Gender Gap in Science Project: Final Report
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How to Measure It, How to Reduce It? A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences This book reports on a three-year project (7–9) funded by the Interna- tional Science Council and involving eleven scientiic partner organizations. The main goal of the project was to investigate the gender gap in STEM disciplines from diferent angles, globally and across disciplines. We have performed (i) a global survey of scientists with more than , responses; (ii) an investigation of the efect of gender in millions of scientiic publications; and (iii) the compilation of best-practice initiatives that address the gender gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences at various levels. We conclude that the gender gap is very real in science and mathematics. We present methodologies, insights, and tools that have been developed through- out the project, as well as a set of recommendations for diferent audi- ences: instructors and parents; educational institutions; scientiic unions and other organizations responsible for science policy. ISBN 978-3-00-065533-3 9 783000 655333 A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences How to Measure It, How to Reduce It? Edited by Colette Guillopé and Marie-Françoise Roy Gender Gap in Science project Final report This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License. The project A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathe- matical, Computing, and Natural Sciences: How to Measure It, How to Reduce It? was made possible by funding from the International Science Council. This is the inal version of the report. https://gender-gap-in-science.org/ . Cartoons and cover illustration: Léa Castor Book design and layout: Christian Steinfeldt ISBN 978-3-00-065533-3 1 Contents Preface 5 A global approach to the gender gap in mathematical, computing, and natural sciences: results and recommendations 9 Marie-Françoise Roy, Colette Guillopé, Mark Cesa Gender Gap and Project Goals ......................... 12 Methodologies ................................. 15 Main Results ................................. 19 Tools produced ................................ 27 Project meetings ................................ 28 Recommendations ............................... 29 For instructors and parents ....................... 31 For local organizations .......................... 31 For scientiic unions ........................... 32 Future of the project .............................. 34 Acknowledegments .............................. 35 References ................................... 35 Measuring and analyzing the gender gap in science through the global survey of scientists 37 Rachel Ivie, Susan White 1 Methodology .............................. 39 1.1 Survey Design ......................... 40 1.2 Questionnaire Translation ................... 41 1.3 Sampling ............................ 42 1.4 Data Processing ......................... 42 1.5 Analysis Methods ........................ 43 1 2 The Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences 2 Tools Produced ............................. 45 3 Results ................................. 45 3.1 Multivariate Analysis: Sexual Harassment . 48 3.2 Multivariate Analysis: Gender Diferences in Educational Expe- riences ............................. 52 3.3 Multivariate Analysis: Gender Diferences in Employment Ex- periences ............................ 62 3.4 Multivariate Analysis: Gender Diferences in Access to Resources and Opportunities ....................... 67 3.5 Multivariate Analysis: Gender Diferences in Discrimination and Career Choices and Progress as a Parent . 71 3.6 Multivariate Analyses: Potential Areas to Examine . 75 4 Discussion ................................ 78 5 Acknowledgements ........................... 80 References ................................... 80 Measuring and analyzing the gender gap in science through the joint data-backed study on publication patterns 83 Helena Mihaljević, Lucía Santamaría 1 Outline ................................. 86 2 Data and methods ............................ 86 2.1 Data sources .......................... 86 2.2 Authors and authorships .................... 89 2.3 Author proiles ......................... 91 2.4 Academic cohorts ........................ 92 2.5 Gender inference ........................ 92 2.6 Extraction of geo-information . 94 3 Website with interactive visualizations . 95 4 Mathematics .............................. 96 4.1 Methodology .......................... 97 4.2 Results ............................. 99 2 Contents How to measure it, how to reduce it? 3 5 Astronomy and astrophysics . 113 5.1 Methodology . 113 5.2 Results ............................. 115 6 Theoretical physics . 122 6.1 Methodology . 122 6.2 Results ............................. 124 7 Publication in top journals and gendered trends . 132 7.1 Assessing quality: journal rankings . 132 7.2 Self-reported publication practices: perceptions on submission to top journals . 133 7.3 Analysis of distributions in renowned journals . 137 7.4 Discussion . 144 8 Conclusions ............................... 146 9 Acknowledgements . 151 References ................................... 151 Some initiatives for reducing the gender gap in science: a database of good practices 155 Regina Kelly, Merrilyn Goos 1 Methodology .............................. 158 2 Results ................................. 162 2.1 Regions and Countries . 163 2.2 Disciplines . 163 2.3 Dimensions of “Good Practice” . 163 2.4 Distribution of “Good Practice” Dimensions . 173 2.5 Evidence of Efectiveness . 173 References ................................... 174 Impact of the Gender Gap in Science project in Africa, Asia and Latin America 177 Silvina Ponce Dawson, Igle Gledhill, Mei-Hung Chiu 1 Africa .................................. 180 2 Asia ................................... 183 C. Guillopé and M.-F. Roy (editors) 3 4 The Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences 3 Latin America .............................. 188 4 Conclusions ............................... 193 References ................................... 193 Report of the inal conference of the Gender Gap in Science project 195 Colette Guillopé, Marie-Françoise Roy 1 Participation ............................... 197 2 Program ................................. 198 3 Welcome and distribution of preliminary report . 198 4 Presentation of the results of the project . 200 5 Colloquium, ilm, invited lectures and roundtable . 200 5.1 Colloquium talk . 200 5.2 Film: Hidden Figures . 202 5.3 Invited lectures . 203 5.4 Roundtable at SISSA . 205 6 Contributions of the participants . 209 6.1 Discussions of participants in parallel sessions . 209 6.2 Computer Session . 212 6.3 Wikipedia pages for women in science . 212 6.4 Exploring the Data base of Good Practices . 213 6.5 Poster session . 214 7 World Cafe discussions . 214 8 Discussions on the future of the Gender Gap in Science Project . 221 8.1 ISC plans ............................ 221 8.2 The situation . 221 8.3 The future . 223 8.4 How to keep the Gender Gap in Science Project alive? . 224 9 Links .................................. 224 References ................................... 225 List of Figures 229 List of Tables 239 4 Contents 5 Preface The gender, diversity and inclusion dimension of science and technology has become a highly visible and debated theme worldwide, impacting society at every level. A variety of international initiatives have been undertaken, and a vast number of international organizations have made clear statements about their anti-discrimination policies, including the International Science Council (ISC), whose regulations are followed by all its member unions. “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” is also one of the seventeen United Nations Sustainable Development Goals1, which clearly calls for action related to the gender gap in science and technology. While the number of women undertaking higher education studies in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) ields steadily increases, women continue to lag behind when they start their professional careers. The persistence of the disparity between women holding PhDs in science and women at the junior faculty level shows that the problem won’t solve itself. Targeted actions are still very much needed to address the under representation of women in STEM beyond the student years. Most of the interest and action has so far come from discipline-based societies or highly committed political entities. Therefore, we are very proud to present this report that focuses on the results of our three-years’ project A Global Approach to the Gender Gap in Mathematical and Natural Sciences: How to Measure It, How to Reduce It? For the irst time, seven scientiic unions in STEM domains and four international organizations joined forces to tackle some speciic aspects of the gender gap. In terms of interdisciplinarity, this has been a unique initiative and collaborative efort. The project was co-led by the International Mathematical Union (IMU) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), with the inancial support guaranteed by ISC and the project partners over the triennium 2017–2019. 1United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/. 1 6 The Gender Gap in Mathematical, Computing, and Natural Sciences The project was aimed to better understand the issues facing mathematical, computing, and natural science