DOCSLIB.ORG

Enhancing Biodiversity in Traditional Fruit Orchards

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enhancing Biodiversity in Traditional Fruit Orchards 2017 Enhancing biodiversity in traditional fruit orchards RED APPLE: ECOLOGICAL CONSULTANCY BUREAU JELGER ELINGS, GODLOVE KIRIMBO, XUQING LI, PALASH MANDAL, TIM VAN SCHELT, JORGE VILLA Contact details: Commissioner Rob le Rutte Stichting IJsselboomgaarden p/a Kievit 16, 7423 DC Deventer @: [email protected] T: 570 652171 or 06 52401684. www.ijsselboomgaarden.nl Secretary Jelger Elings ACT Team 1860 Droevendaalsesteeg 79 6708 PR, Wageningen @: [email protected] T: 06 51774115 Disclaimer This report (product) is produced by students of Wageningen University as part of their MSc-programme. It is not an official publication of Wageningen University or Wageningen UR and the content herein does not represent any formal position or representation by Wageningen University. Copyright Copyright © 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form of by any means, without the prior consent of the authors. ii Preface In front of you lays the product of 8 weeks of hard work. We started the project with 6 individuals from all over the world and ended with a real team that can not only deliver an academic report but can also have a good time with each other. We learned a lot during this project about orchards and especially the biodiversity in them. Especially the non-Dutch speaking team members have a way better view of this traditional element in Dutch cultural heritage. We want to thank the commissioner Rob le Rutte for his trust in us a team and for his time to help us in the process. Furthermore, we would like to thank our coach Jim van Laar for all his help guiding the team process. We got a lot of useful tips and although the meetings took a bit longer than planned, they were always joyful. In addition to that we would like to thank our academic advisor Hens Runhaar for his feedback and help with content questions. Last but not least we would like to thank the experts that we have interviewed and the owners of the orchards that have filled in the survey. We hope this report and toolkit will be useful and is the start of a biodiversity monitoring program in orchards. The biodiversity in orchards can be really something special and we care deeply about it and we hope this project is a small attribution to protect it. iii Executive Summary Many flora and fauna species inhabit traditional fruit orchards. Owners of this traditional landscapes often fail to realize the benefits obtained from biodiversity, and practice inadequate management activities on their land that deteriorate habitat quality, and ultimately reduces biodiversity levels. To eliminate this lack of knowledge, a toolkit was developed, by the “Red Apple: Ecological Consultancy Bureau”, to guide landowners in how to implement adequate management practices, and monitor the levels of biodiversity within traditional fruit orchards. The present document compiles the scientific background for the construction of the toolkit, as well as it describes the systematic process performed to design this ‘reference tool’. Important scientific literature was boarded to define concepts like biodiversity, habitat quality, landscape management practices, and ecosystem services. The relation between these elements is boarded on the basis that human well-being needs a balance between human development and the environment. To reach this balance by a correct management of traditional fruit orchards, biodiversity monitoring methods are analysed as a tool that helps to achieve this goal. Biodiversity monitoring methods are studied focusing on four subjects present in traditional fruit orchards, which are: plants, insects, mammals, and birds. The variety of methods studied were combined with the advice of experts in the field, through semi-structured interviews, to produce a useful monitoring system for traditional fruit orchards. Good management practices are recommended in the final product. They were studied from several written sources and complemented with knowledge on the current state of management practices in traditional fruit orchards. This information was provided by landowners through elaborated questionnaires. The conclusion states the importance of good management practices in traditional fruit orchards to maintain and improve biodiversity, and therefore the importance of biodiversity monitoring methods to measure the correct implementation of these practices and their effects in the future. iv Table of Contents Preface iii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. iv 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2. Methodology ........................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Literature review and Interviews ................................................................................ 3 2.2 Survey among owners .............................................................................................. 3 3. The link between management and Ecosystem Services ................................................ 4 4. Review of possible monitoring systems ....................................................................... 6 4.1 Orchard Species List ................................................................................................. 6 4.2 Insect monitoring .................................................................................................... 6 4.2.1 Literature review ..................................................................................................... 6 4.2.2 Interview on insect monitoring ................................................................................... 8 4.2.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 9 4.3 Plant monitoring ...................................................................................................... 9 4.3.1 Literature review ..................................................................................................... 9 4.3.2 Interview on plant monitoring .................................................................................. 10 4.3.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 11 4.4 Birds monitoring .................................................................................................... 12 4.4.1 Literature review ................................................................................................... 12 4.4.2 Interview on bird monitoring ................................................................................... 12 4.4.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 13 4.5 Mammal monitoring ............................................................................................... 14 4.5.1 Literature review ................................................................................................... 14 4.5.2 Interview on mammal monitoring ............................................................................. 15 4.5.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 16 5. Management Practices to Increase Biodiversity........................................................... 17 5.1 Overview on Management Activities .......................................................................... 17 5.1.1 Tree cavities ......................................................................................................... 17 5.1.2 Insect hotel .......................................................................................................... 18 5.1.3 Hedgerows ........................................................................................................... 18 5.1.4 Nesting boxes for birds ........................................................................................... 19 5.1.5 Canopy openness ................................................................................................... 20 5.1.6 Grazing ................................................................................................................ 20 5.1.7 Fruit species diversity ............................................................................................. 20 5.1.8 Pest Control .......................................................................................................... 21 5.1.9 Dead wood and trees.............................................................................................. 21 5.1.10 Log piles ............................................................................................................... 22 5.1.11 Fallen fruit ............................................................................................................ 23 5.1.12 Beekeeping ........................................................................................................... 23 v 5.1.13 Water Bodies ........................................................................................................ 23 5.2 Analysis on Current Management Practices ................................................................ 24 5.3 Conclusions on Management Practices .....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bulgaria 17-24 June 2015
    The Western Rhodope Mountains of Bulgaria 17-24 June 2015 Holiday participants Peter and Elonwy Crook Helen and Malcolm Crowder Val Appleyard and Ron Fitton David Nind and Shevaun Mendelsohn George and Sue Brownlee Colin Taylor Sue Davy Judith Poyser Marie Watt Leaders Vladimir (Vlado) Trifonov and Chris Gibson Report by Chris Gibson and Judith Poyser. Our hosts at the Hotel Yagodina are Mariya and Asen Kukundjievi – www.yagodina-bg.com Cover: Large Skipper on Dianthus cruentus (SM); Scarce Copper on Anthemis tinctoria (RF); mating Bee-chafers (VA); Yagodina from St. Ilya and the cliffs above Trigrad (CG); Geum coccineum (HC); Red-backed Shrike (PC); Slender Scotch Burnet on Carduus thoermeri (JP). Below: In the valley above Trigrad (PC). As with all Honeyguide holidays, part of the price of the holiday was put towards local conservation work. The conservation contributions from this holiday raised £700, namely £40 per person topped up by Gift Aid through the Honeyguide Wildlife Charitable Trust. Honeyguide is committed to supporting the protection of Lilium rhodopaeum. The Rhodope lily is a scarce endemic flower of the Western Rhodopes, found on just a handful of sites in Bulgaria and just over the border in Greece, about half of which have no protection. Money raised in 2014 was enough to fund Honeyguide leader Vlado Trifonov, who is recognised as the leading authority on the Rhodope lily, for monitoring and mowing for two years at the location visited by Honeyguiders. That includes this year (2015). That work is likely to continue for some years, but other conservation needs in the future are uncertain.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Nature Reserve Management Plan 2020 – 2024
    Bisley Road Cemetery, Stroud Local Nature Reserve Management Plan 2020 – 2024 Prepared for Stroud Town Council CONTENTS 1 VISION STATEMENT 2 POLICY STATEMENTS 3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 3.1 General background information 3.1.1 Location and site boundaries Map 1 Site Location 3.1.2 Tenure Map 2 Schedule Plan 3.1.3 Management/organisational infrastructure 3.1.4 Site infrastructure 3.1.5 Map coverage 3.2 Environmental information 3.2.1 Physical 3.2.2 Biological 3.2.2.1 Habitats Map 3 Compartment Map – Old Cemetery Map 4 Compartment Map – New Cemetery 3.2.2.2 Flora 3.2.2.3 Fauna 3.3 Cultural 3.3.1 Past land use 3.3.2 Present land use 3.3.3 Past management for nature conservation 3.3.4 Present legal status 4 NATURE CONSERVATION FEATURES OF INTEREST 4.1 Identification and confirmation of conservation features 4.2 Objectives 4.2.1 Unimproved grassland 4.2.1.1 Summary description 4.2.1.2 Management objectives 4.2.1.3 Performance indicators 4.2.1.4 Conservation status 4.2.1.5 Rationale 4.2.1.6 Management projects 4.2.2 Trees and Woodland 4.2.2.1 Summary description 4.2.2.2 Management objectives 4.2.2.3 Performance indicators 4.2.2.4 Conservation status 4.2.2.5 Rationale 4.2.2.6 Management projects 4.2.3 Lichens 4.2.3.1 Summary description 4.2.3.2 Management objectives 4.2.3.3 Performance indicators 4.2.3.4 Conservation status 4.2.3.5 Rationale 4.2.3.6 Management projects 4.3 Rationale & Proposals per compartment Bisley Rd Cemetery Mgmt Plan 2020-2024 2 5 HISTORIC INTEREST 5.1 Confirmation of conservation features 5.2 Objectives 5.3 Rationale 6 STAKEHOLDERS 6.1 Evaluation 6.2 Management projects 7 ACCESS / TOURISM 7.1 Evaluation 7.2 Management objectives 8 INTERPRETATION 8.1 Evaluation 8.2 Management Projects 9 OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES 9.1 Operational objectives 9.2 Management projects 10 WORK PLAN Appendix 1 Species List Bisley Rd Cemetery Mgmt Plan 2020-2024 3 1 VISION STATEMENT Stroud Town Council are committed to conserving Stroud Cemetery to: • Enable the people of Stroud to always have a place of peace and quiet reflection and recreation.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination and Botanic Gardens Contribute to the Next Issue of Roots
    Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review Volume 17 • Number 1 • May 2020 Pollination and botanic gardens Contribute to the next issue of Roots The next issue of Roots is all about education and technology. As this issue goes to press, most botanic gardens around the world are being impacted by the spread of the coronavirus Covid-19. With many Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review Volume 16 • Number 2 • October 2019 Citizen gardens closed to the public, and remote working being required, Science educators are having to find new and innovative ways of connecting with visitors. Technology is playing an ever increasing role in the way that we develop and deliver education within botanic gardens, making this an important time to share new ideas and tools with the community. Have you developed a new and innovative way of engaging your visitors through technology? Are you using technology to engage a Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review Volume 17 • Number 1 • April 2020 wider audience with the work of your garden? We are currently looking for a variety of contributions including Pollination articles, education resources and a profile of an inspirational garden and botanic staff member. gardens To contribute, please send a 100 word abstract to [email protected] by 15th June 2020. Due to the global impacts of COVID-19, BGCI’s 7th Global Botanic Gardens Congress is being moved to the Australian spring. Join us in Melbourne, 27 September to 1 October 2021, the perfect time to visit Victoria. Influence and Action: Botanic Gardens as Agents of Change will explore how botanic gardens can play a greater role in shaping our future.
    [Show full text]
  • FESTIVAL MISSOURI American Water
    OCEANIC: 26th ANNUAL CONTINENTAL: FESTIVAL MISSOURI American Water ECOSYSTEM: COMMUNITY: MEDIA: THE Gateway ® Your GuideGardener to Enjoyable Gardening and Easy-Care Landscapes The Healthy Planet St. Louis’ Natural Living Magazine www.thehealthyplanet.com • • NEIGHBORHOOD AND EARTH DAY ADVOCATES: APRIL 26 2015 10AM – 6PM Ameren Missouri Pure Power I Banfield Pet Hospital I Better Life I BOLT Construction ChooseBranson I Farmer Girl Meats I Great Rivers Greenway I Kaldi’s Coffee THE MUNY GROUNDS AT FOREST PARK Katy Land Trust I Metro Arts in Transit I Metro Lighting I Microgrid Energy Missouri Department of Natural Resources I MRC Recycling I The Muny I Pedro’s Planet Purina I Saint Louis University - Center for Sustainability I St. Louis Cardinals 4 A Greener Game Thrivent Financial I Trailnet I Upper Limits Rock Gym I USAgain Designed by Cfx I cfx-inc.com I Printed by The Advertisers Printing Co. - SPG Certified CONTENTS EARTH DAY CHALLENGE Earth Day Challenge...................................................................................................................... 2 The Earth Day Challenge is designed to encourage Festival attendees to incorporate low-impact About St. Louis Earth Day ...........................................................................................................3-4 behaviors into their everyday lives, making the Earth a cleaner, healthier place to live. Complete Commitment to Sustainability ...................................................................................................5-6 at
    [Show full text]
  • The Transcriptomic and Genomic Architecture of Acrididae Grasshoppers
    The Transcriptomic and Genomic Architecture of Acrididae Grasshoppers Dissertation To Fulfil the Requirements for the Degree of “Doctor of Philosophy” (PhD) Submitted to the Council of the Faculty of Biological Sciences of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena by Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Abhijeet Shah born on 7th November 1984, Hyderabad, India 1 Academic reviewers: 1. Prof. Holger Schielzeth, Friedrich Schiller University Jena 2. Prof. Manja Marz, Friedrich Schiller University Jena 3. Prof. Rolf Beutel, Friedrich Schiller University Jena 4. Prof. Frieder Mayer, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin 5. Prof. Steve Hoffmann, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena 6. Prof. Aletta Bonn, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Date of oral defense: 24.02.2020 2 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 5 Zusammenfassung............................................................................................................ 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 Genetic polymorphism ............................................................................................................. 9 Lewontin’s paradox ....................................................................................................................................... 9 The evolution
    [Show full text]
  • Dorset and East Devon Coast for Inclusion in the World Heritage List
    Nomination of the Dorset and East Devon Coast for inclusion in the World Heritage List © Dorset County Council 2000 Dorset County Council, Devon County Council and the Dorset Coast Forum June 2000 Published by Dorset County Council on behalf of Dorset County Council, Devon County Council and the Dorset Coast Forum. Publication of this nomination has been supported by English Nature and the Countryside Agency, and has been advised by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and the British Geological Survey. Maps reproduced from Ordnance Survey maps with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence Number: LA 076 570. Maps and diagrams reproduced/derived from British Geological Survey material with the permission of the British Geological Survey. © NERC. All rights reserved. Permit Number: IPR/4-2. Design and production by Sillson Communications +44 (0)1929 552233. Cover: Duria antiquior (A more ancient Dorset) by Henry De la Beche, c. 1830. The first published reconstruction of a past environment, based on the Lower Jurassic rocks and fossils of the Dorset and East Devon Coast. © Dorset County Council 2000 In April 1999 the Government announced that the Dorset and East Devon Coast would be one of the twenty-five cultural and natural sites to be included on the United Kingdom’s new Tentative List of sites for future nomination for World Heritage status. Eighteen sites from the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories have already been inscribed on the World Heritage List, although only two other natural sites within the UK, St Kilda and the Giant’s Causeway, have been granted this status to date.
    [Show full text]
  • MONITORING REPORT 2020 BILL BUDD It Is with Great Sadness That We Must Report the Death of Bull Budd in Autumn 2020
    Wimbledon and Putney Commons ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT 2020 BILL BUDD It is with great sadness that we must report the death of Bull Budd in autumn 2020. Bill was our much respected, dragonfly and damselfly recorder and a member of the Wildlife and Conservation Forum. As well as recording on the Commons, Bill also worked as a volunteer at the London Natural History Museum for many years and was the Surrey Vice County Dragonfly Recorder. Bill supported our BioBlitz activities and, with others from the Forum, led dedicated walks raising public awareness of the dragonfly and damselfly populations on the Commons. In September 2020 in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the recording and conservation of Odonata, a newly identified dragonfly species found in the Bornean rainforest* was named Megalogomphus buddi. His contributions will be very much missed. * For further information see: https://british-dragonflies.org.uk/dragonfly-named-after-bds-county-dragonfly-recorder-bill-budd/ Dow, R.A. and Price, B.W. (2020) A review of Megalogomphus sumatranus (Krüger, 1899) and its allies in Sundaland with a description of a new species from Borneo (Odonata: Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Zootaxa 4845 (4): 487–508. https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4845.4.2 Accessed 24.02.2021 Thanks are due to everyone who has contributed records and photographs for this report; to the willing volunteers; for the support of Wildlife and Conservation Forum members; and for the reciprocal enthusiasm of Wimbledon and Putney Commons’ staff. A special thank you goes to Angela Evans-Hill for her help with proof reading, chasing missing data and assistance with the final formatting, compilation and printing of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Etd-10022017-095833.Pdf (15.33 Mb )
    Template B v3.0 (beta): Created by J. Nail 06/2015 Assessing visual preference among fourth grade students for habitat components on educational green roofs in Starkville, Mississippi By TITLE PAGE Amy Counterman A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture in Landscape Architecture in the Department of Landscape Architecture Mississippi State, Mississippi December 2017 Copyright by COPYRIGHT PAGE Amy Counterman 2017 Assessing visual preference among fourth grade students for habitat components on educational green roofs in Starkville, Mississippi By APPROVAL PAGE Amy Counterman Approved: ____________________________________ Robert F. Brzuszek (Committee Chair) ____________________________________ Timothy J. Schauwecker (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Peter R. Summerlin (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Michael Seymour (Graduate Coordinator) ____________________________________ George M. Hopper Dean College of Agriculture and Life Science Name: Amy Counterman ABSTRACT Date of Degree: December 8, 2017 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Landscape Architecture Major Professor: Robert Brzuszek Title of Study: Assessing visual preference among fourth grade students for habitat components on educational green roofs in Starkville, Mississippi Pages in Study 148 Candidate for Degree of Master of Landscape Architecture As urbanization grows wildlife habitat is displaced
    [Show full text]
  • Summer 2015 Skagit Conservation District
    SKAGIT CONSERVATION DISTRICT News Volume 31, Number 2 SCDSOIL • WATER • WOODLAND Summer 2015 Skagit Conservation District O ering free technical, nancial, and educational resources for landowners PROGRAMS INCLUDE Livestock/Small Farm Planning Youth Education Forestry Planning Native Plant Sales INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Community Wildfire Preparedness Planning • Fire & Forestry ........................ 2-3 Conservation Easements • Lessons from the Field ............... 4 Engineering Services • Samish News .......................... 5-8 Adult Education/Volunteer Programs • Kids for Conservation ................. 9 • On the Farm .............................10 www.skagitcd.org • Backyard Conservation .............11 • Community Stewardship ......12-14 • SCD Sta and Board News .........15 FIRE & FORESTRY STRESSED OUT FORESTS Humans know all too well what it means to be stressed out. o Diseased and insect infested trees are much more prone Things like work, relationship problems, tra c, and money to wild re ignition and spread. immediately come to mind. But did you know that forests can o Healthy trees that normally store carbon and o set fossil be stressed, too? Wait a second! Forests don’t have feelings! True, fuel emissions cannot properly store carbon if they are (although there are some that might disagree) but they can still stressed. Also, the carbon that is “banked” in our forests get stressed in a physical way. Healthy forests provide a plethora gets released to the atmosphere during a wild re when of bene ts to the functioning of our planet and the species that the trees are burning. exist on it. As humans, our existence is tied to our forests whether o Intense wild res can destroy the important organic we realize it or not.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Make and Manage a Bee Hotel: Instructions That Really Work by Marc Carlton, Updated November 2017
    How to Make and Manage a Bee Hotel: Instructions that Really Work By Marc Carlton, updated November 2017 What are Solitary Bees ? As well as Bumblebees and Honey bees (that live socially) there are over 240 species of wild bees in the UK that are called 'solitary bees' because they make individual nest cells for their larvae. Most species nest in small tunnels or holes in the ground or in sandy banks, piles of sand, or crumbling mortar or sparse starved lawns. You can leave areas of bare soil or gravel in your garden for these. Others use the hollow stems of dead plants such as brambles, or tunnels previously bored into dead wood by beetles. A number of species of small solitary wasps share a similar lifestyle. Harmless to us, they are predators of small insects. Some of the more distinctive ones that are common in gardens are described in my fact sheet about solitary bees and gardens. Although they are known as solitary bees, some species will group their nest cells together in aggregations, and a few have evolved social behaviour rather like bumblebees. Many solitary bees are very small and you may not have realised they are bees. All collect nectar and pollen from flowers, except the so-called 'cuckoo' species that lay their eggs in the nest cells of other species. Solitary bees are harmless and not aggressive. They rarely if ever sting unless trodden on or squashed between your fingers. They do not have painful stings like honeybees. In most cases if they attempt to sting, you will not even feel it.
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Insect Hotel Habitat
    Building an Insect Hotel Habitat Why Build One? Our gardens are home to a wide range of living creatures. An average garden could hold over 2,000 different species of insect! With all this diversity of life it is good to know that very few creatures cause significant damage to our prized flowers, fruit and vegetables, the ones that gardeners call pests. Even better, there are many more creatures that help us control the pests. By providing the right habitats we can greatly increase the number of beneficial insects in the garden. Some wild invertebrates, such as bumblebees and solitary bees, are declining in numbers in the wider countryside, so by providing homes we can contribute to their conservation. The Insect Hotel on display is built entirely from recycled materials. The main structure is discarded pallets, and much of the additional wood is the product of routine woodland management operations. This sheet tells you how to build a similar habitat, but if this is too ambitious, there are plenty of ideas which can be used on a smaller scale in any garden. Where to site your habitat Many invertebrates like cool damp conditions, so you can site your habitat in semi shade, by a hedge or under a tree. Putting the habitat close to other wildlife features, such as an overgrown hedge, a shrubbery or a pond will make it easier for small creatures to find it. Not all creatures like to be in the shade: solitary bees like a warm sunny spot, so put tubes for bees on the sunniest side of the habitat, or put them elsewhere in the garden.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAGONFUES 1 Tj
    Family Corduliidae. Medium-sized hawkers with distinctly metallic bodies _ usually bronze or green. Triangles of the two wings differ in shape, that of the forewing having front and basal sides about equal. Claspers usually well DRAGONFUES 1 developed in both sexes. Male abdomen distinctly narrowed in the front half. 85 Downy Emerald Cordulia aenea. Shiny green thorax, densely clothed with golden hair. Abdomen dark bronze with sides of 2nd segment clear yellow in male. Inferior anal appendage of male deeply forked and resembling an extra pair of claspers. Hindwing triangle undivided. Female stouter than male. Flies swiftly over lakes and ponds and rarely settles. 4-8. Most of Europe, but rare in S. 8 Brilliant Emerald Somatochlora metallica. Thorax much less hairy than Cordulia and abdomen much brighter green - detectable even in flight. Claspers much longer than in Cordulia, especially in female. Inferior anal appendage of male unforked. Triangle of hindwing 2-celfed. Female stouter than male and easily identified by a sharp spine under the abdomen just before the tip. Still and slow-moving water in lowlands and mountains. Flies rapidly. 6-9. Most of Europe, but not Iberia. Two distinct populations in B: one in SE England and one in NW Scotland. B n Northern Emerald S.arctica, a similar but more northerly species, has strongly curved claspers in male and no abdominal spine in female. Family Libellulidae. A large family of darters in which triangles are of different shapes in the two wings: that of the forewing has front side very much shorter than basal side.
    [Show full text]