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Download (3MB) The purification of Cochlodinium. Sp and a comparative research on its mass cultivation Item Type monograph Authors Ghorbani Vagheie, Reza; Faghih, Gh.; Ghorbani, R.; Asadi, A.; paygozar, A.; Mohsenizadeh, F.; Dalirpour, Gh.; Haghshenase, A.; Fllahi, M.; Tavakoli, H.; Hafezieh, M. Publisher Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Download date 05/10/2021 07:52:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/39784 وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ، آﻣﻮزش ﺗو ﺮوﻳﺞﻛ ﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر – ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻴﮕﻮي ﻛﺸﻮر ﻋﻨﻮان : ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎزي ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اي روﺷﻬﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ اﻧﺒﻮه آن ﻣﺠﺮي : : رﺿﺎ ﻗﺮﺑﺎن واﻗﻌﻲ ﺷﻤﺎره ﺛﺒﺖ 41582 وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﭻ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻴﮕﻮي ﻛﺸﻮر ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺮوژه : ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎزي ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اي روﺷﻬﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ اﻧﺒﻮه آن ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺼﻮب : -89092 12- 80-2 ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻧﮕﺎر ﻧﺪه / ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن : رﺿﺎ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ واﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺮي ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ( اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎ و ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎي ﻣﻠﻲ و ﻣﺸﺘﺮك دارد ) : - - ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺮي / ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎن : رﺿﺎ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ واﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﻏﻼﻣﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ، رﺳﻮل ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ، ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ اﺳﺪي، اﻛﺒﺮ ﭘﺎي ﮔﺬار، ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻨﻲ زاده، ﻏﻼﻣﺤﺴﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﺮ ﭘﻮر، آرش ﺣﻖ ﺷﻨﺎس ، ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ ، ﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻮﻛﻠﻲ، ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻴﻪ ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺸﺎوران -: -: ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ : ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺮاﺟﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ اﺟﺮا : اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺷﺮوع : /1/7 89 89 ﻣﺪت اﺟﺮا : 1 ﺳﺎل و 3 ﻣﺎه ﻧﺎﺷﺮ : ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺷﻤﺎرﮔﺎن ( ﺗﻴﺘﺮاژ ) : 20 ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر : ﺳﺎل 1392 ﺣﻖ ﭼﺎپ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ اﺳﺖ . ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ، ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ، ﺟﺪاول ، ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﺳﺖ . « ﺳﻮاﺑﻖ ﻃﺮح ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮوژه و ﻣﺠﺮي » » ﭘﺮوژه : ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎزي ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اي روﺷﻬﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ اﻧﺒﻮه آن ﻛﺪ ﻣﺼﻮب : -89092 12- 80-2 80-2 ﺷﻤﺎره ﺛﺒﺖ ( ﻓﺮوﺳﺖ ) : 41582 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ : /16/7 92 92 ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي : رﺿﺎ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ واﻗﻌﻲ داراي ﻣﺪرك ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ دﻛﺘﺮي در رﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻴﻼت ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﭘﺮوژه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داوران ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺑﺨﺶ اﺻﻼح ﻧـﮋاد و ﺗﻜﺜﻴـﺮ و ﭘـﺮورش آﺑﺰﻳـﺎن در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ /3/3 91 ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺮه /1 17 و رﺗﺒﻪ ﺧﻮب ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . در زﻣﺎن اﺟﺮاي ﭘﺮوژه، ﻣﺠﺮي در : : ﺳﺘﺎد ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه █ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﺑﺎ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژي ﺑﺨﺶ آﺑﺰي ﭘﺮوري در ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﻣﻴﮕ ﻮي ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ . ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺧﺪا ﻋﻨﻮان « ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺪرﺟﺎت » ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 1 1 -1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 3 -2 ﻣﻮاد و روﺷﻬﺎ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 9 -2-1 آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 9 9 .. -2-2 آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي وﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ................................ ................................ ............................ 9 9 -2-3 آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي آب ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 9 9 -2-4 ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ................................ ................................ .................. 10 10 -2-5 ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 11 11 -2-6 روش ﻛﺸﺖ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮ دﻳﻨﻴﻮم ................................ ................................ ................................ 13 13 . -2-7 روش ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ................................ ................................ .................. 17 17 -2-8 اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻮ - ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آب ................................ ................................ ... 19 19 ... -2-9 روش آﻣﺎري ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 19 19 -3 ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 20 -4 ﺑﺤﺚ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 29 -5 ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮﺑﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 37 ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 38 ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 40 ﭼﻜﻴﺪ ه اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 42 42 ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎزي ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اي .../ 1 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻛ ﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ( Cochlodinim polykrikoides ) ﻳﻚ دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژل ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮد در آﺑﻬﺎي ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه و از ﺳﺎل 1387 در آﺑﻬﺎي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﭘﺲ از ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎزي ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻮ ر، ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ modyfied ) f/2) ، ﮔﻴﻼرد ( ESM ، Conway ، TMRL ، ( f/2-Si و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺳﺎزي آب ﺷﻮر ﺑﺎ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . ﻛﺸﺖ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ، ارﻟﻦ ﻫﺎي -1000 200 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي و آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي 16 ﻟﻴﺘﺮي ( ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ 10 ﻟﻴﺘﺮ آﺑﮕﻴﺮي ) 3ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔﻴﻼرد modyfied ) f/2 ) اﻣﻜﺎن ﻛﺸﺖ اﻧﺒﻮه اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ را در ﺣﺪ آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ . ﻛﺸﺖ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ TMRL در آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ را ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻳﻚ آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم از 3 آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺗﺎ 910000 ﺳﻠﻮل در ﻟﻴﺘﺮ رﺳﻴﺪ . اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔﻴﻼرد modyfied ) f/2 ) در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ارﻟﻦ ﻫﺎي 100 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي ﺗﺎ 1000 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺷﺪه در ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎ ( 3ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﻫﺮ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر ) درﻟﻮ ﻟﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ / 000/ 283 3/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 15 روز) ، در ارﻟﻦ 200 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي / 000/ 393 6/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( درﻣﺪت 22 روز) ، در ارﻟﻦ 500 ﺳﻲ ﺳﻲ / 000/ 833 2/ 2/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 40 روز ) و در آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم / 000/ 600 3/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 46 روز ) اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ TMRL در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ارﻟﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم، وﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺣﺠﻢ ارﻟﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ و ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔﻴﻼرد modyfied ) f/2 ) ﺑﻮد . ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم در ﻫﺮ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ از ﺗﻴﻤﺎرﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ TMRL در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ /000/ 683 2/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 12 روز) ، در ارﻟﻦ 100 ﺳﻲ ﺳﻲ / 000/ 207 3/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 36 روز) ، در ارﻟﻦ 250 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي / 000/ 040 3/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 18 روز) ، در ارﻟﻦ 1000 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي / 000/ 325 2/ ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 34 روز ) در آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم / 000/ 550 ﺳﻠﻮل ( در ﻣﺪت 28 روز ) ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ . ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻮ ﻓﻖ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ Conway ، ﮔﻴﻼرد ( f/2-Si ) و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ آب ﺑﺎ ﺷﻮري 32 ﻗﺴﻤﺖ در ﻫﺰار و رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ، ﺣﺘﻲ در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ، ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . در زﻣﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از /2 ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ESM ، ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻧﺪازه ارﻟﻦ، اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴ ﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ، از اﺛﺮات ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار و ﻓﻘﻂ در ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ و ارﻟﻦ ﻫﺎي 100 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮي ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻮد . در واﻗﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ و ﻛﺸﺖ اﻧﺒﻮه ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ وﻳﮋه اي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔﻴ ﻼرد modyfied ) f/2 ) ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ 6/5 ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻠﻮل در ﻟﻴﺘﺮ در ﻳﻚ آﻛﻮارﻳﻮم ( ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد در 3 ﺗﻜﺮار از اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر / 000/ 600 3/ ﺳﻠﻮل در ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ) ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ f/2 ( modified ) ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮارد ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ارﺟﺤﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔﻴﻼرد modyfied ) f/2 ) ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ TMRL و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮد . ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم، ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ، ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ . ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎزي ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اي .../ 3 -1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻀﺮ رخ داده در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎن، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎ ي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( Cochlodinium polykrikoides . (Secher, 2009 ﻳﻚ دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژل ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ در آﺑﻬﺎي ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺟﻬﺎن ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Mulholland et al., 2009 ). ﺟﻨﺲ Cochlodinium از ﺷﺎﺧﻪ دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻻﺗﻬﺎ1 رده دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻴﺴ ﻪ ﻫﺎ2 ، راﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻴﻤﻨﻮدﻳﻨﻴĤﻟﺲ3 ، ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺟﻴﻤﻨﻮدﻳﻨﻲ آﺳﻪ4 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Algaebase, 2011 ). دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ در آب ﺷﻨﺎورﻧﺪ و از اﻳﻨﺮو ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ( Algaebase, 2011 ). ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﻴﻞ دارﻧﺪ و ﻟﺬا ﻓﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آﻧﻬﺎ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن و ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ زﺋﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺴﻮﺗﺮوﻓﻴﻚ5 ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﻴﻞ دارﻧﺪ و ﻫﻢ از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ( Mitra et al., 2006 ). دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺎذب ﺑﻮده و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ دارا ي ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي وﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . از ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮده و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻘﺎم دوم را در درﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ ( Mitra et al., 2006 ). اﻧﺪازه اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات از 001 0/ 2ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻮده، وﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ داراي اﻧﺪازه ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ از 2 ﻣﻴ ﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (Mitra et al., 2006 ). اﻧﺪازه ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎي C. polykrikoides از 40- 30 30 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎ -30 20 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮض ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﺳﺖ ( http://botany.si.edu ). ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم ﻣﻴﻜﺴﻮﺗﺮوﻓﻴﻚ اﺳﺖ . ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﭘﺎرازﻳﺖ ﺑﻮد ه و ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . آﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎوي ﭘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺎد ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد رﻧﮓ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ . ﻛﻮﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻨﻴﻮم در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎﻳﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ رخ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺮگ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎن در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺗﻤﺎم اﻛﺴﻴﮋن آب ﮔﺸﺘﻪ و ﻟﺬا ﻣﻀﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . از ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ دﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻬﺎ ﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ را از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻋﻀﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد اﻳﻦ Gymnodiniaceae -٤ Dinoflagellata ١- ١- Cochlodinium ٥- Dinophyceae ٢- ٢- Armored -٦ Gymnodinales ٣- ٣- /4 ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ داراي ﺻﻔﺤﺎت6 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ ﺑﻮده و ﺣﺎوي ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﻴﻞ ﻫﺎي c ، a و ﻓﻴﻜﻮﮔﺰاﻧﺘﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ رﻧﮕﺪاﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ رﻧﮓ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ
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