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Assessing the Spread and Potential Impact of Prussian Carp Carassius Gibelio (Bloch, 1782) to Freshwater Fishes in Western North America

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Assessing the Spread and Potential Impact of Prussian Carp Carassius Gibelio (Bloch, 1782) to Freshwater Fishes in Western North America BioInvasions Records (2017) Volume 6, Issue 3: 291–296 Open Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6.3.15 © 2017 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2017 REABIC Research Article Assessing the spread and potential impact of Prussian Carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) to freshwater fishes in western North America Cassandra Docherty†, Jonathan Ruppert†, Tyana Rudolfsen, Andreas Hamann and Mark S. Poesch* University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1 Canada †Joint first authorship *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 31 March 2017 / Accepted: 11 July 2017 / Published online: 31 July 2017 Handling editor: Ana Ruiz-Navarro Abstract Prussian Carp (Carassius gibelio Bloch, 1782) is one of the most successful invasive species in Eurasia. Recently, Prussian Carp were genetically confirmed in Alberta, Canada, documenting the first detection of this species in North America. Given the close morphological similarity to their sister species, the Goldfish (Carassius auratus Linnaeus, 1758), it is likely that this species has been undetected for some time. We document the spread of Prussian Carp since arrival (circa 2000), and contribute a trait-based risk assessment to potential recipient communities in western North America. Using a meta-analysis of geo-referenced fisheries data in conjunction with original sampling in 2014, we show that the Prussian Carp range has increased by eight- to eleven-fold over 15 years in Alberta at a rate of approximately 233–1,250 km2 per year. Range expansions in the near future are possible through the Saskatchewan River drainage and south into the Missouri River basin, with easily accessible routes to Midwestern North America through irrigation canals. We show high life history trait overlap with other successful invasive species, such as Goldfish and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758). Additionally, there was high life history trait overlap with several species of native sunfish (Centrarchidae) and suckers (Catostomidae). This study highlights Prussian Carp’s potential to widely impact North American freshwater ecosystems and to successfully compete with native taxa. Considered one of the worst invaders in Eurasia, the arrival of Prussian Carp in North America poses serious concern for fisheries managers. There is an urgent need to develop management plans before further range expansion and disruption of freshwater ecosystems by this new invasive species. Key words: ecological impact, Cyprinidae, spatio-temporal analysis, trait analysis, range expansion, risk assessment Introduction Prussian Carp were recently identified in Alberta, Biological invasions have been identified as one of Canada and have the potential to establish and expand the biggest threats to freshwater ecosystems over the across much of North America (Elgin et al. 2014). next 100 years (Sala et al. 2000). Several species Originally described from north-eastern central Europe, from the genus Carassius are invaders throughout recent evidence suggests two possible clades of the globe. Freshwater fishes of the genus Carassius Prussian Carp may exist: one in western Mongolia, are closely related to the Common Carp (Cyprinus and a second from Europe, the Russian Federation, carpio Linnaeus, 1758) and include Goldfish (Carassius eastern Mongolia and China (Kalous et al. 2012). auratus Linnaeus, 1758), one of the most widely Kalous et al. (2012) described a neotype specimen of distributed species globally (Rylková et al. 2013). Prussian Carp from the Czech Republic as Prussian Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), generally referred Carp, and specimens from Alberta, Canada appear to to as Prussian Carp (also Giebel, Gibel Carp), is one match with this description (Elgin et al. 2014). of the most successful invasive species in Europe Not all non-native species become invasive (i.e. (van der Veer and Nentwig 2015), with the highest cause negative economic or ecological impacts). ecological and economic impact of all established However, many invasive species share similar life invasive species (van der Veer and Nentwig 2015). history characteristics, such as fast rate of growth, 291 C. Docherty et al. a wide tolerance to environmental variables, and Here, we contribute an evaluation of long-term census a previous history of invasiveness (Kolar and Lodge data to determine where populations may have 2002). Prussian Carp has all these characteristics, initially established. We also conducted a recent, with a few additional ones. Among the life history comprehensive survey of the general area where the attributes that make Prussian Carp a successful species is thought to occur, but with limited invader is its notable ability to reproduce asexually sampling. Lastly, we assess the risks of further through gynogenesis (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007; spread of Prussian Carp throughout North America Elgin et al. 2014). However, for successful repro- by comparing life history trait overlap with native duction, gynogenetic females require the sperm of fish species in the North American Midwest. related species (i.e. individuals from the family Cyprinidae) to activate the development of eggs Methods (Elgin et al. 2014). Additionally, where clonal, triploid females are dominant, males do exist, but To assess the spread of Prussian Carp since its they are generally present at very low frequencies establishment (circa 2000), we conducted an analysis (< 1%) (Liasko et al. 2010). This reproductive process, of all available census data in river and lake systems alongside other generalist feeding and tolerance of throughout the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan marginal habitats, can lead to freshwater ecosystems in Canada from 2000–2013 (AEP 2015). This meta- that become overwhelmed by Prussian Carp. analysis demonstrated significant data gaps so Other life history traits allow Prussian Carp to be addition sampling was conducted in areas where a successful invader. Analysis of oocytes (egg deve- Prussian Carp were thought to occur, but where lopment) confirms that Prussian Carp in Turkey is sampling was deficient: from tributaries of the Red capable of spawning multiple times a year (Şaşi Deer River during more contemporary time periods 2008). Further, age at maturity is typically between (i.e. 2011–2014). Field surveys targeted the Red Deer one and three years, and the average life expectancy River watershed, including the tributaries: Ghostpine of Prussian Carp is 6 years, with a maximum age Creek, Three Hills Creek, Kneehills Creek, Lonepine recorded as 10 years old (Kottelat and Freyhof 2007). Creek, Rosebud River, Carstairs Creek, Crossfield Prussian Carp, like many invasive species, also Creek, West Michichi Creek, Michichi Creek, and exhibit rapid growth at a young age, affording it a three unnamed streams. Sampling was conducted competitive advantage over native species. As an using backpack electrofishing surveys using single- omnivorous species, Prussian Carp also has a broad pass electrofishing in an upstream direction with a diet which consists of phytoplankton, zooplankton, Smith-Root LR-24 backpack electrofisher, following benthos, detritus and macrophytes (Richardson et al. Alberta’s small stream survey protocol (Alberta 1995; Meyer et al. 1998). Prussian Carp is also Fisheries Management Branch 2013). Targeted survey flexible in its diet, which can vary widely depending time was 1500 seconds to ensure adequate sampling on season, habitat (i.e. lake vs. river), geographic of the fish community (Poos et al. 2009). location, and life stage (Balik et al. 2003). Finally, To determine the rate of spread and density of Prussian Carp can tolerate marginal eutrophic habitats Prussian Carp in Alberta, we evaluated spatial plots that are often utilized sparingly by native species in 4-year intervals using a kernel density analysis (Richardson et al. 1995). and percent volume contours. Kernel densities are Prussian Carp was genetically confirmed in useful for calculating a species home range based on western North America only recently (Elgin et al. the likelihood that a species can be found in a specific 2014). However, given its close morphological simi- region (Fortin et al. 2005). We calculated kernel larity to its sister species, Goldfish, it is likely that density over a point with a specific radius of 25 km Prussian Carp has been misidentified as Goldfish for to summarize regional scale changes in their range some time. Historical specimens captured in the Red following the methodology established by Worton Deer River near Medicine Hat, Alberta in 2000 were (1989). As many of these areas are bifurcating tributaries, recently identified as Prussian Carp (T. Clayton, such a radius was deemed useful for determining epi- pers. comm), representing the oldest known record. centers of establishment. Each kernel is additive, Other previous voucher specimens identified as therefore, areas with higher point densities will have goldfish were re-assessed by provincial biologists, and higher kernel densities and be represented as darker all specimens in the Red Deer River were classified regions in the map. Likewise, percent volume contours as Prussian Carp (T. Clayton, pers. comm.). The help estimate the potential core (50%) and range latter has prompted calls to characterize the initial extent (95%) at each temporal stage of invasion. All establishment and spread of Prussian Carp alongside calculations were performed using ArcGIS 10.2 and the need to quantify
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