United States Department of the Interior

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Alaska Peninsula/BecharofNWR P.O. Box277 King Salmon. AK 99613 (907) 246-3339 (voice) (907) 246-6696 (fax)

December 13, 2010

Distribution List

Dear Reader:

During the summer of2010 the Alaska Peninsula/BecharofNational Wildlife Refuge supported a field project at Puale Bay on the Gulf of Alaska. The primary purpose Of the camp was to continue long-term monitoring of the seabird colony there. The camp was staffed by one technician and three interns. Each intern also lead another project and this resulted in the monitoring of the beach for dead , conducting a pilot study of the rocky intertidal, and monitoring plants for phenology. Enclosed are the reports and/or recommendations from this work.

If you have questions or comments about the reports or projt;cts, please contact me at (907) 246- 1205 or susan [email protected]. '

Sincerely,

/ L~ /~., .. ___,,_}""-- susan Savage Wildlife Biologist Distribution List:

Lem Butler* Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game, King Salmon Meghan Riley* Alaska Dept. ofFish & Game, King Salmon Vernon Byrd* Alaska Maritime NWR Donald Dragoo* Alaska Maritime NWR Nora Rojek* Alaska Maritime NWR Molly Chythlook Bristol Bay Native Association John Martin* Division of Natural Resources, USFWS, Region 7 Christine Peterson* IzembekNWR Troy Hamon* Katmai National Park Rocky & Phil Shoemak~r Kejulik River Residents Robin Corcoran* ! KodiakNWR Dave Irons* Migratory Bird Management, USFWS, Anchorage Robb Kaler* Migratory Bird Management, USFWS, Anchorage Scott Hatch* Pacific Seabird Monitoring Database, USGS, Alaska Science Center Heather Coletti* Southwest Alaska Network, NPS Mike Swaim* TogiakNWR

2010 Interns (3 copies)*~ King Salmon Visitor Center AK Resource Library & Information Service (1 copy+ PDF)* 7 ~v~' <-~ 1t.) 1.3 Alaska Peninsula Pei'111allent Staff (route 1 copy) . /--:) Alaska Peninsula Gray Lit File (original + PDF in files) '"+o (}.. f' c~.__ dC o -~'""-- Report Authors

*Receive PDF Copy Rocky Interti al Survey Puale Bay 2010

Samplin of Intertidal Invertebrates and Algae on Sheltered Rocky Shores (after Dean and Bodkin, 2006) 2010 Report Summary

Marla Greanya U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Peninsula/Becharof NWR P.O. Box 277 King Salmon, AK 99613

Species asse blage in the sheltered rocky intertidal of the Gulf of Alaska is divided among three or four distinc vertical tidal elevations. The differing communities are influenced by physical characteristic such as substrate and tidal pressure (Dean and Bodkin 2006). A pilot study investigating e intertidal invertebrates and algae present in the sheltered rocky shore at Puale Bay (57.7495 9°N, -155.6118°W), located on the Pacific side of the Alaska Peninsula (Figure 1) and bordering Alaska Peninsula/BecharofNational Wildlife Refuge (AKPB), was conducted during the mo thly low ebb of July 2010. This study was adapted from a National Park Service protocol devis d by Dean and Bodkin (2006). The focus of this pilot study is to obtain data on the presence a d density of intertidal organisms along coastal areas bordering AKPB. This will provide a bas line for monitoring potential changes due to impacts such as climate change or oil spills, as mari e invertebrates are good biological indicators of change (Coletti et al. 2009).

METHODS

Sampling was conducted in the rocky intertidal zone abutting a 400 foot cliff face supporting a small seabird olony of3,000-5,000 birds. The sampling site was selected based on ease of access, as it is the only rocky intertidal beach accessible by foot in the area. Uncertainties in

1 Rocky Intertidal Survey Puale Bay 2010

logistics and a narrow sampling window due to incoming tide resulted in sampling conducted over a two day period (12 and 13 July 20 10). Mean lower low water (MLL W) of -1.07 m occurred on 13 July at 10:19 am.

A total of five distinct 50 m transects at differing tidal elevations were sampled for various intertidal organisms. The transects were at MLL W, 0.5 m above MLL W, 1.5 m above MLL W, at the highest density of Pacific blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus), and at the highest density of limpets (Lottia spp.)

Percent cover and occurrence of algae and sessile invertebrates were sampled at the transects 0.5 m and 1.5 m above MLL W. A 0.25 m2 quadrat was placed at the 1 m mark, the 5 m mark, and at 5 m intervals thereafter (the protocol was slightly deviated from; see discussion), resulting in ten sampling points per transect. Monofilament was stretched across the frame starting at 5 em from each edge and then at 10 em intervals, which produced a quadrat with 25 crosshairs. Each crosshair was painted with fluorescent orange paint to increase crosshair visibility. Sampling frames were placed such that the lower left comer of the frame, when facing the shoreline, was placed at the start point of the sampling interval. The substrate within the sampling area was first recorded, followed by the algae and sessile organisms present under each crosshair. Using a tent stake, each layer of algae was recorded and moved aside until the abiotic substrate was encountered. Other organisms that occurred within the quadrat but did not fall under a crosshair were also recorded. Organisms that could not be identified were given a descriptive name and collected or photographed for later identification.

The density of black katy ( tunicata) and whelks (Nucella spp.) were sampled at the transects 0.5 m and 1.5 m above MLL W. A 1 m2 quadrat was placed at the 0 m mark and at 5 m intervals thereafter, resulting in ten sampling points per transect. The quadrat was first placed upslope of the transect line and then flipped below, covering a 2m2 sampling area at each interval. All Katharina tunicata and Nucella spp. were counted above and below overhanging rocks, but algae and other substrate were not moved.

The size distribution and density of M trossulus and Lottia spp. were sampled at two unique transects, each located about 2-3 m above MLL Wand perpendicular to the shore, which were selected by visually estimating areas of greatest respective density. Using an adjustable circular plot, sampling began at the 1 m mark and followed at 8 m intervals thereafter, resulting in six sampling points at each transect. The sampling area was adjusted so that the smallest radius · would include at least twenty mussels and limpets, respectively. The area of the circle could range from a 10 em radius (0.0314 m2 area) to a 1m radius (3.14 m2 area). All individuals that fell within the circle were counted, and the first twenty encountered when moving in a clockwise direction (beginning upslope) were measured.

Large invertebrates such as sea stars, anemones, chitons, and hermit crabs were counted on the upslope side ofthe MLLW level in a 4 m wide by 50 m long transect, resulting in a 200m2 sampling area. Two observers walked the length of the transect each carrying a 2 m rod held perpendicularly to the transect as guidance. Individuals were identified if possible, or given a descriptive name and pictures taken for later identification. All individuals were counted above and belowoverhanging rocks, but algae and other substrate were not moved.

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The sampli g area and the end of each transect was recorded using a Garmin GPS 76S. Due to the close pr ximity to the cliff, the accuracy of the points is questionable. However, unless there is a need to onitor the Sl,lme location throughout time - in which permanent anchors would be appropriate r site photographs and GPS points will allow observers to re-survey approximately the same loqation. Slope was also determined at both ends ofthe transects using a stadia rod and inclinometer, beginning at MLLW and extending 50 m up shore.

PUALN BAy

Figure 1. Location of rocky intertidal study site with an inset of an overview of Puale Bay, Alaska Peninsula!BecharofNWR.

RESULTS

The substdte was composed primarily of large rocks (>1 m diam.) and boulders (300 mm to <1 m diam.), with intermittent areas of cobble (50 mm to <300 mm diam.) and sand (<1 mm diam.). Both air ano water temperature at the time of sampling was 11° C and water salinity was 1.025 d~. 20 Using 0.25 m2 quadrats, measurements of percent cover documented 18 species of sessile invertebrat s and algae (Appendix I). The lower elevation transect (0.5 m above MLL W) had 16 species (89 2 ±16.8 percent cover), while the higher tidal elevation transect (1.5 m above MLL W) c ntained 8 species (70.8 ±26.1 percent cover; Table 1). There was greater percent cover of al ae in the 0.5 m transect (89 .2 ± 16.8 percent cover) compared to the 1.5 m transect (59.2 ±25. percent cover), but the 1.5 m transect had a greater percent cover of invertebrates than the 0. m transect (32.4 ±25.5 and 15.2 ±18.3 percent cover, respectively). Species that fell

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within the quadrat but not under a crosshair were recorded, but none were unique. The abiotic substrate ofboth transects was similar.

0.5 m 0.5m 1.5 m 1.5m Interval algae inverts Total 0.5 m% cover algae inverts Total 1.5 m %cover 1 100 24 100 72 72 92 2 60 20 60 52 56 76 3 100 48 100 64 36 64 4 100 0 100 40 68 72 5 100 4 100 92 0 92 6 96 0 96 64 16 80 7 96 4 96 52 16 60 8 92 44 92 0 4 4 9 92 0 92 84 28 92 lO 56 8 56 72 28 76 AVG%COVER 89.2 15.2 89.2 59.2 32.4 70.8 SD 16.8 18.3 16.8 25.9 25.5 26.1

Table 1. Percent cover comparisons of sessile invertebrates and algae at 0.5 m and 1.5 m above MLLW.

The 0.5 m and 1.5 m elevation transects shared some similar species, but also greatly differed in species composition and abundance for other species (Table 2). The two transects had five species in common, while the 0.5 m transect had ten unique species and the 1.5 m transect had three unique species. Descriptive names given to organisms are not always accurate identifications of specimens. Double-ribbed Alaria, Filamentous 1, Filamentous Green 1, Fucus 2, Ribbon, Ribbon 1, Ribbon 2, and Smooth Kelp have not been positively identified. The organism identified as "Filamentous 3" is Enteromorpha sp., "" is a Bryozoan, and "Red Ulva" is Porphyra sp. A/aria, (Balanus and Semibalanus spp.), Pacific blue mussel (M trossulus), Fucus, Limpet, and Ulva have been positively identified as such. All barnacles (Thatched , barnacle spat, barnacle unknown) and limpets [Mask Limpet (Lottia persona), limpet spat, limpet unknown] were grouped together for their respective percent occurrence.

4 Rocky IntertJidal Survey Puale Bay 2010

0.5 m 1.5m Alaria (AL) 70 0 Barnacle (fB, BS, BU) 10 80 Bay mussel (BM) 0 10 Double-ribbed Alaria (DRA) 10 0 Filamentous 1 (F1) 60 0 Filamentous 2 (F2) 50 90 Filamentous 3 (F3) 50 0 Filamentous Green 1 (FG 1) 0 20 Fucus (FU) 30 60 Fucus 2 (FU2) 70 0 Limpet (ML, LS, LU) 0 30 Ribbon (R) 100 0 Ribbon I (Rl) 10 90 Ribbon 2 (R2) 20 0 Red ulva (RU) 20 0 Smooth kelp (SK) 20 0 Sponge (SP) 70 0 Ulva (UL) 50 10

Table 2. Percent occurrence of the species present at each interval sampled along the 0.5 m and 1.5' m transects.

Mussel and limpet size distribution and density were sampled using circular plots in separate transects where the greatest density of each species was observed. The average density for 2 2 mussels was 211.55/m (SD = 478.25; Appendix II), while limpet density was 287.76/m • (SD 288.48; Appendix III). The average size ofboth the mussels and limpets encountered was 9.1 mm (SD 2.56 and 4.86 respectively).

Nucella spp. and K. tunicata were counted in a 2 m2 quadrat along the 0.5 m and 1.5 m above MLL W transects. The 0.5 m transect supported 8 individual Nucella spp. and a mean density of 2 0.4/m (SD = 0.88), while 21 individuals ofNucella spp. occurred along the 1.5 m transect with a mean density of 1.05/m2 (SD = 2.13) (Appendix IV). Two individuals of K. tunicata were observed along the 0.5 m transect, which had a mean density of O.l/m2 (SD 0.32), and none occurred along the 1.5 m transect (Appendix V).

2 Large invertebrates were noted at the MLL W level in a 200 m ( 4 x 50 m) area on the upslope and downslope side of the transect. Four unique anemone species and two unique sea star species wer,e observed, as well as hermit crabs and chitons (Appendix VI). The 12-armed sea star seen along the transect was likely So/aster sp., and the 5-armed sea star was likely Dermasteri'as sp. The red anemone observed has tentatively been identified as Anthopleura sp. and the tan 'anemone as Metridium sp. Similar organisms were grouped together for density measuremTts (Table 3).

2 SPECIES COUNT DENSITY (per 1 m ) Anemones 163 0.815 Sea stars 2 0.01 Hermit crabs 3 0.015 6 0.03

Table 3. Densities of large invertebrates present in a 200m2 area at MLLW.

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DISCUSSION

Several deviations or modifications were made from the original protocol, including:

1. 0.5 m and 1.5 m transects: As the terrain was variable and the quadrat could not always be laid flat against a surface, the frame was instead held horizontally over the intended sampling area at the appropriate interval. The first sampling point of both transects was placed vertically against a rock face at the 1m position along the transect, rather than at 0 m, due to the presence of a large boulder which made sampling difficult at this point. 2. 0.5 m transect, sessile invertebrate and algal cover: Additional species that were not located under crosshairs were not recorded. 3. Limpet transect: All limpets were counted without identifying to species, as variability between individuals made positive identification impossible. If limpet density was low, the radius of the circle was directly adjusted to include 20 individuals, rather than adjusting the radius of the circle by 10 ern increments until the sample size was met or exceeded. 4. Mussel transect: Deviations as per limpet transect. As a result of their tight compaction and thus the inability to measure their full length, size measurements of mussels may be an underestimate of the size class distribution; small mussels were not collected for later measurement. 5. Beach slope for a 50 m transect perpendicular to coastline was not recorded. The slope up to the 0.5 m and 1.5 m transects was recorded at both ends. 6. Photos along shore at MLL W and at the right side of the 1.5 m transect were not taken.

Recommendations for future sampling:

1. Investigate the sampling area the day before attempting to conduct the study in order to familiarize the team with the characteristics of the area. 2. Run a mock execution of the study on land to assign duties and familiarize the team, as there is a small window to complete all of the tasks before the incoming tide covers the study site. 3. Split tasks between two days surrounding the MLL W if working in a small group. 4. Start sampling about two hours before MLL W. The 1.5 m transect can be worked while the 0.5 m transect is still inundated by the outgoing tide, giving you more time to complete your tasks. 5. Establish multi-agency cooperative agreement (Katrnai NP, Kenai Fjords NP, Alaska Peninsula/BecharofNWR, Kodiak NWR, Alaska Maritime NWR, etc.) in order to increase overall knowledge base and regulate inconsistencies in data collection.

There are few marine intertidal studies along the Pacific coast of the Alaska Peninsula. This lack of knowledge increases the value of these investigations but, unfortunately, does not allow for site comparisons. Subsequently, characterization of the Puale Bay site (i.e. high or low species diversity and density) is difficult. However, some basic statements can be made about the species diversity and distribution at this site.

Nucella spp. and K. tunicata inhabit overlapping tidal gradients but occupy separate niches. At Puale Bay, K. tunicat a seemed restricted to lower tidal elevations, and Nucella spp. were more common over all tide elevations; this distributional pattern is consistent with other intertidal

6 Rocky Intert~dal Survey Puale Bay 2010 communitie~ along the Northwest Pacific coast. Nucella spp. feed on barnacles, limpets, mussels, am~ some other snails (O'Clair and O'Clair 1998), so therefore inhabit the same tidal elevation as ~hese other organisms. K tunica/a feed on Ulva spp., brown and red algae, and parts of the upright branches extending from coralline algae, which likely fill their feeding niche at Puale Bay. Shield limpets (Lottia pelta) and K tunicata may be food competitors (O'Clair and O'Clair 1998). Limpets at Puale Bay were more common at higher tide elevations than at the low tide elevations where K. tunicata were more abundant, so their interaction as food competitors could play a factor in this:

Sampling conducted in 2008 along the Katmai National Park and Preserve (KA TM) and Kenai Fjords National Park (KEFJ) coasts showed a mussel abundance much greater than that sampled 2 2 at Puale Bay (13,683/m and 47,733/m , respectively), but mean density ranges between sites varied considerably (Coletti et al. 2009). Only mussels >20 mm were measured at KATM and KEFJ, so size class comparisons cannot be made at Puale Bay. The mussels which were measured at Puale Bay were typically much smaller than other mussels in the area which were located on the lees ide of boulders, indicating that mussels may prefer and thrive in more protected habitats. Though the mussel transect selected for sampling at Puale Bay was positioned relatively high above MLL W, they have the potential to survive at lower tide elevations if not for predation pressures from sea stars, anemones, and diving ducks; localized populations can survive in the crevices at low tide elevations (O'Clair and O'Clair 1998). To avoid predation, many individuals of Mask Limpets are located under boulders, so the density of limpets observed at Puale Bay could be underestimated due to sampling being restricted to the top side of boulders.

The knowledge base ofthe species assemblage at rocky intertidal zones along the Alaska Peninsula will be significantly benefited by further investigation. It would also be interesting to note the species compositional differences between sheltered rocky intertidal zones and those that receive more pressure from tidal energy. Having a clearer understanding of this habitat, its inhabitants, and temporal changes would greatly influence future management, resource use, and detection of environmental pressures along the Alaska Peninsula coast, such as commercial fishing, climate change, and oil spills.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank interns Amanda Boshers and Stacey Pecen for their assistance with data collection and site set-up. I would also like to thank Biological Science Technician Kevin Payne and Wildlife Biologist Susan Savage for their help with data collection, logistical aid, and assistance in the identification of organisms. Thanks as well to Supervisory Wildlife Biologist Ron Britton for his implementation of this pilot study and for his expertise in the identification of marine organisms.

REFERENCES

Coletti, H., J. Bodkin, T. Dean, and K. Kloecker. 2009. Nearshore marine vital signs monitoring in the Southwest Alaska Network ofNational Parks. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SWAN/NRTR-2009/252. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

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Dean, T.A. and J.L. Bodkin. 2006. Sampling of intertidal invertebrates on gravel and mixed sand-gravel beaches. Standard operating procedure.

O'Clair, R.M. and C.E. O'Clair. 1998. Southeast Alaska's Rocky Shores. Plant Press.

8 Rocky lntertifal Survey Puale Bay 2010

Appendices Appendix I. fomparative percent occurrence of sessile invertebrates and algae at 0.5 m and 1.5 m a~ove MLLW. Species codes are found in Table 2.

AL Barnacle BM DRA Fl F2 F3 FGl FU Interval ' 0.5 m 1.5m 0.5 m 1.5 m 0.5 m Urn 0.5 m LSm 0.5 m 1.5 m 0.5 rn 1.5 m 0.5 m L5m 0.5 m 1.5m 0.5 m LSm l g 0 0 64 0 8 0 0 20 0 12 72 28 0 0 0 0 28 2 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 44 8 0 0 0 0 0 3 28 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 24 0 0 0 0 0 20 : 4 16 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 8 0 44 28 8 0 0 0 12 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 60 0 0 0 8 0 24 6 4 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 24 4 0 i 7 8 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 36 24 0 0 0 4 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 12 0 0 24 0 0 24 0 4 0 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 4 10 8 0 4 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 4 0 0 0 0 16 % occur~ence 70 0 10 80 0 10 10 0 60 0 50 90 50 0 0 20 30 60

AL Limpet R Rl R2 RU SK SP lJL Interval ; 0.5 m 15m 0.5 m 1.5 m 05m 1.5 m O:Sm l.Sm 0.5m 1.5 m 0.5 m 15m 0.5 m 1.5 m 0.5 m 1.5 m 0.5 m 1.5 m I 1 20 0 0 0 72 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 20 0 0 8 0 0 0 24 0 12 0 i 3 12 0 0 0 80 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 0 i 4 4 0 0 8 92 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 4 0 0 0 92 0 16 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 8 ' 6 0 I 96 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Ol 0 28 0 0 32 8 0 8 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 I 8 ~~ 0 4 72 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 4 0 44 0 4 0 ' 9 0 0 0 4 68 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 I 10 4 0 0 0 48 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 o/o occu~rence 70 0 0 40 100 0 10 90 20 0 20 0 20 0 70 0 50 10

Appendix If. Measurements of individual mussels sampled at each interval along the 50 m i transect.

IQuad No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quad radius (em) 20 73 100 100 100 100 Area (m2) 0.126 1.674 3.142 3.142 3.142 3.142 Count 149 132 15 0 0 0 Size (mm) I 14 13 8 2 10 9 10 3 6 7 9 4 11 15 8 5 11 10 11 6 11 7 9 7 12 6 12 8 8 5 12 9 8 5 13 10 11 6 9 11 12 9 9 12 8 10 8 13 6 15 6 14 8 12 6 15 8 8 6 16 12 7 17 11 7 IS 9 5 19 8 10 20 8 7 DENSITY 1185,71 78.85 4,77 0,00 0.00 0.00 MEAN DE:-;'SITY 211.55 DENSITYSD 478.25 AVGSIZE 9.1 SIZE SD 2.56

9 Rocky Intertidal Survey Puale Bay 2010

Appendix III. Measurements of individual limpets sampled at each interval along the 50 m transect.

Quad radius 11 100 100 12 30 20 Area (m2) 0.038 3.142 3.142 0.045 0.283 0.126 Co mit 28 0 99 23 44 37 Size (rum) I 9 33 9 30 II 2 6 5 10 17 6 3 6 10 6 11 8 4 7 9 9 15 7 5 7 13 8 24 5 6 7 7 4 6 6 7 6 5 5 11 6 8 8 9 8 20 7 9 8 10 11 13 6 10 9 5 10 6 7 11 8 6 9 7 6 12 6 7 8 19 7 13 7 12 9 21 10 14 6 8 5 14 6 15 8 9 6 17 5 16 9 8 7 10 8 17 7 13 6 9 8 18 7 9 9 6 6 19 11 8 9 10 3 20 5 8 7 12 5 DENSITY 736.59 0.00 31.51 508.41 155.62 294.44 MEAN DENSITY 287.76 DENSITYSD 288.48 AVG SIZE 9.1 SIZE SD 4.86

Appendix IV. Nucella spp. density at 0.5 m and 1.5 m above MLLW.

Nucella spp. 0.5 m 1.5 m h1terval #DENSITY #DENSITY 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 0.5 7 0 0 1 0.5 8 0 0 0 0 9 3 1.5 14 7 10 5 2.5 1 0.5 TOTAL# 8 21 MEAN DENSITY 0.4 1.05 SD 0.88 2.13

10 I .I Rocky Intertu1al Survey Puale Bay 20 10 I

I Appendix V. IJ{. tunicata density at 0.5 m and 1.5 m above MLLW.

Katharina tun teat a 0.5 rn l.Sm Interval · # DENSITY I# DENSITY 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 5 2 I 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 TOTAL# 2 0 MEAN DENSITY 0.1 0 SD 0.32 0 Appendix ~- Counts of large invertebrates present in a 200 m2 area at MLLW. SPECIES COUNT Anemone, in sand 156 Anemone, giant (red) 1 Anemone, giant (tan) 2 Anemone, giant (green/red) 4 Sea star, 12 arms (purple) 1 Sea star, 5 arms (red) 1 Hermit crab 3 Katharina tunicata 6

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