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NEWS FRAMING ANALYSIS ON CORRUPTION BY CHAIRMAN OF THE PARLIAMENT OF REPUBLIC SETYA NOVANTO (Study on Detik.com Period November-December 2015)

Oka Al Majid, Subhan Afifi, Sigit Tripambudi Departement of Communication Science Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta [email protected]

Abstract The reporting on the case of Presidential and Vice Presidential Nomination on the extension of PT Freeport Indonesia’s contract becomes headline in detik.com media. PT. Freeport Indonesia is the largest taxpayer to Indonesia and the largest gold producer in the world. Setya Novanto is the 16th Chairman of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia holds a one-year term from 2014-2015 and reappointed on 20 November 2016. This study aims to know the picture of the news frame. This research uses framing analysis method developed by Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki. Framing is an approach to know how the viewpoints used by journalists. There are four devices in the framing analysis model, ie, syntax (facts), scripts (themed facts), thematic (facts written), and rhetorical (emphasizing facts). The results of framing analysis shows that frames made detik.com more dominant corner Setya Novanto. The existence of an emphasis on a sentence or a particular word, the selection of resource persons, and supporting factors selected by journalists as an emphasis on the news he wrote resulted in unbalanced news and did not run the principle of news. Keywords: framing, ideology, online journalism

INTRODUCTION One of the problems of corruption Corruption is an untruthful act like or alleged corruption that occurred in embezzlement, receipt of bribes and so Indonesia today is a case of violation of forth (Poerwadinata in Hamzah, 2015: 5). the code of ethics on profiteering the name Corruption is one type of crime that is of President and Vice President by the difficult to reach by the rule of criminal chairman of the House of Representatives law, because the act of corruption Setya Novanto related to the extension of profusely plural that requires the ability to the contract PT. Freeport Indonesia. The think officers examiners and law case also involves the Minister of Energy enforcement accompanied by such a and Mineral Resources (EMR) Sudirman pattern of conduct neatly. Therefore, law Said who is also a case reporter to the change and development is one to MKD (Honorary Council), President anticipate such corruption (Surachmin, Director of PT.Freeport Indonesia Maroef 2011: 11). Sjamsoeddin, and an oil businessman

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Muhammad Riza Chalid, and Coordinating material about Freeport, this meeting also Minister for Political, Legal and Security attended by Riza. Affairs Luhut Binsar Panjaitan. Based on Maroef’s testimony, they The case received great attention also talked about the extension of the on the mass media to spread the event to a Freeport contract, but not so deeply. In the wide audience. In reporting an event, a third meeting on 8 June 2015 this re- media with other media has its own negotiated the extension of the Freeport perspective. The tendency for partisanship contract in accordance with the plan. and how the media construct the event to Novanto asked 11% of the shares to be the public can be seen clearly by framing given to the President and 9% to the Vice through the news presented to the public. President. Novanto also asked for a 49% PT. Freeport Indonesia is a mining stake from a hydro power plant (PLTA) majority owned by Freeport McMoran project in Urumuka. He also asked Copper and Gold Inc. (US). This company Freeport to become an investor as well as is the largest taxpayer to Indonesia and is off taker (Buyer) of electricity generated the largest gold producer in the world. It by the project. After the meeting, Maroef operates in the highlands of Mimika reported to his boss at Freeport and shared Regency, Province, Indonesia. the results of his meeting with Novanto. Market concentrates containing copper, However, Maroef received a strong gold and silver to all corners of the globe. reaction from his superiors, he rejected the Maroef was appointed as President Novanto’s request. Director of PT. Freeport Indonesia. Then Subsequently on 16 November Commissioner of PT. Freeport Indonesia, 2015 Maroef reported this to ESDM Marzuki Darusman asked him to meet the Minister Soedirman Said and then Speaker of the House, Setya Novanto. Soedirman Said reported it to MKD. Setya Novanto held three meetings with However, Sudirman still refuses to Maroef. At its first meeting on 27 April mention the name of Setya Novanto 2015 Maroef only talked about the openly. It only explains the name, time, the company profile alone without anyone in scene, and the subject of the extension of the meeting. Then Setya Novanto wanted PT Freeport Indonesia’s contract. On that to hold a meeting again on 13 May 2015 date the case began to smell by some media with maroef, this time they discuss and become headlines.

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In this study the authors chose the to reach more people than any other news portal Detik.com because it is one of institution (McQuail, 1987: 51). the online news sites that are very popular Many phenomena are really in Indonesia. According to Alexa.com important and should be known by the which is a website ranking website and public to be embargoed by power and vice placed Detik.com rated first as an online versa, many small unimportant facts are news portal (http://www.alexa. blow-up by the mass media, and are com/topsites/countries/ID, accessed 22 reproduced unfairly in the sense of going January 2016). beyond what the audience needs. In Regarding the credibility and framing or framing is to see how the media details of online journalism detik.com construct reality. Events are understood which does not have a print edition. Since not something taken of granted (Eriyanto, 1998 detik.com has the consistency to 2002: 7). So there is an imbalance between continue working in online journalism. important facts that occur in society with Although it does not have print edition facts. Because, in every news writing store detik.com try to answer the public’s ideological / background of a writer. But if credibility about credibility and not details we look deeper, the reality or events that online news portal. Tagline that carried by occur around us have been reconstructed detik.com is “why wait tomorrow, this and framed by the media. This is where moment also detik.com”. Obviously social reality is interpreted and constructed through the tagline the reader’s association with a certain meaning. on behalf of detik.com is fast. Therefore it is natural that, the The mass media has a strategic role, same event will be presented differently by as a channel that informs the public the media, not least the online media. As it simultaneously among the audiences who is understood that similar to the print are using the media. In essence, the mass media, online media has become a political media has a delivery function in spreading constellation both locally, nationally and various kinds of knowledge, organizing, internationally. Keep in mind also that the activities in a public environment that can online media does not stand alone, behind reach all members of society freely, it he is surrounded with various interests voluntarily, commonly and inexpensively. that color it. According to (Budiyono, 2014: The relationship between sender and 33), that online media also strengthens its receiver is balanced and equal and is able presence to provide opportunities for

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everyone to be able to express their The media plays a role in defining how interests freely. reality should be understood, how it is 1. Media as a Social Reality Construction explained in some way to the public. The Agent definition is not just the event, but also the In a constructionist view, the media social actors. Among the various functions is not just a free channel; it is also the of media in defining reality, the first subject that constructs reality, complete function of ideology is the media as a with views, biases, and sides. Media is mechanism of social integration. Media seen as a social construction agent that here serves to keep the values of the group defines reality. Media is an agent that run (Eriyanto, 2002: 122). actively interprets reality to be presented to audiences (Eriyanto, 2002: 23). METHOD Media work is basically a work The approach taken in this related to the formation of reality. All research is qualitative method. media workers are agents, how random Qualitative research is an interpretive events, complexes are arranged in such a research that involves many methods, in way as to form a story. How the role of examining the problem of research, the use media in shaping reality can be seen from of this method is often called triangulation, various levels. In the view of the intended for researchers to obtain a constructionist, journalists are also seen as comprehensive (holistic) understanding of actors / agents of construction. As social the phenomenon studied (Mulyana, 2007: actors, journalists define what happened, 5). and actively shape events in their The type of research to be used is understanding (Eriyanto, 2002: 28-29). framing analysis. Framing analysis is one 2. Mass Media and Ideology of the methods of text analysis that is in Shoemaker and Reese see ideology as the category of constructionist research. In one of the factors that can influence media framing research, the point of problem is content. Ideology is defined as a symbolic how the reality/ events in the construction mechanism that acts as a binding force in by the media. More specifically, how the society. The level of ideology emphasizes media frames events in a particular the interest of whom all the routines and construction, so that the point of attention media organizations work (Shoemaker is not whether the media preach negative and Reese, 1996: 223). or positive, but rather how the frames are

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developed by the media (Eriyanto, 2002: Framing devices used are as 7). follows:

Table 1. Framing Device Zhongdang and Gerarld M. Kosicki

Structure Framing Device Unit observed Syntactic: 1. The scheme news Headline, lead, The way reporters background information, composing the fact quotations source, statement, cover

Script : 2.The completeness 5W+1H The way reposters telss the of news story if fact

Thematic : 3. Detail Paragraphs, proposition, a The way reporters write the 4. Coherence sentence, the relationship between fact 5. Form of Sentence a sentence 6. Pronoun

Rhetorical: 7. Lexicon word, idiom, a picture or The way reporters 8. Graphic photo, charts emphasized the fact 9. Metaphor (Source : Eriyanto, 2012 : 295)

Syntax is the wording or phrase the event covered, the source quoted and in the sentence. In the news discourse, the expressed statement. The rhetorical syntax refers to the notion of the structure is a news discourse describing composition of the news section, ie the choice of style or word chosen by headlines, leads, background information, journalists to emphasize the meaning that sources, and coverings in a whole text of journalists want to highlight. the news entirely. Scripts are news reports concomitantly compiled as a story. DISCUSSION Based on the five news samples The general form of this script structure is used in this study, it can be seen how the 5W + 1H pattern, which is who, what, detik.com frames the news about when, where, why, and how. Thematic for profiteering the name of President and Pan and Kosicki (Eriyanto, 2012: 301), Vice President on the extension of shares the news resembles a hypothesis test, ie The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 112

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of PT Freeport Indonesia. This research news, as a sample of this study, there are used framing analysis method Zhongdang some news that do not meet the rules of Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki. This analysis journalism. Where one of the 5W + 1 H examines the news structure of syntax, elements is not contained in the news script, thematic and rhetorical. content. it can be seen in the news entitled Judging from the syntactic “Initiative, Investigate ‘Papa Request structure, the news is examined in terms Stock’ AGO: The Smell of It Corruption”. of titles, leads, background information, In this news the element of how is not quotations and statements, as well as the contained therein. Not complete the closing section of the news. In the news- element is remembered because one of news that researched, detik.com use a title the properties of online media is to give that tends to corner Setya Novanto as the priority to speed. Therefore, sometimes most guilty party. In addition, in some of online media forget the completeness of the news sampled research, the title is the 5W + 1H element. mostly taken from the direct quotes of The use of coherence is often resource persons who serve as a depiction found in the news sampled by this study. of news content. Coherence is a relationship between Through the title, detik.com words, propositions or sentences. intends to lead the reader’s thoughts on Coherence is useful for connecting two the subject matter that will be discussed sentences or propositions that have in the news agency. one example of news different facts, so that even unrelated that uses the quotation of the source facts can be related (Eriyanto, 2008: 263). person as the title, which is “Maroef: In this news encountered the use of There is 11% Share Share for Jokowi and explanatory coherence and causation. The 9% for JK”. In most news, detik.com use of rhetorical aspects is also contained tends to use only one source. based on in the news that has been studied. The that, detik.com concludes that the case is use of words, as well as graphic as if Setya Novanto is the only one who is elements through photographs used to most guilty in this matter. further support or reinforce the content of In the script structure, news is the news. This is indicated by the word researched based on the completeness of “Great Scandal!” On the news entitled the 5 W + 1 H elements (what, where, “Novanto Reported Fear President, when, why, who and how). Of the five Priyo: If This Is A Great Scandal”. The

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word is used to describe a serious the use of the coherence that serve to situation. combine sentence phrases, and the Where the case is a case that is rhetorical structure emphasizes the use of quite serious and make a person’s honor graphics. Coherence and graphics in down. Another example is in the synthesized structures and scripts. rhetorical structure is the existence of After looking at the results of the information Setya Novanto or other news analysis by the four framing devices, it can objects into the frame track record and be seen that the media has a certain point chronology of the case. The information of view in viewing the event. The point of is made in such a way presented in view will ultimately reflect the media’s graphical form. So as to strengthen the alignment in its generating news. information on the news text and increase In terms of media reality, knowledge and information to the reader. Detik.com has a distance between the However, in the frame of the track record reality that poured into a news. This is the or chronology of the case also brings the one person who shows guilty allegations to audience’s view of the audience towards Setya Novanto. Similarly, in the selection the corner Setya Novanto is completely of words and coherence used in the news, guilty. which reflects the attitude of journalists. The four structures used to analyze It is not in harmony with the the news in this study, have construction of reality that the media should interrelationships with one another. The do. Where media compilation the reality of linkage is in the form of a news that has the various events that occur to be a the completeness based on the observed meaningful story or discourse. Making structure. The syntactic structure that news in the media is basically the analyzes the titles, leads, background preparation of realities to the form a story information, resource quotes, and and discourse meaningful as expected. So coverings, is interconnected with the script the whole contents of the media is a reality structure that analyzes the completeness of that has been constructed in the form of the 5W + 1H elements. Where to analyze meaningful discourse (Hamad, 2004: 11). the 5W + 1H element, the syntactic Viewed from the side of online structure analysis results need to be known journalism, detik.com as one of the news first. The existence of thematic and portal in Indonesia has provided many rhetorical structures, where they contain information that the reader needs at any

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time. This is like in the characteristics of journalists. online media, where one of them is the In the five news samples of this study, speed of information delivery there are several titles covered by different (immediacy). journalists. At this level, journalists have Through five samples of news it their own way of dealing with the name of can be seen that news continues to provide the President and Vice President on the further news, archives, sources, or data that extension of PT Freeport Indonesia can be accessed anytime via hyperlinks. contract. Therefore, in the eight news As exemplified in the news text entitled reporters appear to have a tendency to “Maroef: There Is 11% Share Share for corner Setya Novanto who has not been Jokowi and 9% for JK”. In the news text proven really guilty. presented hyperlink. This shows detik.com 2. Media Routine Factor meets the characteristics of online The factor of the media routine is related to journalism in terms of hypertextuality. the mechanism and process of The journalist must have a very determining the news. this media routine high degree of care in doing his job given also deals with the mechanisms by which the widespread impact that the news it news is formed. When there is an makes. News produced by the media important event to be covered, how the relates to how the journalists are dictated form of delegation of its tasks, through the or controlled to preach events in a process and the hands of anyone writing particular perspective. Shoemaker and before getting to the print process, who the Reese in Syahputra explain the hierarchical author, who the editor and so on. factors affecting media content ie, Seconds. com as an online medium individual factors, media routine factors, does not go through the stages as the print organizational factors and extra media. media do. That’s because the online media 1. Individual factors prioritizes the speed in updating an The individual level sees how the information so as not to pass the series of influence of the personal aspects of media work as conventional media usually do. managers affects the news that will be For that, online media update an presented to audiences. As a person information continuously on a topic so that directly dealing with reality in the field, the news delivered to the public audience journalists certainly have their own remains accurate even though not through element that affects the work of the editorial mechanism in general.

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3. Media Organization Factor media indicates that the media is much In the organizational factors of themedia, enjoyed by readers audience whereas each organization must have a purpose Chairul Tanjung is known to be in the and the goal is influential on news Party faction as well as Setya content. Detik.com is part of Trans Corp. Novanto. led by Chairul Tanjung. Detik.com was Golkar achievement is currently officially acquired on August 3, 2011 in declining due to the many cases involving total 100%, with an acquisition value of Golkar Party Chairman Setya Novanto USD 60 million or approximately 521- who also served as Chairman of the 540 billion. It then changed Detik’s Golkar Party Faction for the period 2009- management. com is filled by parties 2014. Then he currently serves as from Trans Corp in the media sphere. Chairman of the Golkar Party Period (http://www.lensaindonesia. 2016- 2019. In this level Seconds. Com com/2011/08/04/detikcom-resmi-dibeli- sees the future concern of Golkar Party if chairul Tanjung-sold-rp-540- it will continue to be led by Setya Novanto billion.html). It is these management that who is heavily involved in cases and big make the policies and goals of the scandals that make his image not ideal in company. Policies and goals within the the public eye. The image is allegedly will organization that will influence the views impact on the image of Golkar party later of detik.com in viewing the event. in elections and national elections 2019. 4. Extra Media Factor At this level Detik.Com trying to This factor explains factors outside the display news that provides strong media that affect the news production evidence that Setya Novanto was process. these factors can come from involved in the case of profiteering the several things namely, state (state), name of President and Vice President on market (market), and the public. State in the Extension of Shares of PT. Freeport this case is in terms of existing or Indonesia. So bringing the view to the governing governments within a country public that it is necessary to reconsider can affect the content of the news. The the credibility of Setya Novanto to re- media market is seen from two aspects, position as Chairman of the House of first sales or media circulation, the second Representatives or General Chairman of coming from advertising. The large the Golkar Party Faction. number of people who advertise on the 5. Ideology Factor The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 116

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Ideology in this sense is defined script, thematic and rhetorical analysis, as a particular frame of mind or frame of which is more dominant in bringing the reference used by individuals to see evidence and also the impressive reality and how they deal with it. Media response of the experts that Setya can play a role in shaping and directing Novanto did a deviant act. public opinion to determine its attitudes In terms of media reality, toward every social reality that occurs. detik.com has a distance between the The image and credibility of the media reality that occurred in the field with the are built on the ideology adopted, as well construction of reality that poured into a as the media workers. Therefore, those news. It is shown through the use of titles, who joined in detik.com work by selection of speakers, word selection and embracing the ideology of the media to be coherence. The title looks too much to able to write news in accordance with the corner Setya Novanto in the case as if rules and ideology of the media. Setya Novanto was the most guilty Responsible tasks and functions of person. Similarly, with the selection of the press not only provide information to resource persons who are only one person others, but more deeply that is securing from each news. Where the source is the rights of citizens in the life of the largely derived from the party that often nation. Detik.com as a press agency menyudutkan Setya Novanto in this case should also carry out its function as a with comments or statements that can be national struggle tool by having idelaisme spelled out critically. because it not only sells news for profit only, but also fight for the nation as stated REFERENCE in Law No.11 of 1966 about Press. Alexa. (n.d.). Top Site in Indonesia. Retrieved from Alexa: https://www.alexa.com/topsites/co CONCLUSION untries/ID Frames formed by detik.com tend to bring the view to the public that it is Budiyono, dkk. (2014). “Demokrasi Ber necessary to reconsider the credibility of Media Online”. Yogyakarta : Tiara Wacana Lokus. Setya Novanto to re-position as Chairman of the House of Representatives or DPR. (n.d.). DPR. Retrieved from DPR: General Chairman of the Golkar Party http://www.dpr.go.id/ Faction. This is evident in the syntactic, The Indonesian Journal of Communication Studies| 117

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Eriyanto. (2001). Analisis Wacana McQuail, Denis. (2011). Teori Komunikasi “Pengantar Analisis Teks Media”. Massa “McQuail Mass Yogyakarta: PT.LKiS Printing Communication Theory”. : Cemerlang. Salemba Humanika.

Eriyanto. (2002). Analisis Framing PWI. (n.d.). Beranda. Retrieved from “Konstruksi, Ideologi, dan Politik PWI: http://pwi.or.id/index.php/uu- Media”. Yogyakarta:PT.LKiS kej Pelangi Aksara. Reese, Shoemaker. (1996). Mediating the Hamad, Ibnu. (2004). Konstruksi Realitas Message: Theories of Influences on Politik dalam Media Massa: Mass Media Content. USA: Sebuah Studi Critical Discourse Longman. Analysis Terhadap Berita- Berita Politik. Jakarta: Granit. Surachmin. (2011). Strategi Dan Teknik Korupsi : Mengetahui untuk Mencegah. Jakarta:Sinar Grafika

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