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Subnational Debt of China: the Politics-Finance Nexus*
Subnational Debt of China: The Politics-Finance Nexus* HAOYU GAO, HONG RU and DRAGON YONGJUN TANG September 12, 2017 Abstract Using comprehensive proprietary loan-level data, we analyze the borrowing and defaults of local governments in China. Contrary to conventional wisdom, policy bank loans to local governments have significantly lower default rates than commercial bank loans with similar characteristics. Policy bank loans are relatively more important for local politician’s career advancement. Distressed local governments often strategically choose to default on loans from commercial banks. This selection is more pronounced after the abrupt ending of the “four trillion” stimulus when China started tightening local government borrowing. Our findings shed light on potential approach to hardening budget constraint for local government. JEL Codes: G21, G32, H74 * Haoyu Gao, Central University of Finance and Economics, 39 South College Road, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100081, China; [email protected]. Hong Ru, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798; [email protected]. Dragon Yongjun Tang, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong; [email protected]. We thank Warren Bailey, Patrick Bolton, Anna Cieslak, Jinquan Duan, Di Gong, Brett Green, Zhiguo He, Harrison Hong, Sheng Huang, Liangliang Jiang, Bo Li, Hao Liang, Jose Liberti, Ruichang Lu, Wenlan Qian, Jay Ritter, Jose Scheinkman, Victor Shih, Michael Song, Mark Spiegel, Chenggang Xu, Xiaoyun Yu, Weina Zhang, Li-An Zhou, Hao Zhou, staff at China Development -
Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 23 Issue 3 2002 Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China Randall Peerenboom University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Rule of Law Commons Recommended Citation Randall Peerenboom, Let One Hundered Flowers Bloom, One Hundred Schools Contend: Debating Rule of Law in China, 23 MICH. J. INT'L L. 471 (2002). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol23/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LET ONE HUNDRED FLOWERS BLOOM, ONE HUNDRED SCHOOLS CONTEND: DEBATING RULE OF LAW IN CHINAt Randall Peerenboom* I. THIN VERSIONS OF RULE OF LAW ................................................ 477 A. Advantages of Thin Theories................................................ 480 B. Normative Concerns About Thin Theories and the Relation Between Thin and Thick Theories .................... 482 II. FOUR IDEAL TYPES: STATIST SOCIALIST, NEO-AUTHORITARIAN, COMMUNITARIAN, LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC .................................... 486 A . The Economic Regim e ......................................................... -
Invisible-Punctuation.Pdf
... ' I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • ••••• • • •• • • • • • I •e •e •4 In/visible Punctuation • • • • •• • • • •• • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • ' •• • • • • • John Lennard •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • •• • • • • • I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I •e •e •4 I ••• • • 4 I.e• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 I ••• • • 4 • • •' .•. • . • .•. •. • ' .. ' • • •' .•. • . • .•. • . • ' . ' . UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES- LENNARD, 121-138- VISIBLE LANGUAGE 45.1/ 2 I •e •e' • • • • © VISIBLE LANGUAGE, 2011 -RHODE ISLAND SCHOOL OF DESIGN- PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND 02903 .. ' ABSTRACT The article offers two approaches to the question of 'invisible punctuation,' theoretical and critical. The first is a taxonomy of modes of punctuational invisibility, · identifying denial, repression, habituation, error and absence. Each is briefly discussed and some relations with technologies of reading are considered. The second considers the paragraphing, or lack of it, in Sir Philip Sidney's Apology for Poetry: one of the two early printed editions and at least one of the two MSS are mono paragraphic, a feature always silently eliminated by editors as a supposed carelessness. It is argued that this is improbable -
Chapter Two Literature Review in This Study, the Researcher Shows
11 Chapter Two Literature Review In this study, the researcher shows definition and theory in literature review. The researcher writes some definition of punctuation marks taken from some researchers. Then, the researcher also adds review of related study that contains some research results taken from some researchers. The last is conceptual framework. The researcher takes summary from the theory from some researchers before. English Punctuation According to Jones (1994, p.421) “punctuation, as we consider it, can be defined as the central part of the range of non-lexical orthography”. Allthough arguments could be made for including the sub-lexical marks (e.g. hyphens, apostrolphes ) and structural marlcs (e.g. bullets in itemisations), they are excluded since they tend to be lexicalised or rather difficult to represent, respectively. The other concept comes from Samson (2014, p.23). He said, “punctuation enables us to clarify statements and communicate better with readers.” It is similar with the opinion from Ritter (2001, p. 112) said that “Punctuation exists to clarify meaning in the written word and to facilitate reading. Too much can hamper understanding through an uneven, staccato text, while too little can lead to misreading. Within the framework of a few basic rules (fewer still in fiction), an 12 author's choice of punctuation is an ingredient of style as personal as his or her choice of words.” Writing Writing is an outward expression of what is going on in the writer’s mind (Hussain, Hanif, Asif, and Rehman, 2013). Furthermore, according to Hussain et al (2013), “writing is the visual medium through which graphical and grammatical system of a language is manifested” (p.832). -
China Center Annual Report — Building U.S.-China Bridges Since 1979 — a University of Minnesota Delegation Visiting China in 1980
2018–2019 China Center Annual Report — Building U.S.-China Bridges Since 1979 — A University of Minnesota delegation visiting China in 1980 In 2019, the China Center marks 40 years of building and strengthening relationships with partners, sharing and exploring cultures, and exchanging people and ideas . Contents From the Executive Director . 1 Campus Support . .. 2-3 Scholarships and Exchanges . 4-5 Community Engagement . .. 6-9 Training Programs . 10-11 40 Years of Building U .S .-China Bridges . 12-15 China Office . 16-17 Contributors . 18-19 Corporate and Government Relations . 20 About Us . 21 Note about Chinese names: The China Center’s policy is to list an individual’s name according to the custom of the place where they live (e.g., family name first for a person who lives in China). From the Executive Director 主任致辞 Dear Friends, 亲爱的朋友们: As we mark the 40th anniversary of 当中国中心步入四十周年之际,我们 the China Center, we look back at all 回顾往昔、庆祝多年来携手取得的成 we have accomplished together and 就。与此同时,我们也在这美中关系 celebrate our successes . At the same 的非常时刻,瞩目未来的需求。当今 time, we are anticipating the needs of 世界,两国关系日趋紧张,而当此之 the future in this time of challenging 际,中国中心身负使命、继续在两国 U .S .-China relations . The relationship 之间架起桥梁,其意义则是前所未有 between our two countries has 之重。 become ever more fractious, making 美中两国历经风风雨雨,而明尼苏达 it more vital than ever that the China 大学与中国的深情厚谊从未断绝。这 Center continues to fulfill its mission 其中离不开中国中心的努力。在明尼 of building U .S .-China bridges . 苏达大学与中国悠久交流历史的基础 Our countries have gone through 上,中国中心建立并加强了明大与合 difficult times before, but the University 作伙伴的关系、共享和探索文化、促 of Minnesota’s strong relationship 进两国人民与观念的交流——正因如 with China has endured . -
THE IMPORTANCE of BIBLICAL PUNCTUATION by John Temples
BIBLICAL INSIGHTS #57: JOTS AND TITTLES: THE IMPORTANCE OF BIBLICAL PUNCTUATION By John Temples Jesus said in the Sermon on the Mount, “Do not think that I came to destroy the Law or the Prophets. I did not come to destroy but to fulfill. For assuredly, I say to you, till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no means pass from the law till all is fulfilled” (Matthew 5:17-18). What on earth are jots and tittles? A jot (or yod) was the smallest letter in the Hebrew alphabet. It resembled an apostrophe (‘). A tittle was even smaller, and was a little “horn” or pen stroke on the end of a letter, rather like a serif on a letter in the English alphabet. The NIV does a good job of rendering the sense of Matthew 5:18--“I tell you the truth, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished.” (It’s important to note that the law was fulfilled in Jesus and His sacrifice; so once that sacrifice was completed, and the sin debt was paid by Christ’s blood, the law did pass away and was replaced by the New Testament.) So Jesus was saying that not even the smallest parts of the law of Moses would pass away until all the law’s requirements were fulfilled. We use similar expressions when we want to emphasize the importance of small details, such as “dotting our i’s and crossing our t’s.” Also, in English we have small but important marks of punctuation--commas, periods, colons, question marks, etc. -
SM a R T M U S E U M O F a R T U N Iv E R S It Y O F C H IC a G O B U L L E T in 2 0 0 6 – 20
http://smartmuseum.uchicago.edu Chicago, Illinois 60637 5550 South Greenwood Avenue SMART SMART M U S EUM OF A RT UN I VER SI TY OFCH ICAG O RT RT A OF EUM S U M SMART 2008 – 2006 N I ET BULL O ICAG H C OF TY SI VER I N U SMART MUSEUM OF ART UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BULLETIN 2006– 2008 SMART MUSEUM OF ART UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BULLETIN 2006–2008 MissiON STATEMENT / 1 SMART MUSEUM BOARD OF GOVERNORS / 3 REPORTS FROM THE CHAIRMAN AND DiRECTOR / 4 ACQUisiTIOns / 10 LOANS / 34 EXHIBITIOns / 44 EDUCATION PROGRAMS / 68 SOURCES OF SUPPORT / 88 SMART STAFF / 108 STATEMENT OF OPERATIOns / 112 MissiON STATEMENT As the ar t museum of the Universit y of Chicago, the David and Alfred Smar t Museum of Ar t promotes the understanding of the visual arts and their importance to cultural and intellectual history through direct experiences with original works of art and through an interdisciplinary approach to its collections, exhibitions, publications, and programs. These activities support life-long learning among a range of audiences including the University and the broader community. SMART MUSEUM BOARD OF GOVERNORS Robert Feitler, Chair Lorna C. Ferguson, Vice Chair Elizabeth Helsinger, Vice Chair Richard Gray, Chairman Emeritus Marilynn B. Alsdorf Isaac Goldman Larry Norman* Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Jack Halpern Brien O’Brien Russell Bowman Neil Harris Brenda Shapiro* Gay-Young Cho Mary J. Harvey* Raymond Smart Susan O’Connor Davis Anthony Hirschel* Joel M. Snyder Robert G. Donnelley Randy L. Holgate John N. Stern Richard Elden William M. Landes Isabel C. -
A Collection of Mildly Interesting Facts About the Little Symbols We Communicate With
Ty p o g raph i c Factettes A collection of mildly interesting facts about the little symbols we communicate with. Helvetica The horizontal bars of a letter are almost always thinner than the vertical bars. Minion The font size is approximately the measurement from the lowest appearance of any letter to the highest. Most of the time. Seventy-two points equals one inch. Fridge256 point Cochin most of 50the point Zaphino time Letters with rounded bottoms don’t sit on the baseline, but slightly below it. Visually, they would appear too high if they rested on the same base as the squared letters. liceAdobe Caslon Bold UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES LOLITA LOLITA In Ancient Rome, scribes would abbreviate et (the latin word for and) into one letter. We still use that abbreviation, called the ampersand. The et is still very visible in some italic ampersands. The word ampersand comes from and-per-se-and. Strange. Adobe Garamond Regular Adobe Garamond Italic Trump Mediaval Italic Helvetica Light hat two letters ss w it cam gue e f can rom u . I Yo t h d. as n b ha e rt en ho a s ro n u e n t d it r fo w r s h a u n w ) d r e e m d a s n o r f e y t e t a e r b s , a b s u d t e d e e n m t i a ( n l d o b s o m a y r S e - d t w A i e t h h t t , h d e n a a s d r v e e p n t m a o f e e h m t e a k i i l . -
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 345 505 FL 019 874 Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics, Number 5 = TEANGA; Iris Chumann
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 345 505 FL 019 874 TITLE Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics, Number 5 = TEANGA; Iris Chumann na Teangeolaiochta Feidhmi, Uimhir 5. INSTITUTION Irish Association for Applied :,inguistics, Dublin. REPORT NC ISSN-0332-205X PUB DATE 85 NOTE 119p. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT TEANGA: Journal of the Irish Association for Applied Linguistics; n5 1985 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Applied Linguistics; Bilingualism; Discourse Analysis; Elementary Education; English; Foreign Countries; *Immersion Programs; Interpersonal Comnunication; *Language Acquisition; *Language of Inszruction; Language Research; *Language Role; Language Tests; Mothers; *Multilingualism; Parent Child Relat_onship; Regional Dialects; Syntax; Test Use; Uncommonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS Canada; *English (Irish) ABSTRACT Articles in this issue of a journal on applied linguistics include: "Multilingualism as a Relaxed Affair: The Case of the Western Canadian Halfbreeds" (Patrick C. Douaud); "Testing a Group of Bilingual Children with the Bilingual Syntax Measure" (Christine Helot); "Two Years On: A Sample of Mother Child Interaction in a Second Language" (Maire Owens); "Schooling Through L2 -- Its Effect on Cognitive and Academic Development" (Gearoid 0 Ciarain); "The Potential for Irish-English Dual-Medium Instruction in the Primary School" (Liam Mac Mathuna); "Discourse Aralysis and Language Acquisition" (Michael F. McTear); "Pre-primary Education Through the Medium of Lesser Used Languages" -
9. List of Film Genres and Sub-Genres PDF HANDOUT
9. List of film genres and sub-genres PDF HANDOUT The following list of film genres and sub-genres has been adapted from “Film Sub-Genres Types (and Hybrids)” written by Tim Dirks29. Genre Film sub-genres types and hybrids Action or adventure • Action or Adventure Comedy • Literature/Folklore Adventure • Action/Adventure Drama Heroes • Alien Invasion • Martial Arts Action (Kung-Fu) • Animal • Man- or Woman-In-Peril • Biker • Man vs. Nature • Blaxploitation • Mountain • Blockbusters • Period Action Films • Buddy • Political Conspiracies, Thrillers • Buddy Cops (or Odd Couple) • Poliziotteschi (Italian) • Caper • Prison • Chase Films or Thrillers • Psychological Thriller • Comic-Book Action • Quest • Confined Space Action • Rape and Revenge Films • Conspiracy Thriller (Paranoid • Road Thriller) • Romantic Adventures • Cop Action • Sci-Fi Action/Adventure • Costume Adventures • Samurai • Crime Films • Sea Adventures • Desert Epics • Searches/Expeditions for Lost • Disaster or Doomsday Continents • Epic Adventure Films • Serialized films • Erotic Thrillers • Space Adventures • Escape • Sports—Action • Espionage • Spy • Exploitation (ie Nunsploitation, • Straight Action/Conflict Naziploitation • Super-Heroes • Family-oriented Adventure • Surfing or Surf Films • Fantasy Adventure • Survival • Futuristic • Swashbuckler • Girls With Guns • Sword and Sorcery (or “Sword and • Guy Films Sandal”) • Heist—Caper Films • (Action) Suspense Thrillers • Heroic Bloodshed Films • Techno-Thrillers • Historical Spectacles • Treasure Hunts • Hong Kong • Undercover -
ED331151.Pdf
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 331 151 EA 022 894 AUTHOR Brown, Rexford G. TITLE Schools of Thought: How the Politics of Literacy Shape Thinking in the Classroom. The Jossey-Bass Educat:ion Series. REPORT NO ISBN-1-55542-314-0 PUB DATE 91 NOTE 311p. AVAILABLE FROMJossey-Bass Publishers, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA, 94104 ($24.95 plus state sales tax where applicable). PU3 TYPE Guides - Non-Classroom Use (055) -- Books (010) EDRS PRICE MFL- Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Classroom Environment; *Educational Policy; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; *Literacy; *Politics of Education; *Program Development; Rural American Indians; Rural Education; School Restructuring; State Action; *Thinking Skills; Urban Education IDENTIFIERS *Ontario (Toronto); Pittsburgh School District PA ABSTRACT The new literacy goes beyond the requirements for a high school diploma, including capacities once demanded only of a privileged, college-bound elite. This book concerns this new, higher literacy and whether current educational restructuring efforts are likely to foster such literacy in all students. The study used informal interviewing techniques and examined classrooms for evidence of nine general climate indicators conducive to a literac of thoughtfulness. The first chapters focus on rure America, especially the Deep South, where teachers are educating children to leave their communities. The third chapter describes education on an Indian reservation, where the colonial model is waning. Chapter 4 describes the conflicts and contradictions in a troubled, but typical urban school district unintentionally engaged in undermining literacy efforts. Chapter 5 broadens the notion of "policy environment" and describes the contributions of a governor, a legislature, a state school board, and a district judge. -
'Race Riot' Within and Without 'The Grrrl One'; Ethnoracial Grrrl Zines
The ‘Race Riot’ Within and Without ‘The Grrrl One’; Ethnoracial Grrrl Zines’ Tactical Construction of Space by Addie Shrodes A thesis presented for the B. A. degree with Honors in The Department of English University of Michigan Winter 2012 © March 19, 2012 Addie Cherice Shrodes Acknowledgements I wrote this thesis because of the help of many insightful and inspiring people and professors I have had the pleasure of working with during the past three years. To begin, I am immensely indebted to my thesis adviser, Prof. Gillian White, firstly for her belief in my somewhat-strange project and her continuous encouragement throughout the process of research and writing. My thesis has benefitted enormously from her insightful ideas and analysis of language, poetry and gender, among countless other topics. I also thank Prof. White for her patient and persistent work in reading every page I produced. I am very grateful to Prof. Sara Blair for inspiring and encouraging my interest in literature from my first Introduction to Literature class through my exploration of countercultural productions and theories of space. As my first English professor at Michigan and continual consultant, Prof. Blair suggested that I apply to the Honors program three years ago, and I began English Honors and wrote this particular thesis in a large part because of her. I owe a great deal to Prof. Jennifer Wenzel’s careful and helpful critique of my thesis drafts. I also thank her for her encouragement and humor when the thesis cohort weathered its most chilling deadlines. I am thankful to Prof. Lucy Hartley, Prof.