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Mapping the Interior Plains of Rupert's Land by the Hudson's Bay Company to 1870

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Mapping the Interior Plains of Rupert's Land by the Hudson's Bay Company to 1870 University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Summer 1984 Mapping the Interior Plains of Rupert's Land By The Hudson's Bay Company To 1870 Richard I. Ruggles Queen's University, Kingston, Canada Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Ruggles, Richard I., "Mapping the Interior Plains of Rupert's Land By The Hudson's Bay Company To 1870" (1984). Great Plains Quarterly. 1806. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1806 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MAPPINGTHE INTERIOR PLAINS OF RUPERT'S LAND BY THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY TO 1870 RICHARD I. RUGGLES By royal charter, Charles II in 1670 granted to established a trading system based on the an­ a small coterie of London entrepreneurs, united nual journeying of Indian customers to these in a joint stock company, exclusive trading export posts. The executive committee of privileges in a vast territory of then unknown Hudson's Bay Company urged employees to dimensions. The group was the "Company of accompany Indian groups inland from the Adventurers of England tradeing into Hudson's factories at the bay shore to winter among the Bay," the Hudson's Bay Company. The terri­ tribes and to encourage them at river break-up tory was Rupert's Land, named for Prince time to return to the factories with their furs Rupert, cousin of the monarch, who graciously and other trade items. Not only would this consented to act as the first governor of the policy allow the company winterers to recruit company. By charter, Rupert's Land included customers, but it would also develop a cadre of "all the Landes Countryes and Territoryes upon experienced travelers. For many years, no one the Coastes and Confynes of the Seas" lying accepted this challenge, except for Henry within Hudson Strait, that is, the area drained Kelsey-a young scamp to some, a young hero by waters flowing into Hudson and James bays to others-who undertook a lone journey onto and Hudson Strait. the Saskatchewan plains between 1690 and The new enterprise erected trading factories 1692. at the mouths of several of the large rivers, Kelsey, who eventually became a senior Rupert, Moose, Albany, and Nelson-Hayes, and trader in the company, operating mainly out of the York and Churchill factories, was certainly the company's first winterer and the first European to journey onto the northern plains Richard I. Ruggles is professor of geography at of North America. Regrettably, he did not draw Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. His His­ torical Atlas of Manitoba (1970), written with a map depicting his route or the extent of his John Warkentin, won a National Award of penetration of the plains. Therefore, there is no Merit. cartographic memorial to the commencement of the Hudson's Bay Company's long involve­ [GPQ4 (Summer 1984): 152-65.] ment with the Canadian western interior. After 152 MAPPING THE INTERIOR PLAINS OF RUPERT'S LAND 153 Kelsey's voyage, the vast region was not in­ international border but tapers toward the truded upon again by British traders for over Mackenzie basin. From the higher, more dis­ sixty years. For some thirty years, the company sected tracts to the southwest and west, the was deeply embroiled in defending the Hudson plains slope north to the Arctic, northeast to and James Bay littoral against incursion by the the Laurentian Shield, and east to the extensive French, whose forces occupied several of the flat lowlands of the large lakes of Manitoba. Al­ chief Hudson's Bay Company factories during though many of the earlier commentators were Anglo-French wars. The company's explorers overawed by the immensity and levelness of the struggled to extend their knowledge of the vistas that confronted them, the plains are more northwest shore of Hudson Bay, investigating commonly undulating to rolling in form, rising inlets for a possible opening to a Northwest into hills. The few hundreds of feet of relief Passage. Success in this venture could give the occasioned by river valley wall or hill front company great advantage in the extension of were sufficiently salient to attract the traveler's trade. Forays onto the plains by wintering com­ attention, especially because they were often pany employees were not resumed until 1754, more wooded than the level ground. when Anthony Henday reached nearly to the Early occupancy of the Rupert's Land plains foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Perennial was mainly in the crescent of boreal-mixed occupation of the Great Plains, with the erec­ forest and aspen grove parkland that frames the tion of trading houses and the posting of com­ grassland core of the plains. This more wooded, plements of officers and servants, was not transitional zone was the paramount habitat initiated until 1774. of the beaver and other main peltry of the fur Hudson's Bay Company mapping of the trade. Even though some earlier explorers and plains began in 1755, when Anthony Henday traders penetrated the open plains, more fre­ arrived back at York Fort with a party of Plains quent passage into the drier grasslands did not Indians. Henday had made a sketch of his river prevail until the nineteenth century. Cumber­ and overland track to within sight of the land, the company's first post on the forested Rockies, and he turned it over to his immediate plains, was erected in 1774, and the first estab­ superior. The company terminated its carto­ lishment in the park belt, Hudson House, fol­ graphic endeavors in 1870, when it surrendered lowed in 1780, but it was not until 1800 that its territorial rights to Rupert's Land to the the first grasslands fort, Chesterfield House, was British crown. built, far out at the junction of the South Sas­ katchewan with the Red Deer River. RUPERT'S LAND MAPS AS BUSINESS RECORDS The region concerned in this analysis is that of the Great Plains lying essentially within The Hudson's Bay Company used maps, Rupert's Land. More specifically, it is the charts, and plans for business purposes from the drainage basin of the Nelson River, comprising inception of its activities in 1670. Of the in the plains the Saskatchewan and the Red­ company's total archival holdings, which would Assiniboine river networks; Lakes Winnipeg, have amounted to about 4,800 items if all were Manitoba, and Winnipegosis and associated still available, the most significant for cartog­ lesser lakes; and a small part of the upper raphy are approximately 800 manuscript maps Churchill River basin, especially the Beaver and charts prepared from 1670 to 1870.1 Two­ River valley. A few maps, however, depicted thirds are still extant in the collection; a one­ territory beyond Rupert's Land: to the north third attrition has occurred.2 In addition, there into the Mackenzie watershed, and to the are some 557 segmental sketches of certain south into the Missouri. The vast domain is waterways in the journals of two of the com­ almost eight hundred miles wide along the pany cartographers, Peter Fidler and George 154 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, SUMMER 1984 Taylor, Jr. In all, 160 men have been identified did not establish and maintain in the field a as having been involved, among them about 50 surveying-drafting section. If they had, and if Indian and Inuit persons.3 they had appointed outstanding young men to The mapping of the plains represented only such posts, undoubtedly the company could a small segment of the total cartographic effort have kept Thompson in its employ. Instead, of the company, whose maps flowed into Hud­ the geographers had to subordinate their map­ son's Bay House in London from sea to sea, and making interests to the regular duties of clerks from northern California to the Arctic archi­ and traders. Thompson, probably one of the pelago. From 1755 to 1870 about ninety maps greatest practical geographers of all time, left were drafted that delineated some portion or the Hudson's Bay Company for the North West all of the interior plains-about 11 percent of Company in 1797 and stayed with the rival the manuscript total. Of these, one-quarter have group until he retired to Montreal in 1812. not survived in the archives of the company. The larger number of company personnel in­ During this period, several hundred segmental volved in cartography had not originally come sketches of western waterways were produced, . to North America to make measurements, to involving at least thirty-three persons, among engage in geographical investigations, or to whom were seven Plains Indians named as map; nevertheless, they became entailed in such primary informants and providers of original pursuits in the course of their various careers sketches. Few of the exploration maps con­ with the Hudson's Bay Company. cerned only the plains area. Most were of the The executive committee of the company forest and park belt, and extend across into the persistently requested that sketches, charts, Laurentian Shield. Only a small number were drafts, plans, and maps be sent by the factors focused on the grasslands and the plains alone. back to the main office in London for the use Visitors to Hudson's Bay House in London of company officials. They were examined during these years could not have viewed a there when the packets of official correspon­ busy map-drafting office nor discussed maps dence from the chief factors in America were with a chief company cartographer, for neither opened and the letters, journals, and reports of these existed.
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