Chapter 8 CONCLUSION

Chapter 8

CONCLUSION

8.1 General

Water transport is one of the oldest modes that people used to accomplish their transport needs dating back to the earliest periods of civilization in the Asian region. However, with the rapid progress in land transport technologies the importance of waterways as arteries of settlements has gradually diminished and roads have taken over the function of water bodies as the primary means of serving transport needs. But with the ever-increasing road congestion most of the countries are studying the feasibility of using these natural water streets, which are natural transport infrastructure as an alternate mode to mitigate the common road problem.

Thus under the research described in this thesis the inland waterways in the Colombo Metropolitan Region were studied to find the feasibility of using them as a public transport mode. The study area CMR was defined into three distinct study areas with north and south boundaries defined as follows;

65 Northen CMR - From Maha Oya at Kochikade to Kelani river in

Colombo.

Central CMR - From Kelani river in Colombo to Werasa ganga at

Borupana

Southern CMR - From Werasa Ganga to Kalu Ganaga in Kalutara

The literature review done on other countries revealed that most countries in the Asian region had a history of inland water transportation which had deteriorate with time, but many are seeking the potential of reverting back to the water to ease out the congestion on roads.

The historical back grounds of the existing waterways in Sri Lanka under each region in CMR defined above were studied to identify the past use of the resource as a transport system, which confirmed an extensive use of the waterways in the past particularly for freight transport which had deteriorated and abounded after the introduction of the railway initially and then by the services of lorries and containers with the improvement to road transport. The Chapter 2 carries a comprehensive description of the past use of each waterway in the CMR, which dates back to the 15th century to the times of King

Vira Parakrama Bahu VIII of Kotte.

The present condition of the waterways in each of the 3 regions of the

CMR was studied and a complete database on its physical conditions was obtained to identify the potential water bodies for transport activities. Further, the canal transport has distinct disadvantages; unlike in cars and buses as the boats don't come to the doorstep of the commuter and it doesn't serve each and every part of a transport network. Thus, it poses some characteristics of rail transport in Sri

Lanka. Hence, transfer and access facilities for the commuter have an

66 important role to play in this kind of transport service, which is also

lacking in rail transport.

The passenger benefits should be greater than the disadvantages for

the sustainability of the canal transport, where accessibility and the

interchange facility for passengers at the terminals play a key role.

These were considered when assessing the technical feasibility of the waterways in The CMR.

8.2 Technical Feasibility

Five independent waterway systems listed below were identified within

CMR having continuous navigability between key transport interchanges.

1. Kelani River system from Peliyagoda up to Hanwella in Northern

CMR.

2. Hamilton Canal System from Colombo to Negambo town via

Kelani River from Peliyagoda, Hamilton Canal, Negambo Lagoon

in the Northern CMR.

3. Colombo Beira Lake system in Central CMR.

4. Wellawatte - Kirillapone Canal system in Central CMR.

5. Bolgoda Lake system in Southern CMR.

From the above five systems only two systems in the Central CMR;

Wellawatte - Kirillapone Canal system and Colombo Beira Lake were identified as being technically feasible fulfilling the criterion defined under the methodology out of which the former system was identified as the best route in CMR that poses the characteristics for a sustainable public transport system. The saving on travel distances and travel times when using the canal as an alternate mode to the

67 road transport were initially used as indicators to ascertain the its

technically feasibility which showed a considerable saving on both

systems.

The Kelani River system was found to be technically non feasible on environmental impacts as any motorised navigation would affect the water quality near the main water intake for the Greater Colombo area at Ambatale while a proposed salinity barrier across the Kelani River to mitigate the salinity intrusion to the river water will further hamper the navigation along the river.

The Hamilton Canal system was found non feasible as its sustainability as a transport systems was found deficient. The location of the canal only attracted passengers from the two end points where the low population in between these end points not generating much passenger movements to the canal service. Further the lack of access to the canal from the populated areas reduced its merit as a sustainable transport system. In addition it was found that any passengers attracted to the canal would reduce considerably when the proposed Colombo - Katunayake Expressway is completed as it directly have an impact on the canal as an alternate mode due to the huge travel time saving when using the CKE.

The Bolgoda Lake system though have a potential for recreational activities it was found to be technically non feasible as a transport system as the passenger movement along the corridor being low due to its course along less populated areas.

8.3 Financial Feasibility

For a complete financial feasibility to be obtained the passenger demand for the waterway system and the boat operating cost should be known. But in absence of either data or demand estimation models

68 for waterways and data on boat operating costs, the above estimation

cannot be achieved. However, some assessment of financial feasibility

based on estimation of modal share and a feasible VOC for boat was obtained on Wellawatte - Kirillapone Canal that was found as the best

route for a sustainable public transport system under the technical

feasibility.

The modal share between boat and bus was obtained using the binary

logit model using the generalized cost function derived under the methodology in Chapter 3. Sets of matrices were found for modal

share between 6 origin destination pairs on Wellawatte - Kirillapone

Canal under varying speeds, headway and fare structure, which are tabulated in Appendix 2.

These matrices give an indication how the modal share reduces considerably when there is a direct access by bus compared to the routes where transfers between buses have to be made to accomplish the trip. Further these matrices were used to find the feasible VOC for boat under which the actual value the boat operating cost should be for a financial feasible boat service on that particular route for a constant boat speed and headway where a range for the fare on boat service can also be found when the service is financially feasible which have a wider range when the difference between the actual and feasible VOC increases.

However, the modal shift from cars to boat has not been covered in this thesis since the logit model used for analysing for public transport was unstable for private transport and future research has to made in respect of this taking into account the impacts from park & ride concepts and also additional transfer facilities to and from canal to have a higher level of service for the car passengers

' :''\

7 69 8.4 External Factor Considered for Feasibility

In addition to the technical and financial feasibility addressed the other factors such as environmental impacts, social impacts and

impact on land use were discussed briefly.

It was found that though there would be some concerns on environmental impacts as in the case of any transport project, the project itself have an positive impact on improving the water quality of

the existing waterways.

Further, it was addressed that utilization of the canal for a transport activity would discourage people of using the canal as the dumping ground for garbage solving the common social menace, encourage entrepreneurs to start commercial activities and also increase the land value along the canal banks which will have direct benefit for the poorer living along them.

With the above observations, the author wishes to conclude this discussion reiterating that the scopes of the study of technical and financial feasibility of waterways in CMR were addressed with the available data where a complete assessment on the technical feasibility was obtained. However, a procedure was shown to find the financial feasibility once the demand estimation models for public transport and boat-operating costs are obtained. Further the other external factors for consideration of feasibility were outlined. Thus above outlined areas and unknown parameters for financial feasibility can be considered as scope for future research.

70 Bandaranayake T.C., "Viability Of Utilizing Canal System For Socio Economic Activities in th City of Colombo", Unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2000.

Beira Lake Buisness Plan Study, Final report, Urban Development Authority, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1996.

Boile P. et al, "Modelling Inter modal Auto-Rail Commuter Networks",

Presentation made for the 74th annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 1994, http://www.transportation.niit.edu/nctip/final report/a- methodological framework.htm

De Silva L.B.M., "Utilizing Urban Water Body to Enhance the City Image", Unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2003.

De Silva S.H.C, "The Hamilton Canal - How it Came to Be", 2002, http: / / www.rootsweb.com/~lkawgw/hamilton.html ,

European Commission, "Inland Water Transport - a Transport solution that Works", 2002, http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy transport/index en.html

Hearth S., "Utilizing Canal banks as Urban Water Fronts to Enhance the Built Environment in Colombo", Unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 1996.

Hemphill R.W, Bramley M. E., "Protection of River and Canal Banks", 1st Edition, Butterworths, London, UK, 1990.

Hettiarachchi, "Dutch Waterways", 2002, http: / / www, members, tripod/-he ttiarachhi/ waterway, html

Kumarage K.A.S., "Intercity Travel Demand Modelling for Developing Countries, PhD Thesis at University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1990.

71 11. Kumarage K.A.S., "Assessing Public Investment in Transport Sector", Department of National Planning, ministry of Finance and Planning, Colombo , Sri Lanka, 2001, 63-67.

12. McCabe F, "Modelling Transport, Theory and Practice", Dublin Transportation Office, (1998), http://www,icetact.tcd.ie/icetact/news/transport/mccabe.html

13. Mohamed R., "On the Banks Of Beira", 2002, http://origin.thesundavleader.lk/200020519/review.htm

14. Newman P, Kenworthy J.R., "Cities and automobile Dependence: A Source book", Gower Technical, Sydney, Australia, 1990.

15. Nishantha M.D.L.C, "Bolgoda Lake", 2001, http: / /www.environmentlanka.com/environmentisues.htm,

16. Palmer C, "Inland Water Transport", International Forum for Rural Transport and Development, New Premier House, London, UK, September 1998, 5-12.

17. Perera R., 'Problems and Prospects of Utilizing Canal Banks to enhance the built environment in Colombo", Built Environment Sri Lanka, volume 03, Issue 2, 2003.

18. Report of the Regional Policy Level Meeting on Sustainable Development of Inland Water Transport, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Nanjing, Caina, 1998.

19. TML, "Waterborne Passenger Transport", transport & Mobility Leuven, Belgium, 2002, http: / /www.tmleuven.be

20. UDA, Colombo Metropolitan Regional Structural Plan (CMRSP), Final Draft, Volume 11, Urban Development Authority, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1996.

21. Widanapathirange S J, Kumarage K A S, "Bus and Rail Demand Models For

the Colombo Metropolitan Region", Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium, Engineering Research Unit, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2003.

22. Wijerathne I.K., "Land Use/Transporttion model for Colombo Metropolitan Region", Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2001.

72 23. Wijesundara R., "Development and Testing of a set of Mathematical Models for Travel Demand Estimation", Unpublished M.Eng. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2001.

24. WS/Atkins International Ltd/University of Moratuwa, A master plan for the Development of Transport in the Colombo Metropolitan Region, Colombo UrbanTransport Study, Stage 2, Working Paper 25, 1999. APPENDIX 1 Photographs of Waterways in CMR Fig. A 1.3 Parked fishing boats along Fig A 1.4 Highway Bridge across Hamilton Hamilton Canal Canal

Fig A 1.5 Dutch Canal at Negambo end. Fig A 1.6 Silted Dutch Canal at Maha Oya

Fig. A 1.7 Typical section of Old Negambo Fig. A 1.8 Sand fill for CKE on Old Canal Negambo Canal at Nedurupitiya

V Original in Colour II Fig. ALIO Galle Face Beira Lake passage Fia. AL9 Arial mew of South West Beira to East lake

Fig. ALU Narrow passage of West Beira Fig A1.12 Lake House lock and the East Lake Beira Lake

Fig AL13 South most end of East Beira Fig A1.14 Sethsiripaya at Battaramulla Lake end of kirillapone canal i

Fig. AL15St. Peters College on the bank of Fig. A 1.16 Wellawatte - Kirillapone Canal Wellawatte Canal

Original in Colour III Fig. A 1.17 Fishermen around Bolgoda Lake Fig. A 1.18 'Ja-Kotuwa' in Bolgoda Lake and Panadura Ganaa

Fig A 1.21 Keppu Ela commences from FigAl. 22 Keppu Ela meets Kalu Ganga Bolaoda Ixike

Fig.A1.23 Typical section of Keppu Ela Fig.A1.24 Silted Aluth Ela

Original in Colour IV APPENDIX 2 Matrices of Modal Split between Bus and Boat

v Wellawatte - Kirillapone Canal

Battaramulla - Wellawatte Battaramulla - Pamankada

Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h

Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts)

Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) on Canal (%) No. of Boats No. of Boats ' (10) ' (5) ' (4) ' (3) ' (10) ' (5) ' (4) r (3)

1.0 26.8 17.5 77.0 6.7 1.0 34 6 23.5 75.7 9.4

1.2 78.3 11.5 7.0 4.2 1.2 25.0 76.2 10.1 6.1 Far e Far e 1.4 72.0 7.3 4.4 2.6 1.4 17.4 70.9 6.6 3.9 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 3.0 1.8 1.0 0.6 2.0 5.0 3.0 1.7 1.0

Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h

Frequency (Mts) Frequency(Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) No. of Boats on Canal (%) No. of Boats ' (8) ' (4) ' (3) ' (2) r (8) ' (4) ' (3) ' (2)

1.0 35.5 24.2 75.6 9.7 1.0 43.0 30.4 20.2 72.8

1.2 25.5 16.3 70.2 6.7 1.2 32.2 21.6 13.8 8.5 Far e Far e 1.4 77.0 10.6 6.4 3.8 1.4 23.0 14.8 9.7 5.5 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 4.4 2.6 1.5 0.9 2.0 7.0 4.2 2.5 1.4

Avg. Speed on Canal = 30 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 30 km/h

Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts)

Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) on Canal (%) No. of Boats No. of Boats ' (7) ' (4) r (2) " (7) ' (4) ' (3) ' (2)

1.0 42.0 29.5 79.6 72.4 1.0 48.8 35.6 24.3 75.7

1.2 30.6 20.4 72.9 7.9 1.2 37.5 25.8 16.8 70.5 Far e Far e 1.4 21.3 13.5 8.3 5.0 1.4 27.5 18.0 11.3 6.9 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 5.7 3.4 2.0 1.2 2.0 8.7 5.2 3.1 1.8 Battaramulla - Nawala Battaramulla - Narahenpita Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) on Canal (%) No. of Boats No. of Boats (10) (5) (4) (3) (10) (5) (4) (3)

1.0 22.6 74.5 8.9 5.4 1.0 44.2 37.5 27.0 73.4

1.2 76.9 10.5 6.4 3.8 1.2 34.8 23.6 75.2 9.4 Far e Far e 1.4 72.4 7.6 4.5 2.7 1.4 26.4 77.2 10.8 6.5 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare ) 2.0 4.5 2.7 1.6 0.9 2.0 9.9 6.0 3.6 2.1

Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 | 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 | 10 15 | 20 on Canal (%) No. of Boats on Canal (%) No. of Boats (8) (4) (3) (2) (8) (4) (3) (2)

1.0 26.8 17.5 11.0 9.9 1.0 515 38.1 26 3 17.2

1.2 20.3 12.9 7.9 4.7 1.2 47.7 29.3 79.4 12.2 Far e Far e 1.4 75.7 9.3 5.6 3.3 1.4 32.5 21.8 73.9 8.6 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare ) 2.0 5.6 3.3 2.0 1.2 2.0 12.8 7.8 4.7 2.8

Avg. Speed on Canal = 30 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 30 km/h Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) on Canal (%) No. of Boats No. of Boats (7) (4) (3) (2) (7) (4) (3) (2)

1.0 29.9 79.8 72.5 7.7 1.0 56.4 42.9 30.3 20.7

1.2 22.8 74.6 9.7 5.5 1.2 46 6 33.6 22.6 74.5 Far e Far e 1.4 77.7 70.7 6.5 3.9 1.4 37.0 25.4 76.5 70.3 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare ) 2.0 6.5 3.9 2.3 1.3 2.0 75.2 9.4 5.7 3.4

VII Battaramulla - Bambalapitiya Battaramulla - Dehiwela

Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) on Canal (%) No. of Boats No. of Boats (10) (5) (4) (3) (10) (5) (4) (3)

1.0 49.3 36.1 24.6 15.9 1.0 130 0.76 0.44 0.26

1.2 37.2 25.6 76.6 10.4 1.2 0.80 0 46 0.27 0.76 Far e Far e 1.4 26.5 17.3 10.8 6.6 1.4 0.49 0.28 0.16 0.10 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 7.6 4.5 2.7 1.6 2.0 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.02

Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) No. of Boats on Canal (%) No. of Boats (8) (4) (3) (2) (8) (4) (3) (2)

1.0 59.4 45.9 32.9 22.2 1.0 195 1.14 0.66 0.39

1.2 47.1 34.1 23.0 14.8 1.2 120 0.70 0.41 0.24 Far e Far e 1.4 35.2 23.9 15.4 9.6 1.4 0.73 0.43 0.25 0.14 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 11.0 6.7 4.0 2.3 2.0 0.17 0.10 0.06 0.03

1.0 65.7 52.6 39.2 27.2 1.0 2.54 1.49 0.87 0.50

1.2 53.9 40.4 28.2 18.6 1.2 156 0 91 0.53 0.31 Far e Far e 1.4 416 29.2 19.3 12.2 1.4 0.96 0.56 0.32 0.19 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 13.9 8.6 5.1 3.1 2.0 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.04

VIII Beira Lake System

Fort Raiway St. - Galle Face Secretariat Galle Face Secretariat - Hyde Park Corner

Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h

Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) on Canal (%) No. of Boats No. of Boats (4) (2) (2) 0) (4) (2) (2) (1)

1.0 43.2 30.6 20.3 12.9 1.0 815 719 59.7 46.2

12 38.4 26.5 17.3 10.8 1.2 77.2 66.2 53.2 39.7 Far e Far e 1.4 33.8 22.9 14.7 9.1 1.4 72.2 60.1 46.6 33.6 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare ) 2.0 22.0 14.1 8.7 5.2 2.0 54.1 40.6 28.3 18.7

Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 | 10 15 20 on Canal (%) No. of Boats on Canal (%) No. of Boats (3) (2) (1) (1) (3) (2) (1) (1)

1.0 44.1 31.4 21.0 13.3 1.0 83.6 74.7 63.1 49.8

1.2 39.3 27.3 17.9 11.2 1.2 79.7 69.4 56.8 43.3 Far e Far e 1.4 34.7 23.6 15.2 9.4 1.4 75.0 63.5 50.3 36.9 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare ) 2.0 22.7 14.6 9.0 5.4 2.0 57.7 44.1 31.4 21.0

Avg. Speed on Canal = 30 km/h Avg. Speed on Canal = 30 km/h

Frequency (Mts) Frequency (Mts) Modal Share 5 10 15 20 Modal Share 5 10 15 20 on Canal (%) on Canal (%) No. of Boats No. of Boats (3) (2) (1) (D (3) (2) d) 0)

1.0 44.4 32.0 21.4 13.6 1.0 84.9 76.5 65.4 52 2

1.2 40.0 27.9 18.3 11.5 1.2 81.2 71.4 59.2 45.7 Far e Far e 1.4 35.3 24.1 15.5 9.6 1.4 76.8 65.8 52.7 39.2 ( x Bu s Fare ) ( x Bu s Fare ) 2.0 23.2 14.9 9.2 5.6 2.0 60.0 46.5 33.5 22.6 Galle Face Secretariat - Hyde Park Corner

Avg. Speed on Canal = 20 km/h

Frequency (Mts)

Modal Share on 5 10 15 20 Canal (%) No. of Boats (4) (2) (2) (1)

1.0 815 71.9 59.7 46.2

1.2 77.2 66.2 53.2 39.7 Far e 1.4 72.2 60.1 46.6 33.6 ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 54.1 40.6 28.3 18.7

Avg. Speed on Canal = 25 km/h

Frequency (Mts) Modal Share on 5 10 | 15 20 Canal (%) No. of Boats (3) (2) (1) (D

1.0 83.6 74.7 63.7 49.8

1.2 79.7 69.4 56.8 43.3 Far e 1.4 75.0 63.5 50.3 36.9 ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 57.7 44.1 314 21.0

Avg. Speed on Canal = 30 km/h

Frequency (Mts)

Modal Share on 5 10 15 20 Canal (%) No. of Boats (3) (2) (1) (1)

1.0 84.9 76.5 65.4 52.2

1.2 81.2 71.4 59.2 45.7 Far e 1.4 76.8 65.8 52.7 39.2 ( x Bu s Fare )

2.0 60.0 46.5 33.5 22.6 APPENDIX 3 Minimum Paths Between Nodal Points For Public Transport Users

XI PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS ORIG. DESTI. EXISTING WITH CANAL Length = 10.297 km Length = 9.396 km

* 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km * 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km B240 Kotte - Bope B240 Kotte - Bope * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662152 Sethsiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km * 662152 Sethsiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662103 Etulkotte 1.926 km * 662103 Etulkotte 1.926 km B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662106 Pitakotte 4.368 km * 662100 Dommino's Pizza Brige 2.026 km B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662109 Pagoda June. 5.893 km * 662154 Kotte lake/Nugegoda 4.786 km < B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662108 Nugegoda (Super Market) 6.293 km * 662155 Open University Bridge 5.516 km H B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala C002 Kirillapone Canal H * 662107 Nugegoda High Level June. 6.807 km * 662161 Walltiles Narahenpita Rd. 6.106 km < A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662115 Nugegoda City Limit 7.337 km * 662156 Open Unverity /Narahenpita Entrance 6.326 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal < * 662119 Kirulapana Sibel Avenue June. 8.187 km * 662157 Park Road Bridge(Appollo) 6.836 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal < * 662148 High Level June 8.487 km * 662158 Dehiwela Canal Turn off 7.586 km H - A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal H * 662118 Kirulapana June. 8.737 km * 662159 Weaving Mills Bridge 7.946 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal < * 662143 Kirulapona Stafford Ave. June. 8.937 km * 662162 duplication Road/St. Peters 8.516 km PQ A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662117 Kirulapana Pamankada Rd. June. 8.997 km * 662047 Wellawatta Bridge June. 8.996 km M032 Pamankada Road A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662134 Pamankada Rd. / Havelock Rd. 9.347 km * 662001 Wellawatta / W.A. Silva Mw. 9.396 km B084 Colombo - Horana * 662132 9.390 km M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha 9.797 km * 662041 W.A. Silva Mw. / Peterson Lane M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha 9.847 km * 662030 W.A. Silva Mw. / Hampdan Lane M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha 10.29 km * 662001 Wellawatta / W.A. Silva Mw. PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS ORIG. DESTI. EXISTING WITH CANAL

Length = 9.656 km Length = 7.946 km

* 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km * 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km B240 Kotte - Bope B240 Kotte - Bope * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662152 Sethsiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km * 662152 Sethsiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura W * 662103 Etui kotte 1.926 km * 662103 Etui kotte 1.926 km fc B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura o * 662106 Pitakotte 4.368 km * 662100 Dommino's Pizza Brige 2.026 km 0^ B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662109 Pagoda June. 5.893 km * 662154 Kotte lake/Nugegoda 4.786 km B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala C002 Kirillapone Canal J * 662108 Nugegoda (Super Market) 6.293 km * 662155 Open University Bridge 5.516 km -J B120 EtulKotte - Mirihana - Kohuwala C002 Kirillapone Canal H * 662107 Nugegoda High Level June. 6.807 km * 662161 Walltiles Narahenpita Rd. 6.106 km r PC A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal H HH * 662115 Nugegoda City Limit 7.337 km * 662156 Open Unverity /Narahenpita Entrance 6.326 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo C002 Kirillapone Canal CQ * 662119 Kirulapana Sibel Avenue June. 8.187 km * 662157 Park Road Bridge(Appollo) 6.836 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo M001 Baseline Road * 662148 High Level June 8.487 km * 662120 Polhengoda June. 7.154 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo M010 Baseline Rd (old) * 662118 Kirulapana June. 8.737 km * 662118 Kirulapana June. 7.964 km PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS ORIG. DESTI. EXISTING WITH CANAL Length = 7.286 km Length = 7.066 km t * 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km * 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km B240 Kotte - Bope B240 Kotte - Bope * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662152 Settisiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km * 662152 Sethsiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura r . * 662103 Etui kotte 1.926 km * 662103 Etulkotte 1.926 km H A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662100 Dommino's Pizza Brige 2.026 km * 662100 Dommino's Pizza Brige 2.026 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura C002 Kirillapone Canal * 661340 Rajagiriya Filling Station 3.166 km * 662154 Kotte lake/Nugegoda 4.786 km W A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura C002 Kirillapone Canal * 661313 Welikada Boe Tree June. 3.616 km * 662155 Open University Bridge 5.516 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura B307 Narahenpita - Nawala - Nugegoda r , * 662102 Welikada Police Station 3.736 km * 662133 Nawala Junction 5.816 km H P5 B470 Welikada - Nawala B307 Narahenpita - Nawala - Nugegoda H * 662105 5.136 km * 662146 City Limits On Narahenpita Rd. 6.316 km B470 Welikada - Nawala B307 Narahenpita - Nawala - Nugegoda * 662133 Nawala Junction 6.036 km * 662124 Narahenpita 7.066 km B307 Narahenpita - Nawala - Nugegoda pa * 662146 City Limits On Narahenpita Rd. 6.536 km B307 Narahenpita - Nawala - Nugegoda * 662124 Narahenpita 7.286 km PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS ORIG. DESTI. EXISTING WITH CANAL Length = 6.336 km Length = 5.516 km

Length = 5.915 km Length = 5.787 km

* 662802 Dehiwela Roundabout 0 km * 662802 Dehiwela Roundabout 0 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662801 Dehiwela Zoo Rd June. 1.107 km * 662801 Dehiwela Zoo Rd June. 1.107 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662804 Dehiwela William June. 1.253 km * 662804 Dehiwela William June. 1.253 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662002 Dehiwala City Limit 1.371 km * 662002 Dehiwala City Limit 1.371 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662059 Ramakrishna Rd/A002 1.621 km * 662059 Ramakrishna Rd/A002 1.621 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662040 Wellawatta Sri Bodhirukkarama Rd. 1.921 km * 662040 Wellawatta Sri Bodhirukkarama Rd. 1.921 km < A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya < H * 662001 Wellawatta / W.A. Silva Mw. 2.771 km * 662001 Wellawatta / W.A. Silva Mw. 2.771 km -J M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya - * 662030 W.A. Silva Mw. / Hampdan Lane 3.221 km * 662047 Wellawatta Bridge June. 3.171 km fc M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha C002 Kirillapone Canal W * 662041 W.A. Silva Mw. / Peterson Lane 3.271 km * 662162 duplication Road/St. Peters 3.651 km M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha C002 Kirillapone Canal a * 662132 3.671 km * 662159 Weaving Mills Bridge 4.221 km B084 Colombo - Horana C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662134 Pamankada Rd. / Havelock Rd. 3.721 km * 662158 Dehiwela Canal Turn off 4.581 km M032 Pamankada Road C002 Kirillapone Canal fc * 662117 Kirulapana Pamankada Rd. June. 4.071 km * 662157 Park Road Bridge(Appollo) 5.331 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo M001 Baseline Road * 662143 Kirulapona Stafford Ave. June. 4.131 km * 662123 Park Road June. 5.431 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo M001 Baseline Road * 662118 Kirulapana June. 4.331 km * 662124 Narahenpita 5.787 km M010 Baseline Rd (old) * 662120 Polhengoda June. 5.141 km M001 Baseline Road * 662157 Park Road Bridge(Appollo) 5.459 km M001 Baseline Road * 662123 Park Road June. 5.559 km M001 Baseline Road 5.914 km * 662124 Narahenpita APPENDIX 4 Minimum Paths Between Nodal Points For Private Transport Users

XVIII PRIVATE TRANSPORT USERS ORIG. DESTI. EXISTING WITH CANAL Length = 9.841999 km Length = 9.266 km

* 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km * 662201 Battaramulla June. 0 km B240 Kotte - Bope B240 Kotte - Bope * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km * 662104 EtulKotte Parliment Roundabout 1.25 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662152 Sethsiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km * 662152 Sethsiripaya/Parliament Bridge 1.4 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662103 Etui kotte 1.926 km * 662103 Etulkotte 1.926 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura * 662100 Dommino's Pizza Brige 2.026 km * 662100 Dommino's Pizza Brige 2.026 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura C002 Kirillapone Canal 661340 Rajagiriya Filling Station 3.166 km * * 662154 Kotte lake/Nugegoda 4.786 km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura C002 Kirillapone Canal 661313 Welikada Boe Tree June. 3.616 km < * km A000 Kollupitiya - Sri JayawardhanaPura 662155 Open University Bridge 5.516 - * C002 Kirillapone Canal H * 662102 Welikada Police Station 3.736 km * H B470 Welikada - Nawala 662161 Walltiles Narahenpita Rd. 6.106 km * 662105 5.136 km C002 Kirillapone Canal M013 Milk Board Road * 662156 Open Unverity /Narahenpita Entrance 6.326 km s * 662150 City Limits On Milk Board Rd 5.736 km C002 Kirillapone Canal M013 Milk Board Road * 662157 Park Road Bridge(Appollo) 6.836 km * 662136 Narahenpita Milk Board Rd. 6.536 km C002 Kirillapone Canal M001 Baseline Road * 662158 Dehiwela Canal Turn off 7.586 km H - * 662124 Narahenpita 6.736 km C002 Kirillapone Canal M001 Baseline Road * 662159 Weaving Mills Bridge 7.946 km H * 662123 Park Road June. 7.092 km C002 Kirillapone Canal M050 Park Road * 662162 duplication Road/St. Peters 8.516 km 662122 Park Rd. / Fife Rd. 7.842 km * M048 Dickman's Path PQ M050 Park Road 662043 Dhammarama Rd. / Dickmans Path 8.566 km * 662045 Park Rd. / Park Lane 8.042 km * M022 Dharmarama Road M050 Park Road 8.866 km * 662010 Colombo 5 Lumbini College 8.242 km * 662047 Wellawatta Bridge June. M016 Amarasekara Mawatha A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662009 Layards Rd. / Lorensz Rd. 8.742 km * 662001 Wellawatta / W.A. Silva Mw. 9.266 km M029 Lorensz Road 662044 Lorensz Rd. / Dickmans path 8.891 km M029 Lorensz Road * 662031 Bambalapitiya Lorensz Rd. On Galle Rd. 9.141 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya 662047 Wellawatta Bridge June. 9.441 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662001 Wellawatta / W.A. Silva Mw. 9.841 km PRIVATE TRANSPORT USERS ORIG. DESTI. EXISTING WITH CANAL Length = 8.441999 km Length = 7.946 km

PRIVATE TRAIN USERS ORIG. DESTI. EXISTiNG WITH CANAL Length = 8.32 km Length = 7.964 km

* 662802 Dehiwela Roundabout 0 km * 662802 Dehiwela Roundabout 0 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662801 Dehiwela Zoo Rd June. 1.107 km * 662801 Dehiwela Zoo Rd June. 1.107 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662804 Dehiwela William June. 1.253 km * 662804 Dehiwela William June. 1.253 km A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya A002 Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya * 662002 Dehiwala City Limit 1.371 km * 662002 Dehiwala City Limit 1.371 km M037 Rajaguru Sri Subathi Road M037 Rajaguru Sri Subathi Road * 662052 Sri Bodhirukkarama Rd. /Rajaguru Sri Subati Rd. 1.971 km * 662052 Sri Bodhirukkarama Rd. /Rajaguru Sri Subati Rd 1.971 km M039 Sri Bodhirukkarama Road M021 Canal Road * 662039 Sri Saranankara Rd. / Sri Bodhirukkarama Rd. 2.071 km * 662029 Canal Rd. / Hampdan Lane 2.371 km < M040 Sri Saranankara Road M024 Hampdan Lane * 662038 Sri Saranankara Rd. / Canal Bridge 2.421 km * 662030 W.A. Silva Mw. / Hampdan Lane 2.871 km M040 Sri Saranankara Road M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha * 662141 City limits / Sri Saranankara Rd. 3.141 km * 662041 W.A. Silva Mw. / Peterson Lane 2.921 km B084 Colombo - Horana M045 W.A. Silva Mawatha * 662114 Pamankada Bridge 3.191km * 662132 3.321 km M038 Stafford Avenue B084 Colombo - Horana * 662143 Kirulapona Stafford Ave. June. 3.741 km * 662144 Havelock Rd. / Perakumba Place 3.521 km A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo B084 Colombo - Horana * 662118 Kirulapana June. 3.941 km * 662101 Colombo 5 Vilasitanivasa 3.671 km M010 Baseline Rd (old) A004 Colombo-Ratnapura-Wellawaya-Batticalo * 662120 Polhengoda June. 4.751 km * 662159 Weaving Mills Bridge 3.951 km M001 Baseline Road C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662157 Park Road Bridge(Appollo) 5.069 km * 662158 Dehiwela Canal Turn off 4.311 km M001 Baseline Road C002 Kirillapone Canal * 662123 Park Road June. 5.169 km * 662157 Park Road Bridge(Appollo) 5.061 km M001 Baseline Road M001 Baseline Road * 662124 Narahenpita 5.525 km * 662123 Park Road June. 5.161 km M001 Baseline Road * 662124 Narahenpita 5.517 km