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E 98 De L' OB Insti t Oceanographique E 98 de Bedford de L' OB Ca • L'In titut ean0c-raphiqu de Bedford, prin ipal in titution anadienne dan I domaine d I' ean graphi t lie aplu i ur mini f r , t n per. onn I compo e done de fonctionnaire . L in tallati n de l'ln titut batim nt , navire, rdinat ur . bibli theque, atelier, t .) reI' ent du mini tere de P~ he t d 0 ean·. par I'int rm'diair du dir cteur general de S ience et Leve 0 eaniqu (regi n de I' tlantique). Le. prin ipau lab ratoire et mini ter pre ent ont Ie ui ant : ini tere de Peche t d 0 ean ( PO) • ervi h drographiqu du Canada (R'gion d I' tlantique) • Laboratoire 0 eanographique de I' tlantique • Laboratoire d'e ologi marine • Di i i n de pion de m r ini t'r de rEn rgie, de in t d R our . (E R) • Centre ge ientifique de I' tlantique L'In titut po de une flottille de troi na ire, de re her h , ain i que de bateau plu. p tit. L deu plu grand navir . i ntifique , I"Hlld on et Ie Baffin. ont p Iyva­ lent, pre entent une tre crande aut n mi et p ed nt la Cia' I. e qui I ur p rm t d navigu r dan tout I' r tiqu anadien. quatr bje tif: rech rche fondamentale a I ng terme dan t u Ie d main . d on titu r I plu grand ra mbl m nt d'e p rt· au Canada): _) appliquee a ourt terme p ur repondre au b in a tuel et donn r d on il ur la g ti n du milieu marin, n tamment re ur e halieutique et e re rYe ou -marine d'h dro arbure : reali r Ie Ie' t I tra au artographique ne air p ur ~ umir de art nautiqu u rant la region allant du ban G org au pa ag du rd-Oue t. dan I' rctique canadien: (4 apport rune aide ientifique et te hnique p ur toute ituation d'urgen aff tant Ie milieu marin dan la region. .D. Bowen - CheJ, Di\'i ion de poi on de mer. PO .J. een - DireCfellr, Centre eoscientijiqlle de I' tlantique, £ R .J. Kerr - Directeur, Re ion de I' tlantique, en'ice hydrographique du Canada, MPO .n. ann - Directeur, Laboratoire d' ecologie marine, MPO G.T. eedier - Directeur, Laboratoire oceano( raphiqu de I' tlal11iqlle, PO D. ettle hip - Sen'ice canadien de laJaune, nite de recherche urle. ai. eallX de mer, PO Cou erture: E tampe The Glacier of Sermiat ialik, Greenland' reproduite de : dam illiam Hem Da enport. 1876. The Arctic orId: It plant, nimals, and atural Phenomena, with a Hi torical ketch of rctic Di ­ co ery do n to the Briti h Polar E pedition, 1875-76. London: T. el on & Son: p. 129, Le changement et la ariabilite du climat ont Ie theme du Rapport de I'/OB de cette annee, La calotte glaciaire permanente de pole a une profonde influence ur Ie climat du globe et, parmi Ie in titut oceanographique l'IOB e t particu­ lierement actif dan Ie domaine de recherche et de etude aux haute latitude . ombre de re ultat de tra au ur Ie climat figurant dan Ie Rapport ont ba e ur de donnee recueiIIie au cour d'expedition en mer dan I'Arctique canadien et Ie region oisine. 11111 1,','lllmllJ II (1 1111.m,~ll1111111 II I~~ 111111 1/ 11111 i ,I Changement et variabilite climati es Pendant I'hiver austral de 1982, de forts vents du sud ont Galapagos ont souffert du phenomene; des oiseaux de mer ne pris naissance dans la mer de Tasmanie et touche un territoire se sont pas reproduits dans bon nombre d'iles du Pacifique; en allant du sud de la Nouvelle-Zelande a presque I'equateur. plus, les grandes pecheries du courant d'Humboldt ont subi Ces vents ont ete Ie premier signe avant-coureur des desastres un autre important changement: les prises d'anchois, de meteorologiques qui toucherent I'ensemble de la planete, sardines, de coquilles Saint-Jacques et de bonites ont toutes pendant les deux annees qui suivirent. IIs ont donne ete touchees, positivement ou negativement. Enfin, dans naissance a des vents d'ouest inhabituels dans la region plusieurs regions oceaniques eloignees du Pacifique oriental, tropicale du Pacifique, lesquels ont engendre Ie plus fort el on signale de plus en plus de changements, vel'S Ie nord et NiflO du siecle; on connait les inondations et les tempetes qui vel'S Ie sud, dans Ies aires de repartition de diverses especes. ont touche la Californie et I'ouest de I'Amerique du Sud, les Que ce soit par coincidence ou parce que nous etions secheresses qui se sont abattues sur I'Afrique, I'Indonesie et la tous interesses par ces evenements et leur capacite de Chine, et I'absence de mousson en lnde. desequilibrer I'environnement, Ia preoccupation du public On a rapidement constate que tous ces phenomenes, qui s'est accrue pendant cette periode a I'egard d'un processus a ont cause tant de pertes de vies, en plus de centaines de beaucoup plus long terme qui pourrait modifier Ie c1imat millions de dollars de dommages, ont ete partiellement planetaire; et, contrairement a el Nino, ce changement serait engendres par un important changement dans la circulation provoque par I'homme. Si I'expression «effet de serre» ne se des eaux du Pacifique tropical, lequel est relie a des retrouve pas encore dans Ies conversations courantes, bon changements meteorologiques planetaires. Sans etre entre nombre de gens savent deja que les rejets de nos activites dans la langue courante, on sait que el Niiia est maintenant industrielles et agricoles et des transports contribuent largement connu, tout comme ses consequences. lci au directement aI'augmentation des concentrations d'anhydride Canada, I'hiver 1982-1983 a ete I'hiver qui n'en n'etait pas un; carbonique dans I'atmosphere, depuis Ie debut de la on se souvient des consequences sur la consommation Revolution industrielle; et I'on pense que cette tendance d'energie et de la frustration des amateurs de sports de neige. Cette annee-Ia, pour la premiere fois depuis des decennies, les deserts cotiers du Perou se sont couverts de fleurs. Depuis 1982, les specialistes des oceans ont travaille de pied ferme pour essayer de comprendre ce qui s'etait passe exactement. En plus d'etre I'evenement Ie plus important du siecle, en son genre, il a aussi ete Ie plus etudie; en effet, les oceanographes et les meteorologues passent une bonne partie de leur temps a etudier el Nino, depuis deja plusieurs decennies. II est maintenant evident que, en plus des phenomenes du Pacifique tropical, des conditions anol'lnales se sont produites dans des regions aussi eloignees que Ie golfe d'Alaska et dans la majeure partie de I'Atlantique. La modification du tableau des courants.oceaniques, en plus d'avoir ete reliee a des changements meteorologiques, a Alan Longhurst eu des consequences importantes pour la faune marine et les ressources halieutiques. Les phoques et les iguanes des i1es apparemment irreversible entrainera une augmentation de la possible et pratique de prevoir les phenomenes qui nous ont temperature du globe terrestre au cours du siecle qui vient, frappes en 1982-1983, et qu'il soit pensable d'influer sur la pas beaucoup mais suffisamment pour modifier Ie climat, vie des generations futures. L'lOB ne compte pas de deplacer les regions agricoles, faire monter Ie niveau des programme de recherche climatique en tant que tel; les oceans et engendrer d'autres catastrophes. problemes de la variabilite du milieu marin sont etudies dans Comme pour les phenomenes entraines par elNino, Ie Ie cadre plus general des projets oceanographiques, grand public comprend que les oceans ont un role primordial geologiques et hydrographiques. ajouer dans Ie rythme de progression de l'«effet de serre» et L'lOB poursuit une vaste gamme d'activites liees au de son influence sur Ie climat; dans une large mesure, Ie climat; on s'interesse tant a la fa<;on dont I'anhydride rythme d'absorption de I'anhydride carbonique par I'ocean, carbonique passe de I'air a I'eau de mer de surface et au par simple dissolution ou incorporation dans la chaine rythme de cet echange qu'aux consequences de la fluctuation alimentaire, determinera la vitesse a laquelle ce gaz et annuelle de la banquise sur Ie transport maritime dans Ie d'autres composes chimiques, qui emmagasinent aussi la passage du Nord-Ouest. La variabilite des anciens climats, chaleur, s'accumuleront. comme on peut la constater dans des carottes de sediments Si Ie public en est pleinement conscient aujourd'hui, cette provenant des profondeurs des oceans, est etudiee par des serie de probIemes preoccupe les meteorologues et les geologues; les biologistes, de leur cote, se penchent sur oceanographes depuis au moins un siecle. II y a environ 100 I'effet des ecarts climatiques annuels sur Ie rythme de ans, Ie service meteorologique de l'Inde a commence a reproduction des poissons, dans Ie nord-est de I'Atlantique. chercher des liens statistiques entre I'absence de mousson Le personnel de l'lOB s'emploie a planifier en fonction de dans ce pays, qui a cause entre autres la desastreuse famine divers composants des programmes nationaux et de 1877, et d'autres indices meteorologiques comme la internationaux de recherche climatique, lesquels sont pression d'air de surface dans des regions eloignees de la zone elabores par suite des nouvelles connaissances que I'on indo-pacifique.
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