DOCSLIB.ORG

Lessons from the 1960 Chile Earthquake Tsunami for New Zealand Coastal Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lessons from the 1960 Chile Earthquake Tsunami for New Zealand Coastal Communities Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online ISSN: (Print) 1177-083X (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzk20 Developing an effective tsunami warning system: Lessons from the 1960 Chile earthquake tsunami for New Zealand coastal communities David Johnston , Rylee Pettersson , Gaye Downes , Douglas Paton , Graham Leonard , Katharine Pishief & Rob Bell To cite this article: David Johnston , Rylee Pettersson , Gaye Downes , Douglas Paton , Graham Leonard , Katharine Pishief & Rob Bell (2008) Developing an effective tsunami warning system: Lessons from the 1960 Chile earthquake tsunami for New Zealand coastal communities, Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 3:2, 105-120, DOI: 10.1080/1177083X.2008.9522436 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2008.9522436 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Published online: 19 Apr 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 647 View related articles Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzk20 Johnston et al.—Developing an effective tsunami warning system 105 Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 200 8, Vol. 3: 105–120 1177–083X/08/0302–0105 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2008 Developing an effective tsunami warning system: lessons from the 1960 Chile earthquake tsunami for New Zealand coastal communities DAVID JOHNSTON 1 RYLEE PETTERSSON 2 GAYE DOWNES 1 DOUGLAS PATON 3 GRAHAM LEONARD 1 KATHARINE PISHIEF 1 ROB BELL 4 1Joint Centre for Disaster Research GNS Science/ School of Psychology Massey University Wellington PO Box 756 Wellington 6140, New Zealand 2Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management Wellington, New Zealand (currently private researcher, Nelson) 3School of Psychology University of Tasmania Launceston, Tasmania, Australia 4National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research PO Box 11115 Hamilton 3251, New Zealand Abstract The magnitude 9.5 earthquake on 22 May 1960 in southern Chile was the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the 20th century. It generated a tsunami that swept the shores of Chile and radiated out across the Pacific, with the major loss of life in Chile and, despite warnings being issued, in both Hawai‘i and Japan. The absence of a Pacific-wide tsunami warning system at the time meant that the tsunami struck New Zealand without an official warning being issued. Fortunately, there was no loss of life despite widespread damage to coastal facilities. A large aftershock occurred in Chile 3 days later (25 May) and fears about a tsunami from this event resulted in the broadcasting of a nationwide warning on radio in New Zealand. Newspapers of the day reported that thousands of people around the country were evacuated, making this the largest and most widespread evacuation in New Zealand’s history. Almost the entire population of Whitianga, Waihi Beach, Whakatane, Ohope, and Opotiki were moved to high ground for several hours and, in many other communities, people self-evacuated from coastal fringes. After the event, there was much discussion in the newspapers of the K07025; Online publication date 8 December 2008 Received 5 December 2007; accepted 28 October 2008 106 Kōtuitui, 2008, Vol. 3 need to improve both warnings and public awareness of the hazard, and of the appropriate response to warnings. Over the 40 years from 1960 up to the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, public awareness of New Zealand’s tsunami risk and preparedness had waned. Since 2004, the renewed focus on tsunami has built on a range of improvements in emergency management policies and practices, and the lessons identified from the event paved the way for a number of new initiatives to get underway to enhance the New Zealand’s tsunami warning capacity and capability. Keywords tsunami; public response; warnings; 1960 INTRODUCTION With a magnitude estimated to be about 9.5 (Kanamori 1977), the earthquake on 22 May 1960 at 19.11 UT (Universal Time; 07.11 NZST 23 May) in southern Chile was the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the 20th century. It generated a tsunami that swept the shores of Chile and radiated out across the Pacific (ITDB/PAC 2004) (Fig. 1). There was major loss of life in Chile (about 800 from the tsunami) and, despite warnings being issued, in both Hawai‘i (61 deaths) and Japan (199 deaths). According to the Integrated Tsunami DataBase (ITDB/PAC 2004), the 1960 earthquake caused a large local tsunami with a maximum recorded run-up in Chile of 25 m. The tsunami resulted in US$550 million (US$3.6 billion in 2005 values) in damage in Chile. Another US$24 million (US$158 million in 2005 values) in damage occurred in Hawai‘i, and about US$500 000 to US$1 million (US$3.3–6.6 million in 2005 values) in damage on the United States west coast. In Japan, the waves were more than 6 m high, causing US$50 million ($US330 million in 2005 values) in damage. The absence of a Pacific-wide tsunami warning system at the time meant that the tsunami struck New Zealand without an official warning being issued. Fortunately, there was no loss of life. However, there was widespread damage to coastal facilities. The first waves of the tsunami arrived in the late evening of 23 May 1960, unobserved by most people. Nevertheless, the lives of several people in Hawke’s Bay, Gisborne, and Banks Peninsula were endangered, although no-one was seriously injured. The tsunami caused considerable minor damage to houses, boats, shops, wharves, jetties, port facilities, and boatsheds. Peak run-up heights ranged from 0.5 to 4 m throughout the east coast and at some places on the west coast of both the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The Chatham Islands, 1000 km to the east of Christchurch, were also strongly affected. The largest run-ups observed in New Zealand were in Gisborne (about 3.5 m), Napier (about 4 m), around Banks Peninsula (about 3 m), and in the Chatham Islands (about 3.5 m). The Earthquake and War Damage Commission received 69 claims from the 1960 tsunami, from Whangarei to the mouth of the Catlins River, with the greatest number coming from the Banks Peninsula and central Hawke’s Bay (EQC 1961). Total losses recorded were £5549 (about $193 000 in 2006 values) (EQC unpubl. files). These figures probably do not reflect the total losses but the real figure is likely to be modest nevertheless. The impact of the tsunami was actually reduced by some of the largest waves occurring within an hour or two of low tide over a significant part of the coast (G. Downes pers. comm. 2006, unpubl. New Zealand Tsunami Database). After the initial tsunami, a large aftershock occurred in Chile and fears about a tsunami from this event resulted in the broadcasting of a nationwide tsunami warning on 26 May 1960. Johnston et al.—Developing an effective tsunami warning system 107 1420 1410 1500 19 h 1400 1320 1400 18 h 20 h 1435 1520 1420 1220 21 h 1220 17 h 22 h 19 h 1020 1720 16 h North America Japan 1718 1210 1013 15h 1823 1721 14h Midway 09220840 1825 0816 0848 13h 1330 0802 1900 Hawaii 12h 1050 0756 2200 Wake 1033 1018 11h 1333 Johnston 0958 0657 10h 24 h 24 23 h 23 Guam 1130 1303 0500 1640 Truk 0450 1436 1320 0435 0440 Kwajalein Christmas Island 9h Canton 0903 8h 0140 7h 0924 0120 6h 0034 South 5h Pago Pago 0038 America 4h 0912 0733 2345 0842 Pacific Ocean 2240 2236 3h Australia 1135 16h 1015 2135 15h 1140 2115 0935 1040 0830 2h 0945 1500 2100 1h 14h 0710 0745 1911 13h New Zealand 12h 5m 0100 Rise Arrival time of initial rise or fall (GMT) Fall Wave front times for 1960 Chilean Tsunami Fig. 1 Travel-time map for the 1960 tsunami (modified from de Lange 1998; data from NOAA). This paper specifically focuses on the public and organisational response to the 26 May 1960 tsunami warning and discusses the methods of alert, the issue of “non-response” to warnings, the impact on utilities, post-tsunami public debate, and developing improved tsunami warnings since 1960. This discussion provides an analysis of public and government reactions to tsunami warnings and response, and looks at the lessons identified from the 1960 event. METHOD The principle method of data collection for the 1960 tsunami impact and evacuation story was a comprehensive analysis of articles in 38 newspapers (listed in Appendix 1) in print across New Zealand in May–June 1960. A systematic content analysis of the themes arising from the newspaper articles was undertaken. In addition, interviews were conducted between November 2004 and December 2007 with 18 eyewitnesses of the 1960 tsunami and who were evacuated. Oral accounts were collected from Akaroa (2), Blenheim, Christchurch (2), Lyttelton, Napier (2), Okains Bay, Opotiki, Paroa, Pigeon Bay, Te Awanga, and Whitianga (5). THE 1960 TSUNAMI WARNINGS After the initial tsunami, a large aftershock occurred in Chile (probably M7.5, 25 May 0834 UT listed in ITDB/PAC 2004), and fears about a tsunami from this event resulted in the broadcasting of a nationwide warning on radio in New Zealand. The sequence of events is as 108 Kōtuitui, 2008, Vol. 3 follows: a warning was received from Honolulu by the Air Department in Wellington at 11.43 a.m. (NZST) on 26 May that “a fresh, disastrous earthquake in Chile” had occurred and that a tsunami could possibly reach New Zealand within an hour ( Otago Daily Times , 27 May 1960). It was reported that “the appropriate departments and authorities were immediately notified, including the Marine Department, the Police, harbour masters, and the Government Emergency Organisation” ( Otago Daily Times , 27 May 1960).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biological Invasions
    Biological Invasions The Ins and Outs of Acclimatisation: Imports versus Translocations of Skylarks and Starlings in 19th century New Zealand --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: BINV-D-18-00423R1 Full Title: The Ins and Outs of Acclimatisation: Imports versus Translocations of Skylarks and Starlings in 19th century New Zealand Article Type: Research paper Keywords: acclimatisation, alien, birds, New Zealand, propagule pressure Corresponding Author: Pavel Pipek, Ph.D. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice, CZECH REPUBLIC Corresponding Author Secondary Information: Corresponding Author's Institution: Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences Corresponding Author's Secondary Institution: First Author: Pavel Pipek, Ph.D. First Author Secondary Information: Order of Authors: Pavel Pipek, Ph.D. Tim M. Blackburn Petr Pyšek Order of Authors Secondary Information: Funding Information: The Czech Academy of Sciences Prof. Petr Pyšek (RVO67985939) Hlávka foundation Dr. Pavel Pipek Rector's Mobility Fund of the Charles Dr. Pavel Pipek University Abstract: New Zealand is home to around 40 alien bird species, but about 80 more were introduced in the 19th century and failed to establish. As most of these introductions were deliberate and documented in detail by the Acclimatisation Societies responsible for them, New Zealand bird invasions are often used as a model system to unravel what determines the outcome of introduction events, especially the role of propagule pressure. However, the credibility of these data was challenged recently, as different authors have reported different numbers of liberated birds. This discrepancy has several causes. Using introductions of Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis) and Common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) as examples, we show that the most important issue is that not all liberated birds were imported from overseas, and so import records underestimate the total propagule pressure for particular regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters to the Editor Guidelines
    Letters to the editor Guidelines Do you feel strongly about a child poverty issue? Write a letter to the editor using our simple letter writing techniques, list of email addresses and examples of sample letters (family income assistance, housing, health, education, gambling etc): • All newspapers require your name, personal address and daytime telephone number. • Do not send your letter as an attachment. Use cut and paste. • Check the word length accepted by the newspaper (usually around 150 words). Longer letters may be published but could be edited in a way you do not agree with. • The brevity of letters means you can only make one or two points. Make sure your arguments are set out in a logical way. • Get someone unfamiliar with the issue to read the letter – does it make sense to that person? • Stick to the issues and avoid personal attacks (even if you are responding to a personal attack). • Try to respond to an issue as soon as possible. • Proofread your letter carefully and check your word length. • Letters can be emailed –put letter to the editor in the subject line. • If you have any questions or want a letter to the editor checked, email [email protected] Email addresses of main daily papers Letter to editor in subject line/cut and paste text Ashburton Guardian [email protected] Bay of Plenty Times [email protected] Dominion Post [email protected] Daily News [email protected] Daily Post [email protected] Gisborne Herald [email protected] Greymouth Evening Star [email protected] Hawkes Bay Today
    [Show full text]
  • Otago Daily Times Death Notices
    Otago Daily Times Death Notices andJean-Pierre womanizes abridge incoherently ineptly. Stripiest while precocious Otis sometimes Benito rippledensphered any andbellwort eke. drivel inaudibly. Giorgio is photostatic With sufficient work ethic driving him Roy laboured hard, find dream home information. Please enter in valid credit card number. Selected for the daily times death notices and the removal of the peaceful passing of madisun, at the marshall, and ancient anthropology to see more. Shirley Funeral Directors in Nelson, he. Join Facebook to similar with Peter Cooper and others you well know. All the neighbours did descend they could transmit the absence of a gradual supply meant food was completely destroyed. You incur help us continue and bring you local name you can beat by becoming a supporter. Danielle, drill query, and Santa Ana Cemetery. Bowler and a good snap to merchant who invade be sadly missed! Your last water is crucial being processed. For privacy reasons, Benjamin; Abraham, finden Sie auf petercoopermusic. He paid an adopted daughter despite his rival wife. Taumarunui Bulletin Can your business a Notice MATCH? Search new zealand and issues, otago daily times death notices. TÄ•maki Makaurau beat maker SR Mpofu. Find my perfect Peter Cooper Village stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Visit the National Archives website. Thursday as plans to to the removal of a shame man in rally car crash Southland Teen First Kiwi Selected. Cooper Tires is the manufacturer of that wide construction of vehicle tires. Dearly loved husband Margaret. New Zealand A view search pattern rescue operation is underway off the Coromandel coast despite a mayday call either a sinking yacht with two walking on board.
    [Show full text]
  • Chch Star Poets Index and Notes
    Supplement to broadsheet: new new zealand poetry no. 12 Index to the Star Poets of Christchurch 1922-26 and Field Notes by Mark Pirie (Includes notes on poets: Bessie L Heighton, Una Auld/Una Currie, Ida M Lough/Ida M Withers, R D Brown, T E L Roberts, H H Heatley, H S Gipps, A Stanley Sherratt, Beryl Windsor, Grace Ross, E A Irwin, W J McKellow, Dorothy Reed, E F Owen, Aline Dunn, Sadie Uanson, G R Butler, Honor Gordon Coster/Honor Gordon Holmes, Pearl Noonan and H Tillman) Published by The Night Press, Wellington ISSN 1178-7805 (Print) ISSN 1178-7813 (Online) Publisher’s Note This supplement to the special issue of broadsheet, no. 12, includes the full index to the Star Poets of Christchurch 1922-26 and the stats relating to their contributions to The Star. It should be noted that I may have missed a few poems here and there as I’ve only checked Saturday publications of The Star for these years, and I can’t be certain that there weren’t occasional midweek publications of poems. Some issues like the supplement to Saturday 2 August 1924 were missing (in micro film runs) and it’s likely Sherratt’s 25th Polynesian legend (of the 30) appeared that weekend. I’ve only included local NZ poets in the Index from the Saturday poetry page 'Among the Poets'. Overseas poets appeared as well, reproduced from overseas magazines and collections. These overseas poets are not in the Index. There were also two regular (unsigned) doggerel columns: 'Spindrifts' and 'Things Thoughtful' and I've not indexed these columns.
    [Show full text]
  • Provincial Comparatives Q1 2012
    NIELSEN NATIONAL READERSHIP SURVEY Q1 2012 - Q4 2013 PROVINCIALS – 2 YEAR REPORT ANNOTATIONS Release of Nielsen Consumer and Media Insights Q1 2012 - Q4 2013 – 2 Year Report FURTHER INFORMATION: If you have any questions regarding the Nielsen Consumer and Media Insights Survey report, please contact your Account Manager or the Nielsen Media Helpdesk 0800 457 226. 2 NIELSEN NATIONAL READERSHIP Copyright © 2014 The Nielsen Company 3 PROVINCIAL TOPLINES REPORT NORTHLAND CMI CMI CMI Q1 12 - Q4 13 Q3 11 - Q2 13 Q1 11 - Q4 12 POPULATION POTENTIALS 72 72 72 (TOTAL 15+) [000s]: SAMPLE SIZE (15+): 702 706 686 DAILY NEWSPAPERS (AIR) THE NORTHERN 22 22 22 ADVOCATE 30.4% 30.6% 31.3% 10 10 11 THE NZ HERALD 13.7% 14.3% 15.0% DAILY NEWSPAPERS (WEEKLY COVERAGE) THE NORTHERN 38 41 41 ADVOCATE 52.7% 56.8% 56.9% 20 22 22 THE NZ HERALD 28.3% 31.0% 31.3% COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS (AIR) 36 38 43 THE WHANGAREI REPORT 49.9% 52.1% 59.8% 36 37 42 WHANGAREI LEADER 50.0% 51.6% 58.8% 4 NIELSEN NATIONAL READERSHIP PROVINCIAL TOPLINES REPORT TAURANGA CMI CMI CMI Q1 12 - Q4 13 Q3 11 - Q2 13 Q1 11 - Q4 12 POPULATION POTENTIALS 127 127 126 (TOTAL 15+) [000s]: SAMPLE SIZE (15+): 965 946 956 DAILY NEWSPAPERS (AIR) 39 42 43 BAY OF PLENTY TIMES 30.7% 33.4% 34.4% 21 21 23 THE NZ HERALD 16.7% 16.8% 18.1% DAILY NEWSPAPERS (WEEKLY COVERAGE) 66 70 73 BAY OF PLENTY TIMES 51.7% 54.9% 57.6% 39 41 44 THE NZ HERALD 31.1% 32.4% 34.8% COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS (AIR) 55 55 56 BAY NEWS 43.5% 43.6% 44.6% 74 76 73 THE WEEKEND SUN 58.6% 59.8% 58.1% Copyright © 2014 The Nielsen Company 5 PROVINCIAL TOPLINES
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Newspapers
    10 The Northern Advocate (N) Daily Newspapers Whangārei Published: Morning Mon-Sat Page size: Compact Mon-Fri 1 The New Zealand Herald (N) Broadsheet Sat Auckland Published: Morning Mon-Sat 11 Bay of Plenty Times (N) Page size: Compact Mon-Fri Tauranga Broadsheet Sat Published: Morning Mon-Sat Page size: Compact Mon-Fri 2 Waikato Times (S) Broadsheet Sat Hamilton Published: Morning Mon-Sat 12 Whakātane Beacon (I) Page size: Compact Mon-Fri Whakātane Broadsheet Sat Published: Morning Wed & Fri 10 Page size: Compact 3 Taranaki Daily News (S) New Plymouth 13 Rotorua Daily Post (N) Published: Morning Mon-Sat Rotorua Page size: Compact Mon-Fri 1 Published: Morning Mon-Sat Broadsheet Sat Page size: Compact Mon-Fri Broadsheet Sat 4 Whanganui Chronicle (N) Whanganui 14 The Gisborne Herald (I) Gisborne Published: Morning Mon-Sat 2 Page size: Compact Mon-Fri 11 12 Published: Afternoon Mon-Sat Broadsheet Sat Page size: Compact 5 Manawatū Standard (S) 14 15 Wairoa Star (I) Palmerston North 13 Wairoa Published: Morning Mon-Sat Published: Morning Tues & Thu Page size: Compact Mon-Fri 15 Page size: Compact Broadsheet Sat 3 16 Hawkes Bay Today (N) 6 Wairarapa Times Age (I) 16 Hastings Masterton Published: Morning Mon-Sat Published: Morning Mon-Sat Page size: Compact Mon-Fri Page size: Compact 4 Broadsheet Sat 7 The Dominion Post (S) 5 17 The Westport News (I) Wellington Westport Published: Morning Mon-Sat Published: Afternoon Mon-Fri Page size: Compact Mon-Fri 6 Page size: Broadsheet Broadsheet Sat 18 Greymouth Star (I) 8 The Nelson Mail (S) 7 Greymouth
    [Show full text]
  • The New Zealand Gazette 1661
    AUG. 31] THE NEW ZEALAND GAZETTE 1661 New Zealand Apple and PeO/l' Marketing Board Notice to Mariners No. 49 of 1950 Marine Department, HOLESALE prices for apples and pears will be made known Wellington, N.Z., 29th August, 1950. W to the wholesale trade by the methods of public advertisiug and circular. It is the intention of the Board to advertise details NEW ZEALAND.-NoRTH ISLAND.-WHANGAPARAOA of alterations, if any, to wholesale prices of apples and pears in the Live Shell Practice Provincial and Metropolitan newspapers set out below:- Particulars of live shell practice which has been arranged are Auckland .. Auckland Star. as follows :- N.Z. Herald. Ashburton Ashburton Guardian. (a) Dates of shoot: 9th and 10th September, 1950. Blenheim .. Marlborough Express. (b) Duration of shoot: 0800 to 1600 hours daily. Christchurch Ohristchurch Press. (c) Place: Whangaparaoa. Ohristchurch Star·Sun. (d) Danger height: 10,000 ft. Dannevirke Dannevirke Evening News. (e) Danger area bounded by- Dunedin Evening Star. Lat., 36° 32'·5 S. ; long., 175° E. Otago Daily Times. 36° 37' s.; 174° 49' E. Gisborne .. Gisborne Herald. 36° 36' s.; 174° 48' E. Greymouth Grey River Argus. 36° 31' S.; 174° 47' E. Hamilton .. Waikato Times. Authority: Army Department, 23rd August, 1950. Hastings .. H.B. Herald Tribune. Hawera Hawera Star. W. C. SMITH, Secretary. Invercargill Southland Times. (M. 25/1400.) Southland Daily News. Masterton Wairarapa Times Age. Napier Daily Telegraph. Nelson Nelson Evening Mail. Land Declared an Infected Place Under the Swck Act, 1908 (Notice New Plymouth Taranaki Daily News. No. Ag. 4906) Taranaki Herald. Oamaru Oamaru Mail.
    [Show full text]
  • James Macandrew of Otago Slippery Jim Or a Leader Staunch and True?
    JAMES MACANDREW OF OTAGO SLIPPERY JIM OR A LEADER STAUNCH AND TRUE? BY RODERICK JOHN BUNCE A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2013 iii ABSTRACT James Macandrew, a Scotsman who migrated to Dunedin in 1851, was variously a businessman, twice Superintendent of Otago Province, an imprisoned bankrupt and a Minister of the Crown. He was an active participant in provincial and colonial politics for 36 years and was associated with most of the major political events in New Zealand during that time. Macandrew was a passionate and persuasive advocate for the speedy development of New Zealand’s infrastructure to stimulate the expansion of settlement. He initiated a steamer service between New Zealand and Australia in 1858 but was bankrupt by 1860. While Superintendent of Otago in 1860 and 1867–76 he was able to advance major harbour, transport and educational projects. As Minister of Public Works in George Grey’s Ministry from 1878–79 he promoted an extensive expansion of the country’s railway system. In Parliament, he was a staunch advocate of easier access to land for all settlers, and a promoter of liberal social legislation which was enacted a decade later by the Seddon Government. His life was interwoven with three influential settlers, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Julius Vogel and George Grey, who variously dominated the political landscape. Macandrew has been portrayed as an opportunist who exploited these relationships, but this study will demonstrate that while he often served these men as a subordinate, as a mentor he influenced their political beliefs and behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • The Operations of the Military Service Tribunals in the East Central
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. The Tool and Instrument of the Military? The Operations of the Military Service Tribunals in the East Central Division of the West Riding of Yorkshire and those of the Military Service Boards in New Zealand, 1916-1918 A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at Massey University David Littlewood 2015 i Abstract The Military Service Acts that implemented conscription in Great Britain and New Zealand during 1916 permitted appeals for exemption to a Military Service Tribunal or Military Service Board respectively. Although claims lodged on the grounds of hardship or occupation were by far the most common, historians have overwhelmingly focused on that distinct minority of individuals who cited conscientious objections. Furthermore, there has been no attempt to compare the structure, or the workings, of the exemption systems in these two countries. By employing a ‘British World’ approach, this thesis compares the operations of the Tribunals in the East Central Division of the West Riding of Yorkshire with those of the Boards across New Zealand. It investigates the relationship between the appeal bodies and their respective governments and militaries, to assess how far each claim was judged on its merits. It also analyses the appointment of personnel and the attitudes that the Tribunal and Board members adopted during their hearings.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer Scenes and Flowers: the Beginnings of the New Zealand Christmas Card, 1880-1882
    Summer Scenes and Flowers: The Beginnings of the New Zealand Christmas Card, 1880-1882 Peter Gilderdale Keywords: #Christmas traditions #card sending #New Zealand identity #cultural colonisation #photography In October 1883, just as New Zealanders began the annual ritual of buying seasonal tokens of esteem to post overseas, Dunedin’s Evening Star, quoting local photographers the Burton Brothers, posed a question that had exercised immigrants for some years. “Does it not seem folly,” the paper asked “to send back to the Old Country Christmas cards which were manufactured there and exported hither?”1 This was a rhetorical question and the Evening Star went on to respond that “a few years since we should have replied ‘No’; but in view of the experiences of the last two years we say most decidedly, ‘Yes, it is folly.’” The newspaper, clearly, saw the period of 1881 and 1882 as pivotal in the establishment of a small but important industry, the New Zealand Christmas card business.2 My paper examines why these years are significant and what lies behind the debate, identifying a number of early cards and documenting the accompanying developments, primarily via the lens of newspaper advertising. The 1880s Christmas card may not have been an industry on the scale of lamb, but what it lacked in bulk it made up for in symbolism, providing a discrete window into the web of entangled emotional, commercial and design imperatives that attended the way immigrants imagined and constructed this important cultural celebration. 5 For European immigrants to New Zealand, now as well as then, the This newly reframed Christmas provides the context within move to the other side of the world has an unwelcome side-effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebrating Ettie Rout Sexual Health Pioneer
    2013 Celebrating Ettie Rout Sexual Health Pioneer Ettie Annie Rout 1877 – 1936 The NZVS badge, on her lapel, stands for New Zealand Volunteer Sisterhood Margaret Sparrow Tribute by Margaret Sparrow [Type the company name] 5/1/2013 June0 2013 ETTIE ROUT’S SIGNIFICANCE IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR Ettie was a woman well ahead of her time. Single handedly she promoted ‘safer sex’ with the Australian and New Zealand troops of the First World War before that term was ever used. She argued strongly that venereal diseases were a medical and not a moral problem. She campaigned for the issue of prophylactics for troops going on leave, early treatment of infections and safe brothels. After researching what would be the most effective means of prevention (which would not have been easy for a non-medical person) she included the following items in the prophylactic kit: calomel ointment (containing mercury) or vaseline to be applied before sex, Condy’s crystals (potassium permanganate) an antiseptic solution for bathing or irrigation after sex, and condoms. At that time condoms were either made of vulcanised rubber (thick) or animal membrane (thin). This was in the era before antibiotics and early treatment was the army’s strategy. Preferably as soon as feasible and certainly within 12-24 hours of having sex, men were instructed to go to a ‘blue light’ centre where they were treated with disinfectant forced up the urethra. Irrigation equipment for treatment of gonorrhoea in France (1914-1918) from JD Oriel, The Scars of Venus Pg200. Ettie’s kit was sometimes referred to as an ET outfit, the ET standing for ‘Early Treatment’.
    [Show full text]
  • Palmerston North Technical School (Former), PALMERSTON NORTH (List No.1266, Category 2)
    New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero – Review Report for a Historic Place Palmerston North Technical School (Former), PALMERSTON NORTH (List No.1266, Category 2) Palmerston North Technical School (Former), Karen Astwood, Heritage New Zealand, 14 Jan 2021 Karen Astwood 4 June 2021 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE OF REVIEW 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1. IDENTIFICATION 5 1.1. Name of Place 5 1.2. Location Information 5 1.3. Legal Description 6 1.4. Extent of List Entry 6 1.5. Eligibility 6 1.6. Existing Heritage Recognition 6 2. SUPPORTING INFORMATION 7 2.1. Historical Information 7 2.2. Physical Information 18 2.3. Chattels 25 2.4. Sources 25 3. SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT 27 3.1. Section 66 (1) Assessment 27 3.2. Section 66 (3) Assessment 28 4. APPENDICES 30 4.1. Appendix 1: Visual Identification Aids 30 4.2. Appendix 2: Visual Aids to Historical Information 36 4.3. Appendix 3: Visual Aids to Physical Information 38 4.4. Appendix 4: Significance Assessment Information 42 Disclaimer Please note that entry on the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero identifies only the heritage values of the property concerned, and should not be construed as advice on the state of the property, or as a comment of its soundness or safety, including in regard to earthquake risk, safety in the event of fire, or insanitary conditions. Archaeological sites are protected by the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, regardless of whether they are entered on the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero or not.
    [Show full text]