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KCP Learning TUP Factsheet 6: Psychoanalysis

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KCP Learning TUP Factsheet 6: Psychoanalysis KCP learning TUP factsheet 6: psychoanalysis No discussion of personality theory can ignore the contribution of Sigmund Freud to our understanding of human psychology. His theory of personality, based on his clinical work with patients, has a number of fundamental concepts: 1. All doing, thinking and feeling has meaning and purpose. 2. There are three levels of consciousness: · conscious (small): this is the part of the mind that holds what you’re aware of. You can verbalise about your conscious experience and you can think about it in a logical fashion. · preconscious (small-medium): this is ordinary memory. So although things stored here aren’t in the conscious, they can be readily brought into conscious. · A newborn baby, according to Freud, is bubbling with energy (libido; psychic energy). However, this energy has no focus or direction. How, then, does the child develop the ability to control and direct his/her energy? 3. The unconscious is where three components work together to produce our complex behaviours. These components are: The ID (“It”) functions in the irrational and emotional part of the mind. At birth a baby’s mind is all Id - want want want. The Id is the primitive mind. It contains all the basic needs and feelings. It is the source for libido. And it has only one rule - the “pleasure principle”: “I want it and I want it all now”. · The EGO: (“I”) functions with the rational part of the mind. The Ego develops out of growing awareness that you can’t always get what you want. The Ego relates to the real world and operates via the “reality principle”. The Ego realises the need for compromise and negotiates between the Id and the Superego. The Ego’s job is to get the Id’s pleasures but to be reasonable and bear the long- term consequences in mind. The Ego denies both instant gratification and pious delaying of gratification. · The SUPEREGO (“Over-I”) the Superego is the last part of the mind to develop. It might be called the moral part of the mind. The Superego becomes an embodiment of parental and societal values. It stores and enforces rules. It constantly strives for perfection, even though this perfection ideal may be quite far from reality or possibility. Its power to enforce rules comes from its ability to create anxiety. The Superego has two subsystems: Ego Ideal and Conscience. The Ego Ideal provides rules for good behaviour, and standards of excellence towards which the Ego must strive. The Ego ideal is basically what the child’s parents approve of or value. The Conscience is the rules about what constitutes bad behaviour. The Conscience is basically all those things that the child feels mum or dad will disapprove of or punish. © 2017 Knight Chapman Psychological Ltd 1 KCP learning TUP A newborn baby, according to Freud, is bubbling with energy (libido; psychic energy). However, this energy has no focus or direction. How, then, does the child develop the ability to control and direct his/her energy? In order to understand development and neuroses, we should “follow the energy” and see where it goes. Freud believed that as development occurs the baby begins to focus on first one object then another. As the infant’s focus shifts the style and type of gratification being sought changes. Oral stage: Birth - 18 months (approx.) Physical focus: mouth, lips, tongue, sucking. Sucking is the primary source of pleasure for a newborn. Everything goes in the mouth. Psychological theme: dependency. A baby is very dependent and can do little for itself. If babies needs properly fulfilled can move onto the next stage. But if not fulfilled baby will be mistrustful or over-fulfilled baby will find it hard to cope with a world that doesn’t meet all of his/her demands. Adult character: highly dependent/highly independent. If baby becomes fixated at this stage Freud felt that he or she would grow to be an oral character. Mostly these people are extremely dependent and passive people who want everything done for them. Anal Stage: 18 months - 3.5 years (approx.) Physical focus: anus, defecation. Now the baby is supposed to control its bowels. Psychological theme: self-control/obedience. These things are not just related to toilet training but also the baby must learn to control urges and behaviours. What goes wrong here is either the parents being too controlling or not controlling enough. Adult character: anally retentive, rigid, overly organised, subservient to authority vs anally expulsive,little self- control, disorganised, defiant, hostile. Phallic Stage: 3.5 - 6 years (approx.) Physical focus: penis. Freud believed that boys and girls both focussed on the penis. Boys: why hasn’t she got one? Girls: why haven’t I got one? Children become particularly interested in playing with their genitals at this stage. Psychological theme: morality and sexuality identification and figuring out what it means to be a girl/boy. Children, according to Freud have sexual feelings for the opposite sexed parent at this stage (and deal with Oedipus / Electra complexes - basically erotic attachment to parent of opposite sex, but since these feelings are not socially acceptable, it may become hostility) and feel some hostility to same-sex parent. Boys experience castration anxiety and girls suffer penis envy. Adult character: promiscuous and amoral/ asexual and puritanical - doctrine of opposites. Latency Stage: 6 years to puberty —> (approx.) The latency stage is the period of relative calm. The sexual and aggressive drives are less active and there is little in the way of psychosexual conflict. Genital stage: post puberty Physical focus: genitals Psychological theme: maturity and creation and enhancement of life. So this is not just about creating new life (reproduction) but also about intellectual and artistic creativity. The task is to learn how to add something constructive to life and society. Adult character: The genital character is not fixed at an earlier stage. This is the person who has worked it all out. This person is psychologically well-adjusted and balanced. According to Freud to achieve this state you need to have a balance of both love and work. © 2017 Knight Chapman Psychological Ltd 2 KCP learning TUP Freud’s work was tremendously important to the development of interest in psychology. Many of his concepts have become part of our daily speech - anal retentiveness, defence mechanisms, displacement activities and so on. However, there are some negative aspects of this perspective: · concepts are poorly explained, e.g. “psychic energy” what is it? What units is it measured in? · lack of scientific evidence and proof · role of environment entirely overlooked · methodology - (based on neurotic wealthy European females · over-emphasis on sexual drive · pessimistic psychic determinism - is there no free will? · time-consuming and expensive therapy · low cure rate © 2017 Knight Chapman Psychological Ltd 3.
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