introduction 15 6.1STRUCTURE OF THE EIA 15 6.2AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA 15 6.3EIA IMPLEMENTATION 16 6.4TERMS OF REFERENCE 16 7 Project Setting 17 7.1LAWS AND REGULATIONS 17 7.1.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act ............................................. 17 7.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ....................................... 17 7.1.3 National Waste Water Quality Guidelines....................................................... 18 7.1.4 National biodiversity strategy and action plan................................................ 19 7.1.5 Waste management Regulations 19 7.1.6 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas 20 7.1.7 Third National Environment Action Plan ........................................................ 20 7.1.8 Regulation cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees.............. 20 7.1.9 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation............................................... 21 7.2INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 21 7.2.1 Climate Change Convention and Kyoto Protocol............................................ 21 7.2.2 Convention on Biological Diversity22 8 Project Description23 8.1PROJECT PROPONENT 23 8.2PROJECT LOCATION AND STUDY AREA 23 8.3NEED AND JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT 24 8.4EXISTING SANITATION SYSTEM 25 8.5WHAT DOES THE PROJECT CONSTITUTE? 26 8.5.1 The schematic diagramme of the wastewater system....................................... 26 8.5.2 House hold connections 26 8.5.3 Sea outfall 27 8.5.4 Two Pump stations 28 8.5.5 Treatment of wastewater 31 8.5.6 Technology 31 8.5.7 Design period 32 8.5.8 Population and household projection 32 8.5.9 Flow rates 32 8.5.10 Sewerage network design 33 8.6BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEWAGE DISPOSAL PROCESS 36 8.6.1 Technical details 36 8.7PROJECT MANAGEMENT 36 8.7.1 Project duration 37 8.7.2 Planning and Programme 37 8.7.3 Waste Management 37 8.7.4 Safety 37 8.7.5 Housing of temporary labour 37 8.8RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT 37 8.9PROJECT INPUTS AND OUTPUTS 38 8.9.1 Project Inputs 38 8.9.2 Project Outputs 39 9 Methodology 40 10 Existing Environment 41 10.1 EXISTING MARINE ENVIRONMENT 41 Page 3 EIA for the construction and setup of an island sewerage system in Dhiggaru Meemu Atoll 10.1.1 Methodology of marine surveys 41 10.1.2 Coral reef 42 10.1.3 Status of fish abundance 48 10.1.4 Marine water quality and bathymetry 51 10.1.5 Prevailing currents around the sea outfall location ........................................ 53 10.1.6 Waves 55 10.1.7 Tides 55 10.1.8 Risk of storm surges and flood 56 10.1.9 Marine Protected Areas and Environmentally Sensitive Areas ....................... 57 10.2 EXISTING TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 58 10.2.1 Section Brief 58 10.2.2 Vegetation at pump stations 58 10.2.3 Ground water 61 10.3 CLIMATE 64 10.3.1 Rainfall and Infiltration 64 10.3.2 Wind 65 10.4 EXISTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 69 10.4.1 Introduction to the atoll 69 10.4.2 Dhiggaru island 71 10.4.3 Economic Activities 72 10.4.4 Electricity 72 10.4.5 Health 72 10.4.6 Water and Sanitation 73 10.4.7 Land Use Plan 73 11 Environmental Impacts 75 11.1 ASSESSING AND IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACT 75 11.2 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX 75 11.3 MAGNITUDE OF IMPACTS 77 11.4 UNCERTAINTIES IN IMPACT PREDICTION 77 11.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 80 11.6 IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR MITIGATION MEASURES ................................... 91 12 Stakeholder Consultations 93 12.1 DISCUSSIONS WITH THE MWSC 93 12.2 CONSULTATION WITH THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ................................ 93 12.3 CONSULTATION WITH THE ISLAND COUNCIL 93 12.4 CONSULTATION WITH MEEMU ATOLL COUNCIL 95 12.5 CONSULTATION WITH HPA 95 12.6 LIST OF PEOPLE CONSULTED 96 13 Alternatives 97 13.1 NO PROJECT OPTION 97 13.2 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS MATRIX 98 13.3 ALTERNATIVE SITES/LOCATION FOR OUTFALL 99 13.4 ALTERNATIVE SEWERAGE SYSTEMS 100 13.4.1 Deep bore disposal 100 13.4.2 Septic tanks 101 13.4.3 Gravity flow systems without septic tanks...................................................... 102 13.4.4 Vacuum sewers 102 13.4.5 Grey water separation system 102 13.5 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE 103 13.5.1 Secondary Treatment and Effluent Reuse ...................................................... 103 13.5.2 Mitigation Measures for the Preferred Alternative........................................ 103 14 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 104 14.1 INTRODUCTION 104 14.2 COST OF MONITORING 104 14.3 DURATION OF MONITORING 104 14.4 METHODS OF MONITORING 104 14.5 MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY 104 14.6 MONITORING REPORT 104 15 Conclusion 108 Page 4 EIA for the construction and setup of an island sewerage system in Dhiggaru Meemu Atoll 16 Recommendations 110 17 People who have assisted in the preparation of this report .......................................111 18 Acknowledgements 112 19 Reference Books and Sources 113 20 Annex: Terms of reference 114 21 Annex: Project Drawings 115 22 Annex: Bathymetry of outfall location 116 23 Annex: Project Schedule 117 24 Annex: Project concept approval letter from Ministry of Environment......................118 25 Annex: Pump station approval 119 26 Annex: Concept Design Report 120 27 Annex: Methodology of data collection 121 28 Annex: CVs of people who assisted 122 29 Annex: Letter from Atoll Council 123 Page 5 EIA for the construction and setup of an island sewerage system in Dhiggaru Meemu Atoll Table of Figures and Tables FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF DHIGGARU ISLAND IN MEEMU ATOLL 24 FIGURE 2: SCHEMATICS OF THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM 26 FIGURE 3: OUTFALL LOCATION OF DHIGGARU AS INITIALLY PROPOSED 27 FIGURE 4: FINAL OUTFALL LOCATION 28 FIGURE 5: PROPOSED PUMP STATIONS LOCATIONS 29 FIGURE 6: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WASTEWATER 36 FIGURE 7: EPA GUIDELINES FOR MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR DISCHARGE INTO DEEP SEA 36 FIGURE 8: MARINE SURVEY LOCATIONS 41 FIGURE 9: PERCENTAGE BENTHIC COMPOSITION AT SITE 1 43 FIGURE 10: MARINE PHOTOS FROM SITE 1 44 FIGURE 11: PERCENTAGE BENTHIC COMPOSITION AT SITE 2 45 FIGURE 12: MARINE PHOTOS FROM SITE 2 46 FIGURE 13: PERCENTAGE BENTHIC COMPOSITION AT SITE 3 47 FIGURE 14: MARINE PHOTOS FROM SITE 3 48 FIGURE 15: WATER CURRENT MEASURED DURING THE FIELD VISIT TO DHIGGARU 54 FIGURE 16: MONSOONAL WIND WAVES AROUND THE ISLAND 54 FIGURE 17: EAST SIDE OF DHIGGARU ISLAND 57 FIGURE 18: AERIAL PHOTO OF DHIGGARU TAKEN DURING FIELD VISIT (OCTOBER 2016) 59 FIGURE 19: LOCATION OF PUMP STATION 1 60 FIGURE 20: LOCATION OF PUMP STATION 2 AND STP 60 FIGURE 21: GROUNDWATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS IN DHIGGARU ISLAND (OCTOBER 2016) 62 FIGURE 22: MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL SINCE 2000 (SOURCE: MALDIVES METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE) 64 FIGURE 23: MONTHLY RAINFALL DATA OF HULHULE STATION FOR 2015 (SOURCE: MALDIVES METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE) 65 FIGURE 24: MONTHLY WIND DATA FOR 2015 (SOURCE: MALDIVES METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE) 66 FIGURE 25: MONTHLY WINDROSES (SOURCE: MALDIVES METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE) 68 FIGURE 26: NUMBER OF INHABITED ISLANDS BY ATOLL 69 FIGURE 27: DHIGGARU ISLAND (SOURCE: GOOGLE EARTH) 71 FIGURE 28: PROPOSED AND ALTERNATIVE LOCATION FOR THE SEA OUTFALL 99 TABLE 1: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS IN DOMESTIC WASTE WATER FOR DISCHARGE INTO DEEP SEA 18 TABLE 2: FLOW RATES OF THE PUMP STATIONS 33 TABLE 3: MATRIX OF MAJOR INPUTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 38 TABLE 4: MATRIX OF MAJOR OUTPUTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE 39 TABLE 5: PERCENTAGE BENTHIC COMPOSITION AT SITE 1 43 TABLE 6: PERCENTAGE BENTHIC COMPOSITION AT SITE 2 45 TABLE 7: PERCENTAGE BENTHIC COMPOSITION AT SITE 3 47 TABLE 8: FISH CENSUS SURVEY RESULTS FOR SITE 1 49 TABLE 9: FISH CENSUS SURVEY RESULTS FOR SITE 2 50 Page 6 EIA for the construction and setup of an island sewerage system in Dhiggaru Meemu Atoll TABLE 10: FISH CENSUS SURVEY RESULTS FOR SITE 3 50 TABLE 11: RESULTS OF THE MARINE WATER QUALITY TESTS UNDERTAKEN IN DHIGGARU ISLAND 51 TABLE 12: SUMMARY OF THE TIDE LEVELS HULHULE ISLAND, MALE ATOLL 56 TABLE 13: RESULTS OF THE GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN DHIGGARU, MEEMU ATOLL 61 TABLE 14: LIST OF INHABITED ISLANDS IN MEEMU ATOLL 69 TABLE 15: POPULATION OF DHIGGARU (SOURCE: DHIGGARU ISLAND COUNCIL) 71 TABLE 16: EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR OF DHIGGARU (SOURCE: HARBOUR REDEVELOPMENT EIA BY MEECO, 2015) 72 TABLE 17: IMPACT ASSESSMENT MATRIX FOR THE PROJECT 76 TABLE 18: IMPACT MAGNITUDES AND THEIR CORRESPONDING SCORES 77 TABLE 19: MATRIX OF SPECIFIC IMPACTS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION 92 TABLE 20: LIST OF PEOPLE CONSULTED 96 TABLE 21: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE NO PROJECT OPTION 98 TABLE 22: SCHEDULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD AS WELL AS PER ANNUM DURING OPERATION PERIOD. 106 Page 7 EIA for the construction and setup of an island sewerage system in Dhiggaru Meemu Atoll 2 Declaration of the consultants This EIA has been prepared according to the EIA Regulations 2012, issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. The EIA was carried out by a multidisciplinary consulting team representing Water Solutions Private Ltd. In preparing this report, no data has been manipulated. All data has been collected by field visits. I as the lead consultant certify that the statements in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true, complete and correct.