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La Cueva De Isturitz (St. Martin D'arberoue, Francia

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La Cueva De Isturitz (St. Martin D'arberoue, Francia LA CUEVA DE ISTURITZ (ST. MARTIN D’ARBEROUE, FRANCIA). PRIMERAS EVIDENCIAS DE OCUPACIONES PALEONTOLÓGICAS DURANTE EL PLEISTOCENO MEDIO. 77 KOBIE SERIE ANEJO, nº 18: 77-88 Bizkaiko Foru Aldundia-Diputación Foral de Bizkaia Bilbao - 2018 ISSN 0214-7971 Web http://www.bizkaia.eus/kobie LA CUEVA DE ISTURITZ (ST. MARTIN D’ARBEROUE, FRANCIA). PRIMERAS EVIDENCIAS DE OCUPACIONES PALEONTOLÓGICAS DURANTE EL PLEISTOCENO MEDIO. Isturitz cave (St. Martin d’Arberoue, France) first evidences of palaeontological occupations during Middle Pleistocene Aritza Villaluenga1 Palabras clave: Isturitzeko harpea, paleontologia, Goi Pleistozeno hasiera, Ursus spelaeus-deningeri Key words: Cueva de Isturitz, paleontologia, Pleistoceno Superior inicial, Ursus spelaeus-deningeri Hitz gakoak: Isturitz cave, paleontology Upper early Pleistocene, Ursus spelaeus-deningeri RESUMEN En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de los trabajos arqueológicos realizados en la cueva de Isturitz (St. Martin d’Arberoue, Baja Navarra) durante el último siglo, con especial referencia a los estudios paleontológicos y arqueozoológicos. En segundo término, presentamos el estudio bioestratigráfico de una mandíbula de úrsido, descubierta en 1998 por A. Turq y C. Normand en el divertículo derecho de la cavidad y recuperada y estudiada en 2018. Este análisis permite concluir que el ejemplar analizado (C3/S6) pertenecería a una forma transicional entre Ursus deningeri y Ursus spelaeus, lo que implica una primera constatación de depósitos arqueo-paleontológicos del Pleistoceno Medio en la colina de Gaztelu. LABURPENA Ikerlan honetan aurkezten dira azken mendean Isturitzeko harpean (Donamartiri, Behe Nafarroa) egindako lan arkeologiko eta paleon- tologikoen errebisioa. Bigarren atal batean aurkezten da Isturitzeko eskuin dibertikuloan berreskuraturiko hartz masail-hezur baten azterketa bioestratigrafikoa. Masail-hezur hau A. Turq eta C. Normand-ek aurkitu zuten 1998.ean eta 2018.ean berreskuratu eta ikertua izan da. Aztarna honen (C3/S6) hausnarketak ondorioztatu du Ursus deningeri eta Ursus spelaeus arteko hartz baten aurrean izango ginela. Honek esan nahiko luke lehen aldiz Gazteluko muinoan Pleistozeno Erdiko metaketa arkeo-paleontologikoak aurkituak izan direla. 1 Departamento de Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, Grupo de alto Rendimiento en Prehistoria (IT622-13), Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV-EHU), C/ Tomás y Valiente s/n, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz. [email protected]. SERIE ANEJO Nº18. BIZKAIKO FORU ALDUNDIA-DIPUTACIÓN FORAL DE BIZKAIA. AÑO 2018. BILBAO. ISSN 0214-7971 obie k 78 ARITZA VILLALUENGA ABSTRACT This paper presents a review of the archaeological works carried out in the cave of Isturitz (St. Martin d’Arberoue, Lower Navarre) during the last century, with special reference to paleontological and archeozoological studies. In the second place, we present the biostratigraphic study of a bear jaw, discovered in 1998 by A. Turq and C. Normand in the right diverticulum of the cavity and recovered and analyzed in 2018. This analysis allows us to conclude that the studied specimen (C3 / S6) would belong to a transitional form between Ursus deningeri and Ursus spelaeus, which implies a first verification of Middle Pleistocene archaeo-paleontological deposits in Gaztelu hill. SERIE ANEJO Nº18. BIZKAIKO FORU ALDUNDIA-DIPUTACIÓN FORAL DE BIZKAIA. obie AÑO 2018. BILBAO. ISSN 0214-7971 k LA CUEVA DE ISTURITZ (ST. MARTIN D’ARBEROUE, FRANCIA). PRIMERAS EVIDENCIAS DE OCUPACIONES PALEONTOLÓGICAS DURANTE EL PLEISTOCENO MEDIO. 79 1. INTRODUCCIÓN dió a la recuperación y estudio de una mandíbula de plantígrado. Los datos presentados en este trabajo inducen a pensar en ocupa- El estudio de los restos de úrsidos (Ursus deningeri, Ursus ciones paleontológicos desde el Pleistoceno Medio en la citada spelaeus y Ursus arctos) en yacimientos arqueo-paleontológicos ha cavidad, hecho no constatado hasta el presente (Bouchud 1951, sufrido importantes vaivenes. A finales del siglo XIX y primeras 1952; De Beaufort y Jullien 1973; Normand y Cattelain 2017; décadas del XX, siguiendo las corrientes intelectuales de la época, Normand et al. 2007, 2013; Petillon et al. 2017) los restos de oso fueron tomados por útiles. Posteriormente, hasta el último tercio del siglo XX la presencia de estos animales fue constatada, pero sus restos no fueron objeto de estudios específi- 2. LA CUEVA DE ISTURITZ cos. A partir de los años 80 del siglo XX, una nueva generación de especialistas formados en Tafonomía y Arqueozoología aportaron La cueva de Isturitz (St. Martin de Arberoue-Donamartiri) se nuevas ideas al estudio de los restos de fauna en contextos paleo- localiza en la colina de Gaztelu, siendo en términos geológicos el líticos. Los osos comenzaron a ser considerados cómo un grupo de resultado de un episodio erosivo producido por el río Erberua en un mamíferos capaz de aportar importantes datos sobre el paleoam- proceso erosivo complejo que al menos comenzó hace 4,66±1,2 biente y ocupación de los sistemas kársticos (García-García 2003) Ma (Vanara 2017) y que a día de hoy aún sigue activo, ya que el Siguiendo la corriente de pensamiento surgida a finales del río fluye a través de la cueva de Erberua (fig. 1). La cavidad se siglo XX y gracias a la combinación de métodos utilizados en divide en dos salas principales, sala San Martín situada en la mitad Paleontología y Arqueozoología, durante los últimos años ha sido sur de la colina y en la Gran Sala, espacio de 1500m2, con acceso posible analizar y comprender el rol de estos animales en el medio a través de la apertura norte (fig. 2). kárstico del Cantábrico Oriental (Pinto Llona et al. 2005). Hoy La cueva de Isturitz nunca fue objeto de un descubrimiento podemos afirmar que existen restos que certifican la presencia oficial, ya que la entrada norte permaneció abierta hasta que en el ininterrumpida en la región de alguna de las tres especies desde al siglo XIX los responsables de la explotación de fosfato, actividad menos el Pleistoceno Medio distribuidos en una cincuentena de que ocurría dentro de la cueva, decidieron tapiar esta entrada. cavidades (cuevas y simas). Gracias a la colaboración establecida Posteriormente, gracias a los primeros trabajos emprendidos por E. con diversos grupos espeleológicos su número sigue en constante Passemard (1913, 1922, 1944) pudo certificarse la existencia de aumento (Villaluenga 2009, 2015). una paleo-entrada en el versante Sur de la colina. Esta entrada Actualmente sabemos que en el Cantábrico Oriental existen sería parcialmente desobstruida durante la primera mitad del siglo conjuntos de distinta naturaleza. Los más abundantes son los XX, con objeto de facilitar el acceso a la cueva. paleontológicos, siendo en su mayoría trampas naturales (Altuna Centrándonos en las investigaciones arqueológicas acometidas 1973; Villaluenga 2011, 2015) gracias a las cuales es posible cono- en Isturitz, estas debutan durante la primera década del siglo XX y cer la fauna cuaternaria de la región (Altuna 1971, 1972, 1992; continuarán en forma de diversas intervenciones hasta nuestros Castaños 1986, 2005; Castaños 2014; Castaños et al. 2012, 2014; días. Como resultado de los dos últimos proyectos plurianuales Delpech 1983; Domingo et al. 2005; Gomez-Olivencia et al. 2015; desarrollados esta cavidad, la secuencia ocupacional del Paleolítico Mariezkurrena 1983; Mariezkurrena y Altuna 1983; Prat et al. Superior Inicial (Normand et al. 2007; Normand y Cattelain 2017) 2003; Rofes et al. 2014) o yacimientos arqueo-paleontológicos o las manifestaciones artísticas existentes (Garate-Maidagan et al. (Altuna 1972, 1976; Altuna y Mariezkurrena, 2000; Castaños 2016; Rivero-Vilá y Garate-Maidagan 2014) son internacionalmen- 1980, 1984; Villaluenga 2016; Villaluenga et al. 2012, 2014), te conocidas. lugares con largas y complejas historias tafonómicas. El estudio Sin embargo, esta realidad sólo incluye a los proyectos desarro- detallado de estos conjuntos ha permitido reconstruir parte de la llados durante el siglo XXI, las actuaciones arqueológicas realizadas etología de estos animales, así como profundizar en el estudio de durante el siglo XX no han tenido la difusión necesaria, permane- la línea evolutiva Ursus deningeri-spelaeus y acerca de la presencia ciendo inéditos muchos descubrimientos. Las intervenciones arqueo- del Ursus arctos en este territorio (Grandal d’Anglade y López- lógicas se han alternado en ambas salas de manera indistinta González, 2004; Torres 1984, 1988; Torres et al. 1991; 2005) durante el último siglo (fig. 2). Estas debutaron en 1912 de la mano Los plantígrados son excelentes indicadores a la hora de identi- de E. Passemard (1913, 1922, 1944) una vez que los trabajos de ficar distintas fases de ocupación de yacimientos, ya que su presencia extracción de fosfatos hubieron concluido. Este investigador dirigió ha sido acreditada en una extensa lista de yacimientos arqueológicos excavaciones en diversos espacios de la cavidad hasta 1923. Ha de del Pleistoceno Superior en el Cantábrico Oriental (Altuna 1973; mencionarse el descubridor del pilar grabado situado en la Gran Sala. Villaluenga 2009; 2015). Es más, se ha podido constatar una diná- Así mismo, algunas notas hacen pensar en sondeos realizados en la mica de ocupaciones alternantes entre: humanos-úrsidos-carnívoros Sala San Martin y en el exterior de la entrada Sur, en estos parece ser (Villaluenga 2013, 2016). De este modo la presencia de los úrsidos que fueron hallados una pequeña cantidad de bifaces y hendedores, en yacimientos
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